Air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Atlantic as measured during the FICARAM cruises

A total of fourteen hydrographic cruises spanning from 2000 to 2008 were conducted during the spring and autumn seasons between Spain and the Southern Ocean, under the framework of the Spanish research project FICARAM. The performed underway measurements are processed and analysed to describe the meridional air-sea CO2 fluxes (F CO2) along the Atlantic Ocean. The data was organised into different biogeochemical oceanographic provinces, according mainly to the thermohaline characteristics. The obtained spatial and temporal distributions of F CO2 follow the generally expected patterns and annual trends. The Subtropical regions in both hemispheres alternated the CO2 source and sink nature from autumn to spring, respectively. On the other hand, Tropical waters and the Patagonian Sea clearly behaved as sinks of atmospheric CO2 like the waters of the Drake Passage during autumn. The obtained results during the cruises also revealed significant long-term trends, such as the warming of equatorial waters (0.11±0.03 Cyr−1) and the decrease of surface salinity (−0.16±0.01 yr−1) in tropical waters caused by the influence of the Amazon River plume. This reduction in surface salinity appears to have a direct influence over the CO2 storage rates, fostering the uptake capacity of atmospheric CO2 (−0.09±0.03 molm−2 yr−1). An analysis of the biogeochemical forcing on the CO2 fugacity (fCO2) variability performed from an empirical algorithm highlighted the major role of the Amazon River input in the tropical North Atlantic fluxes. In addition, it has provided a quantitative measure of the importance of the thermodynamic control of F CO2 at temperate latitudes

Short-term variability of fCo2 in seawater and air-sea Co2 fluxes in a coastal upwelling system (Ría de Vigo, NW Spain)

Coastal upwelling systems are regions with highly variable physical processes and very high rates of primary production and very little is known about the effect of these factors on the short-term variations of CO2 fugacity in seawater (fCO2w). This paper presents the effect of short-term variability (<1 week) of upwelling–downwelling events on CO2 fugacity in seawater (fCO2w), oxygen, temperature and salinity fields in the Ría de Vigo (a coastal upwelling ecosystem). The magnitude of fCO2w values is physically and biologically modulated and ranges from 285 μatm in July to 615 μatm in October. There is a sharp gradient in fCO2w between the inner and the outer zone of the Ría during almost all the sampling dates, with a landward increase in fCO2w. CO2 fluxes calculated from local wind speed and air–sea fCO2 differences indicate that the inner zone is a sink for atmospheric CO2 in December only (−0.30 mmol m−2 day−1). The middle zone absorbs CO2 in December and July (−0.05 and −0.27 mmol·m−2 day−1, respectively). The oceanic zone only emits CO2 in October (0.36 mmol·m−2 day−1) and absorbs at the highest rate in December (−1.53 mmol·m−2 day−1)

Partitioning of physical and biogeochemical contributions to short-term variability of pCO2 in a coastal upwelling system: a quantitative approach

A considerable body of literature has addressed the role that coastal upwelling systems may play in global processes, especially in the ocean carbon cycle. It is often difficult to separate the effects of physical and biogeochemical processes on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in coastal upwelling systems due to the tight coupling between these processes. In this work we propose a novel approach to quantify physical (advection and diffusion of inorganic carbon species, in situ warming) and biogeochemical (production and consumption of inorganic carbon species) effects on surface pCO2 using an inverse method. It is applied to the Ría de Vigo, a large coastal indentation in the NW Iberian shelf. Physical and biogeochemical processes affecting surface pCO2 variability are quantified during spring, summer, autumn and winter. Our results show the dominance of vertical advection, turbulent diffusion and net ecosystem production of organic carbon (ΔCorg) components over other processes (calcification and surface warming) on a short timescale (2 to 4 d). The study reveals that physical transport of inorganic carbon species explains -50% of the observed pCO2 variability and ΔCorg accounts for most of the remaining 50%

Spatial and temporal changes in the subtropical North Atlantic along 24.5°N in terms of pH and other variables of the CO2 system

