2D granular flows with the μ(I)\mu(I) rheology and side walls friction: a well balanced multilayer discretization

We present here numerical modelling of granular flows with the $\mu(I)$ rheology in confined channels. The contribution is twofold: (i) a model to approximate the Navier-Stokes equations with the $\mu(I)$ rheology through an asymptotic analysis. Under the hypothesis of a one-dimensional flow, this model takes into account side walls friction; (ii) a multilayer discretization following Fern\'andez-Nieto et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 798, 2016, pp. 643-681). In this new numerical scheme, we propose an appropriate treatment of the rheological terms through a hydrostatic reconstruction which allows this scheme to be well-balanced and therefore to deal with dry areas. Based on academic tests, we first evaluate the influence of the width of the channel on the normal profiles of the downslope velocity thanks to the multilayer approach that is intrinsically able to describe changes from Bagnold to S-shaped (and vice versa) velocity profiles. We also check the well balance property of the proposed numerical scheme. We show that approximating side walls friction using single-layer models may lead to strong errors. Secondly, we compare the numerical results with experimental data on granular collapses. We show that the proposed scheme allows us to qualitatively reproduce the deposit in the case of a rigid bed (i. e. dry area) and that the error made by replacing the dry area by a small layer of material may be large if this layer is not thin enough. The proposed model is also able to reproduce the time evolution of the free surface and of the flow/no-flow interface. In addition, it reproduces the effect of erosion for granular flows over initially static material lying on the bed. This is possible when using a variable friction coefficient $\mu(I)$ but not with a constant friction coefficient

Derivation of a multilayer approach to model suspended sediment transport: application to hyperpycnal and hypopycnal plumes

We propose a multi-layer approach to simulate hyperpycnal and hypopycnal plumes in flows with free surface. The model allows to compute the vertical profile of the horizontal and the vertical components of the velocity of the fluid flow. The model can describe as well the vertical profile of the sediment concentration and the velocity components of each one of the sediment species that form the turbidity current. To do so, it takes into account the settling velocity of the particles and their interaction with the fluid. This allows to better describe the phenomena than a single layer approach. It is in better agreement with the physics of the problem and gives promising results. The numerical simulation is carried out by rewriting the multi-layer approach in a compact formulation, which corresponds to a system with non-conservative products, and using path-conservative numerical scheme. Numerical results are presented in order to show the potential of the model

Estudio de frutos y semillas en Parentucellia Viv. (Scrophulariaceae) y sus implicaciones taxonómicas

Estudio de frutos y semillas en Parentucellia Viv. (Scrophulariaceae) y sus implicaciones taxonómicas. Se estudia la morfología y anatomía de frutos y semillas en las dos especies europeas de Parentucellia. Los resultados muestran el valor taxonómico para este género de los caracteres morfoanatómicos. Las dos especies, P. viscosa (L.) Caruel y P. latifolia (L.) Caruel pueden distinguirse por los caracteres de frutos y semillas. Por último se hace un breve comentario sobre el sistema de dispersión

Observaciones de frutos y semillas en tres especies de "Odontites" Ludwig ("Scrophulariaceaea")

Fruits and seeds observations in three species of Odontites Ludwig (Scrophulariaceae). A morphological and anatomical study of fruits and seeds of three species of Odontites Ludwig (O. tenuifolia, O. longiflora and O. foliosa) has been made. The results show that these taxa can be differentiated on the basis of fruits and seeds features. However, the characters used do not support separation these species in different genera (Odontitella and Macrosyringion).Se ha realizado un estudio morfológico y anatómico en frutos y semillas de tres especies de Odontites Ludwig (O. tentufolia, O. longiflora y O. foliosa). Los resultados muestran que estos taxones pueden ser diferenciados por los frutos y las semillas. Sin embargo, los can.cteres utilizados no apoyan la separación de estas especies en géneros diferentes (Odontitella y Macrosyringion)

Morfología polínica de "Veronica" L. ("Scrophulariaceae") en el Suroeste de España

Morfología polínica de Veronica L. (Scrophulariaceae) en el suroeste de España. Se estudia la morfología polínica, al microscopio óptico y electónico de barrido, de 13 taxones de Veronica L.: V. scutellata, V. anagallis-aquatica, V. anagalloides, V. thriphyllos, V. praecox, V. arvensis, V.peregrina, V. polita, V. agrestis, V. persica, V. cymbalaria, V. hederifolia subsp. hederifolia y V. hederifolia subsp. triloba. Los resultados confirman el carácter euripolínico del género. Se establecen dos tipos polínicos basados en el modelo de ornamentación. Por último, se discuten los resultados obtenidos y la relación entre los datos palinológicos y otros datos morfológicos

Micromorfología y anatomía de frutos y semillas de Scrophularia L., en el Suroeste de España

Micromorfología y anatomía de frutos y semillas de Scrophularia L. en el suroeste de España. Se ha realizado un estudio morfológico y anatómico de las cápsulas y semillas de las nueve especies del género Scrophularia presentes en el SO de España. Las semillas muestran una considerable uniformidad en cuanto a la forma, tamaño, ornamentación y estructura interna. Respecto a las cápsulas muestran ciertas diferencias tanto desde el punto de vista morfológico como anatómico. Por último se propone una clave para diferenciar las distintas especies

Contributions of nursing students during their clinical practice in primary care: Adaptation and validation of a scale

Aim: To adapt the 'Nursing Student Contributions to Clinical Settings' scale (CEEEC, Spanish acronym), designed for specialized care and to evaluate the validity and reliability of a measure in the primary health care setting. Additionally, a description of the contributions of nursing students to primary health care in Spain is presented, based on the perception of preceptor nurses. Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in Spain, involving a committee of nursing experts who participated in a Delphi panel (n = 5) and cognitive interviews (n = 5) and a sample of nursing preceptors (n = 300) from 57 primary health care centers (2019-2020). The CEEEC was reviewed by experts for the conceptual semantic adequacy of the 24 items for its application in primary health care. Nurse preceptors' responses to the CEEEC scale were used to study the validity and reliability of the measure, including factor analysis, convergent validity with the Health Sciences-Evidence Based Practice scale and a matched test-retest over a three-week interval. Results: According to the consensus of experts, the CEEEC scale is valid for primary health care with minimal modifications (change "patient" to "user"). Based on the analysis of responses to the scale, the corrected item-total correlations of the 24 items were ≥ 0.40 and were grouped into a single factor, explaining 46.3% of the variance. The Cronbach's alpha value was 0.95. Regarding convergent validity, there was a positive correlation between the CEEEC scale and the score of the Health Sciences-Evidence Based Practice scale (Pearson's coefficient= 0.33; p < 0.001). The overall intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.91. Finally, the mean CEEEC score was 61.9 points (range 0-96). The two most positive contributions were 'Nursing students enable nursing professionals to perform their teaching role' and 'Nursing students become future professionals who know the healthcare facility'. Conclusions: The CEEEC scale provides a valid and reliable measure of nursing students' contributions to primary health care. Nursing students' contributions to Spanish primary health care were positive, especially towards the nursing profession and healthcare organizations.This work was supported by grants by Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish State Secretary of R+D+I, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) and Fondo Social Europeo (FSE) [grant number PI18/00086] and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA). The study funders had no role in the study design and in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, and the authors have sole responsibility for the manuscript content.S