Verificação da presença de estrona nas margens do Lago Paranoá

De maneira geral, a engenharia civil costuma ser encarada apenas como construção civil. Porém, a área de saneamento básico, pelo ponto de vista da engenharia civil, tem sido de grande importância para a sociedade e o meio-ambiente. Parte-se do princípio que hormônios sejam substâncias bioacumulativas e suas consequências no meio ambiente perdurem. A estrona, por sua vez, é um hormônio que pode ser encontrado em pontos de lançamento de efluentes domésticos sem tratamento adequado. Assim, tem-se que a estrona é um indicador da presença de esgoto in natura e que os países mais desenvolvidos sofram mais as suas consequências. A estrona é uma substância disruptora endócrina e, como tal, pode ser altamente prejudicial ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana e animal. Sua presença no meio aquático pode afetar todos os seres vivos que consomem ou vivem nesse meio. Modernamente, tem-se observado que projetos de engenharia mal elaborados podem levar à inviabilidade de um empreendimento e, consequentemente, à contaminação do ambiente circundante. O presente trabalho consiste na detecção de estrona no Lago Paranoá em Brasília/DF, mediante coleta de amostras em determinados pontos da orla que apresentavam suspeita de lançamento de esgoto doméstico sem tratamento. Para a análise da água do Lago Paranoá foram coletadas 15 amostras da margem do Pontão do Lago Sul. A detecção da estrona foi realizada mediante análise por cromatografia líquida acoplada ao espectrômetro de massas / massas no Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Goiás (LANAGRO – GO). Foram detectadas concentrações de estrona variando entre 0,119 e 0,184 μg/L. As concentrações de estrona geralmente encontradas nas águas superficiais de rios brasileiros são de 0,02 e 0,05 μg/L. Conclui-se então que há lançamento de esgoto irregular na margem do Pontão do Lago Sul em Brasília-DF

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new thalidomide–donepezil hybrids as neuroprotective agents targeting cholinesterases and neuroinflammation

A new series of eight multifunctional thalidomide–donepezil hybrids were synthesized based on the multi target-directed ligand strategy and evaluated as potential neuroprotective, cholinesterase inhibitors and anti neuroinflammatory agents against neurodegenerative diseases. A molecular hybridization approach was used for structural design by combining the N-benzylpiperidine pharmacophore of donepezil and the isoindoline 1,3-dione fragment from the thalidomide structure. The most promising compound, PQM-189 (3g), showed good AChE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 3.15 μM, which was predicted by docking studies as interacting with the enzyme in the same orientation observed in the AChE–donepezil complex and a similar profile of interaction. Additionally, compound 3g significantly decreased iNOS and IL-1β levels by 43% and 39%, respectively, after 24 h of incubation with lipopolysaccharide. In vivo data confirmed the ability of 3g to prevent locomotor impairment and changes in feeding behavior elicited by lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, the PAMPA assay evidenced adequate blood–brain barrier and gastrointestinal tract permeabilities with an Fa value of 69.8%. Altogether, these biological data suggest that compound 3g can treat the inflammatory process and oxidative stress resulting from the overexpression of iNOS and therefore the increase in reactive nitrogen species, and regulate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β. In this regard, compound PQM-189 (3g) was revealed to be a promising neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory agent with an innovative thalidomide–donepezil-based hybrid molecular architectur

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Molecular characterization of the genotypic diversity, resistance profile and pathogenic potential of Salmonella Infantis strains isolated from multiple sources in Brazil