European Geosciences Union General Assembly 22-27 April 2012, Vienna, Austria.-- 1 pageA large part of the CO2 released to the atmosphere due to human activities is taken up by the oceans, raising the amount of total inorganic carbon dissolved in the upper layers, thus affecting the chemical balances of the CO2 system in seawater. In addition to the estimation of the anthropogenic carbon inventory, establishing the rate at which ocean acidification is taking place is of crucial importance. The magnitude of this change is critical, for instance, to determine the fate of many marine ecosystems, particularly those that include calcifying species. Time series are the best tool to detect and quantify these changes in marine pH and to distinguish between the natural and anthropogenically derived variability. Here we show data of spatial and temporal changes in the parameters of the CO2 system in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, with a special focus on pH. We present the instrumental measurements that we performed in a transatlantic cruise along 24.5ºN in January-March 2011. This oceanographic section (WOCE A05) is of particular importance, amongst other reasons, because it is where the greater northward transport of heat and inorganic carbon takes place in the whole Atlantic Ocean. This explains why this section has already been repeated a number of times over the last 20 years, and offers the opportunity to place modern results on a historical perspective. In this context, we have compared our recent measurements with historical carbon data from the same section obtained in years 1992, 1998 and 2004 in order to evaluate the existence of any trends. To this end we divided longitudinally the whole basin in four regions to differentiate between eastern and western patterns and coastal or open-ocean regimes. In addition, we made a vertical division into six regions on the basis of the main water masses there present. Profiles and trends of pH and other parameters are shown for each of these regions and sections. Amongst other features, we find a common expected decrease in pH in the upper layers, which affects in particular the intermediate waters during the last decade. This general trend is more or less pronounced depending on each region of the basin, exhibiting a complex behaviour probably related with ocean circulation and possibly biological processes in these latitudes of the Atlantic OceanPeer Reviewe

R/V Sarmiento de Gamboa 24N_Malaspina_2011 cruise carbon data from the CLIVAR/GO_SHIP Repeat Section A5_2011 (Jan. 28 - Mar. 14, 2011)

The item is made of 2 files, of which 1 is the dataset and the other include a small description of the measured variables.-- Dataset contributed to the Project CarbochangeThis dataset gathers discrete measurements of CO2 (pH and alkalinity) and hydrographic variables (salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, phosphate and silicate) obtained during the cruise 24N_Malaspina carried out from 28 January to 14 March 2011. pH was measured spectrophotometrically following the Clayton and Byrne (1993). This method consists on adding a dye solution to the seawater sample, so that the ratio between two absorbances at two different wavelengths is proportional to the sample pH. Alkalinity was measured using an automatic potentiometric titrator Titrando 809 Metrohm, with a Metrohm 6.0232.100 combination glass electrode and a Pt-1000 probe for temperature measurement following the methodology given by Pérez and Fraga (1987). Dissolved oxygen was analyzed following the widely applied Winkler method. Determinations of nitrate, phosphate and silicate were carried out following methods described by Hansen and Grassoff (1983) Salinity and Temperature were recorded with a CTD probeProject MALASPINA (CSD2008-00077) supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, and project CARBOCHANGE (264879) supported by European CommissionN

Acidification observations in a transoceanic line of the North Atlantic Ocean

EUR-OCEANS Hot Topics Conference - A Changing Ocean, 6-8 November 2013, Gran Canaria, SpainOcean acidification is directly related to increasing atmospheric CO2 levels due to human activities and the active role of the global ocean as a sink for this anthropogenic CO2 (Cant). Once in solution, Cant affects the chemical balances of the CO2 system in seawater and translates in a decrease in ocean pH. In addition to the more classical studies on the estimation of the anthropogenic carbon account in the oceans, establishing the rate at which ocean acidification is taking place is of crucial importance when studying how the carbon cycle will evolve under a climate change scenario. The magnitude of this change is critical, for instance, to determine the fate of many marine organisms, particularly those that produce CaCO3 and are also keystone in ecosystems and/or food webs (pteropods, coccolithophorids, foraminifera and corals). Oxidation of organic matter, which is mediated by microorganisms, also lowers pH by adding CO2 into seawater. Past reported pH changes of seawater and future pH projections proposed from Ocean General Circulation Models are important to better understand temporal variability of pH. However, in situ measurements documenting the evolution of ocean pH over time are still limited, while they are the only practical tool to fully constrain the extent of acidification. Here we present acidification observations between 1992 and 2011 along a repeat transoceanic line at 24.5°N in the North Atlantic Ocean, together with anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic contributions to that signal. pH changes were found to be essentially zero below 1000 dbar while in the upper ocean, significant pH decreases as large as 0.05 units were observed throughout the first 800 dbar. In general, anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic contributions to this change were estimated to be of similar magnitude. However, the anthropogenic weight was found to be significantly enhanced in the westernmost flank, probably related to the Deep Western Boundary Current influence. In the surface, our observed pH changes are consistent with those reported at BATS and ESTOC Time Series, which are located at both sides of the North Atlantic Subtropical GyrePeer Reviewe

Type 2 diabetes and cognitive impairment in an older population with overweight or obesity and metabolic syndrome: baseline cross-sectional analysis of the PREDIMED-plus study

This study cross-sectionally examines in the elderly population: (a) the association of type 2 diabetes with executive function (EF); (b) the effect of BMI on both type 2 diabetes and EF; (c) the association between glycaemia control and EF in type 2 diabetes. 6823 older individuals with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome participating in the PREDIMED-PLUS study, were assessed with a battery of cognitive tests and a medical interview. ANOVA showed a significantly worse performance on EF in type 2 diabetes vs. non-diabetic individuals. Two complementary models were displayed: (1) in the whole sample, the presence of type 2 diabetes, depressive symptoms and BMI had a direct negative effect on EF, while apnoea had an indirect negative effect; (2) in the diabetes subsample, higher illness duration was associated with worse performance in EF. Participants with type 2 diabetes and HbA1c<53 mmol/mol displayed better cognitive performance when compared to those with HbA1c≥53 mmol/mol. Our results provide a controlled comprehensive model that integrates relevant neuropsychological and physical variables in type 2 diabetes. The model suggests that, to improve treatment adherence and quality of life once diabetes has been diagnosed, cognitive decline prevention strategies need to be implemented while monitoring depressive symptoms, BMI and glycaemia control.This project is funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), the Spanish Government Official Agency for funding biomedical research - with competitive grants for the periods 2014–2016, 2015–2017, 2017–2019 and 2018–2020, through the Fondo de Investigación para la Salud (FIS), which is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund [grants: PI13/00673, PI13/00492, PI13/00272, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI13/00233, PI13/02184, PI13/00728 PI13/01090 PI13/01056, PI14/01722, PI14/00636, PI14/00618, PI14/00696, PI14/01206, PI14/01919, PI14/00853, PI14/01374, PI16/00473, PI16/00662, PI16/01873, PI16/01094, PI16/00501, PI16/00533, PI16/00381, PI16/00366, PI16/01522, PI16/01120, PI17/00764, PI17/01183, PI17/00855, PI17/01347, PI17/00525, PI17/01827, PI17/00532, PI17/00215, PI17/01441, PI17/00508, PI17/01732, PI17/00926] and the European Research Council [Advanced Research Grant 2014–2019; agreement #340918]. Additional grants: Acciones Especiales from ISCIIII, Consejería-Salud, Junta -Andalucía [PI0458/2013, PS0358/2016], Recercaixa-grant 2013 [2013ACUP00194], a SEMERGEN grant, International Nut & Dried Fruit Council – FESNAD No. 201302. Fundación Patrimonio Comunal Olivarero is providing the necessary amounts of olive oil. Nuts were initially and only partially provided by Pistachios Growers and Almond Board of California, for the pilot study. This research was also partially funded by EU-H2020 Grant (Eat2beNICE/H2020-SFS-2016–2; Ref 728018), PI14/00290 y PI17/1167(Co-funded by European Regional Development Fund, ERDF, a way to build Europe), PERIS (Generalitat de Catalunya, SLT006/17/00077), Grant PROMETEO/2017/017 (Generalitat Valenciana) and Grant FEA/SEA 2017 for Primary Care Research. We thank CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya for institutional support. ML-M is supported by a predoctoral Grant of the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (FPU15/02911). None of these funding sources plays any role in the design, collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data or in the decision to submit manuscripts for publication

Glycemic dysregulations are associated with worsening cognitive function in older participants at high risk of cardiovascular disease: two-year follow-up in the PREDIMED-Plus study

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes has been linked to greater cognitive decline, but other glycemic parameters such as prediabetes, diabetes control and treatment, and HOMA-IR and HbA1c diabetes-related biomarkers have shown inconsistent results. Furthermore, there is limited research assessing these relationships in short-term studies. Thus, we aimed to examine 2-year associations between baseline diabetes/glycemic status and changes in cognitive function in older participants at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Methods: We conducted a 2-year prospective cohort study (n=6,874) within the framework of the PREDIMED-Plus study. The participants (with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome; mean age 64.9 years; 48.5% women) completed a battery of 8 cognitive tests, and a global cognitive function Z-score (GCF) was estimated. At baseline, participants were categorized by diabetes status (no-diabetes, prediabetes, and <5 or ≥5-year diabetes duration), and also by diabetes control. Furthermore, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were measured, and antidiabetic medications were recorded. Linear and logistic regression models, adjusted by potential confounders, were fitted to assess associations between glycemic status and changes in cognitive function. Results: Prediabetes status was unrelated to cognitive decline. However, compared to participants without diabetes, those with ≥5-year diabetes duration had greater reductions in GCF (β=-0.11 (95%CI -0.16;-0.06)], as well as in processing speed and executive function measurements. Inverse associations were observed between baseline HOMA-IR and changes in GCF [β=-0.0094 (95%CI -0.0164;-0.0023)], but also between HbA1c levels and changes in GCF [β=-0.0085 (95%CI -0.0115, -0.0055)], the Mini-Mental State Examination, and other executive function tests. Poor diabetes control was inversely associated with phonologic fluency. The use of insulin treatment was inversely related to cognitive function as measured by the GCF [β=-0.31 (95%CI -0.44, -0.18)], and other cognitive tests. Conclusions: Insulin resistance, diabetes status, longer diabetes duration, poor glycemic control, and insulin treatment were associated with worsening cognitive function changes in the short term in a population at high cardiovascular risk. Clinical trial registration: http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN89898870, identifier ISRCTN: 89898870.This work was supported by the official Spanish Institutions for funding scientific biomedical research, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), through the Fondo de Investigación para la Salud (FIS), which is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (six coordinated FIS projects leaded by JS-S and JVid, including the following projects: PI13/00673, PI13/00492, PI13/00272, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI13/00233, PI13/02184, PI13/00728, PI13/01090, PI13/01056, PI14/01722, PI14/00636, PI14/00618, PI14/00696, PI14/01206, PI14/01919, PI14/00853, PI14/01374, PI14/00972, PI14/00728, PI14/01471, PI16/00473, PI16/00662, PI16/01873, PI16/01094, PI16/00501, PI16/00533, PI16/00381, PI16/00366, PI16/01522, PI16/01120, PI17/00764, PI17/01183, PI17/00855, PI17/01347, PI17/00525, PI17/01827, PI17/00532, PI17/00215, PI17/01441, PI17/00508, PI17/01732, PI17/00926, PI19/00957, PI19/00386, PI19/00309, PI19/01032, PI19/00576, PI19/00017, PI19/01226, PI19/00781, PI19/01560, PI19/01332, PI20/01802, PI20/00138, PI20/01532, PI20/00456, PI20/00339, PI20/00557, PI20/00886, PI20/01158); the Especial Action Project entitled: Implementación y evaluación de una intervención intensiva sobre la actividad física Cohorte PREDIMED-Plus grant to JS-S; the European Research Council (Advanced Research Grant 2014–2019; agreement #340918) granted to MM; the Recercaixa (agreement #2013ACUP00194) grant to JS-S; grants from the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0458/2013, PS0358/2016, PI0137/2018); the PROMETEO/2017/017 grant from the Generalitat Valenciana; the SEMERGEN grant; The Horizon 2020 PRIME study (Prevention and Remediation of Insulin Multimorbidity in Europe; grant agreement #847879); JJ holds the Miguel Servet-II contract (CPII19/00015) awarded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (co-funded by the European Social Fund “Investing in your future”); JK was supported by the ‘FOLIUM’ programme within the FUTURMed project from the Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (financed by 2017annual plan of the sustainable tourism tax and at 50% with charge to the ESF Operational Program 2014–2020 of the Balearic Islands); AÁ-S received a post-doctoral grant from the Generalitat Valenciana (APOSTD/2020/164); CG receives a predoctoral grant from the University of Rovira i Virgili (2020PMF-PIPF-37); We thank CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya for institutional support and partial support was also provided by SLT006/17/00246, funded by the Department of Health of the Generalitat de Catalunya by the calls “Acció instrumental de programes de recerca orientats en l’àmbit de la recerca i la innovació en salut” and “Pla estratègic de recerca i innovació en salut (PERIS)”; JS-S, senior author of this article, is partially supported by ICREA under the ICREA Academia program; None of the funding sources took part in the design, collection, analysis, interpretation of the data, or writing the report, or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication

Type 2 diabetes and cognitive impairment in an older population with overweight or obesity and metabolic syndrome : baseline cross-sectional analysis of the PREDIMED-plus study

This study cross-sectionally examines in the elderly population: (a) the association of type 2 diabetes with executive function (EF); (b) the effect of BMI on both type 2 diabetes and EF; (c) the association between glycaemia control and EF in type 2 diabetes. 6823 older individuals with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome participating in the PREDIMED-PLUS study, were assessed with a battery of cognitive tests and a medical interview. ANOVA showed a significantly worse performance on EF in type 2 diabetes vs. non-diabetic individuals. Two complementary models were displayed: (1) in the whole sample, the presence of type 2 diabetes, depressive symptoms and BMI had a direct negative effect on EF, while apnoea had an indirect negative effect; (2) in the diabetes subsample, higher illness duration was associated with worse performance in EF. Participants with type 2 diabetes and HbA1c<53 mmol/mol displayed better cognitive performance when compared to those with HbA1c≥53 mmol/mol. Our results provide a controlled comprehensive model that integrates relevant neuropsychological and physical variables in type 2 diabetes. The model suggests that, to improve treatment adherence and quality of life once diabetes has been diagnosed, cognitive decline prevention strategies need to be implemented while monitoring depressive symptoms, BMI and glycaemia control

Biodiversidad 2017. Estado y tendencias de la biodiversidad continental de Colombia

En la cuarta versión del Reporte, que corresponde al año 2017, es una obligación preguntarnos cuál ha sido y es el papel de esta publicación y si ha abarcado la diversidad de formas y conceptos que definen el estado y el futuro de la biodiversidad colombiana. Las temáticas que constituyen la columna vertebral de cada uno de los reportes anuales responden a temas de pertinencia, nivel de incidencia y actualidad desde cada uno de los diferentes niveles de organización de la biodiversidad y buscan responder las siguientes preguntas fundamentales: 1) ¿Cómo se encuentra la biodiversidad del país? 2)¿Qué factores, en dónde y en qué medida está siendo afectada? 3)¿Cuáles son las iniciativas que desde la sociedad civil o a nivel de políticas públicas buscan evitar esa pérdida? 4)¿Cuáles son las grandes oportunidades para mejorar su gestión y manejo? Si bien evaluar la incidencia que puede tener el Reporte sobre acciones de gestión no es tarea fácil, se debe reconocer la buena acogida que han tenido los textos, las ilustraciones y la cifras entre los distintos tipos de lectores y el papel fundamental que ha jugado el Reporte en comunicar información de altísima calidad sobre la biodiversidad colombiana en diferentes momentos coyunturales. En ese sentido esta publicación es cada vez más una herramienta de consulta y referencia que está abierta al público tanto en formato impreso como digital, y de la misma manera busca fortalecerse para continuar brindando información relevante para la toma de decisiones en materia ambiental.BogotáSubdirección de Investigacione