Infecções por sorovariedades não-tifóides de Salmonella enterica estão entre as principais doenças causadas por alimentos no mundo. Salmonella enterica subespécie enterica sorovariedade Infantis (S. Infantis) é uma sorovariedade não-tifoide, ubiquitária, capaz de infectar uma ampla gama de hospedeiros animais além de humanos, e está entre as sorovariedades mais isoladas mundialmente. No Brasil, ainda que linhagens de S. Infantis apresentem uma elevada prevalência, poucos estudos caracterizaram um número expressivo de linhagens exclusivamente desta sorovariedade. Deste modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivos caracterizar a diversidade genotípica, verificar a presença de marcadores de virulência e os perfis fenotípicos e genotípicos de resistência a antimicrobianos de linhagens de S. Infantis isoladas de fontes diversas no Brasil. Foram estudadas 80 linhagens de S. Infantis, isoladas de alimentos (n=27), ambiente (n=24), humanos (n=19), animais (n=7) e ração animal (n=3) entre 2013 e 2018 em nove estados do Brasil. O perfil de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos foi determinado pela técnica de disco-difusão para 18 antimicrobianos. As linhagens foram molecularmente tipadas pela técnica de Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A partir da realização do sequenciamento do genoma completo (WGS), as linhagens foram pesquisadas quanto a presença de 12 genes de virulência e de genes adquiridos e mutações pontuais em genes cromossômicos associadas à resistência a antimicrobianos. Além disso, as linhagens também foram caracterizadas pelas técnicas de Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), core genome MLST (cgMLST) e pelas análises de Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) e Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) a partir dos dados do WGS. Um total de 72 linhagens (90,0%) apresentou resistência ou perfil intermediário de resistência a pelo menos um dos antimicrobianos estudados e 31 linhagens (38,8%) apresentaram resistência a três ou mais antimicrobianos de diferentes classes. As resistências de maior ocorrência nas linhagens estudadas foram: ampicilina (57,8%), piperaciclina (51,3%), tetraciclina (37,5%), cloranfenicol (35%), cefotaxime (30%), cefazolina (26,3%) e ceftriaxona (23,8%). Vale destacar que 42,5% das linhagens apresentaram perfis intermediários de resistência a ciprofloxacina. O PFGE dividiu as 80 linhagens de S. Infantis em 43 PFGE-tipos e três grupos distintos com uma similaridade ≥80% entre as linhagens de cada grupo e uma similaridade geral ≥78,2% entre as linhagens, além de ter apresentado um índice de discriminação (DI) de 0,966. Dentre os 12 genes de virulência pesquisados, os genes invA, sopB, sopD, sopE2, sipA, sipD, flgK, flgL, fljB, sifA e ssaR foram detectados em todas as linhagens estudadas, enquanto o gene spvB não foi detectado em nenhuma das linhagens. Foram detectados os genes de resistência a aminoglicosídeos aac(6\')-Iaa (100%) e aadA12 (2,5%), os genes de resistência a β-lactâmicos blaTEM-1 (40%), blaCTX-M-8 (11,3%), blaCMY-2 (10,0%) e blaCMY-61 (1,3%), e os genes dfrA8 (37,5%), tet(A) (36,3%) e floR (36,3%), que conferem resistência a compostos à base de diaminopirimidinas, às tetraciclinas e aos anfenicóis, respectivamente. Todas as linhagens estudadas apresentaram as mutações Gln624→Lys no gene gyrB e Thr57→Ser e Thr255→Ser no gene parC, enquanto uma linhagem apresentou a mutação Val702→Ala no gene parC, que são capazes de conferir resistência a quinolonas e fluoroquinolonas. A mutação Asp28→Tyr no gene pmrA, que pode conferir resistência a peptídeos antimicrobianos, também foi detectada em uma única linhagem. Todas as linhagens estudadas foram verificadas como pertencendo ao ST32 pelo MLST. O cgMLST e a análise de SNPs ii dividiram as linhagens estudadas em três e dois grupos distintos, respectivamente, sendo que em ambas metodologias mais de 70% das linhagens foram alocadas em um mesmo grupo. A análise de CRISPR agrupou todas as linhagens em um único grupo, com similaridade geral entre todas as linhagens ≥80,7% e apresentou um DI de 0,696. Em conclusão, a alta prevalência dos genes cromossômicos de virulência detectados, envolvidos na motilidade, invasão celular e sobrevivência em células fagocíticas, reforça o potencial patogênico das linhagens S. Infantis estudadas em causar doença em humanos, assim como o risco de sua presença em alimentos, ambiente e fontes veterinárias. As altas taxas de linhagens apresentando perfis fenotípicos e genotípicos de resistência a antimicrobianos alertam para o potencial risco de falha terapêutica nas infecções causadas por S. Infantis em humanos quando o tratamento é necessário. A presença absoluta do ST32 entre as linhagens estudadas demonstra a dominância deste ST na sorovariedade Infantis e a capacidade do MLST em identificar precisamente linhagens desta sorovariedade. A técnica de PFGE discriminou adequadamente as linhagens e os resultados sugerem a circulação de um subtipo prevalente de S. Infantis em diferentes fontes e estados do país. Similarmente, a técnica de cgMLST e as análises de SNPs e CRISPR sugerem que a maioria das linhagens de S. Infantis estudadas descendem de um subtipo prevalente que tem contaminado humanos, animais, ambiente e alimentos, corroborando os achados do PFGE. Os resultados em conjunto reforçam o potencial perigo que as linhagens de S. Infantis de origem clínica e não-clínica estudadas possam representar para os âmbitos de saúde pública e segurança alimentar do Brasil.Infections caused by non-typhoid Salmonella enterica serovars are among the main causes of foodborne diseases worldwide. Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) is a non-typhoid and ubiquitous serovar, able to infect a broad range of hosts besides humans and is among the most isolated serovars in the world. In Brazil, although S. Infantis strains have demonstrated a high prevalence, few studies exclusively characterized an expressive number of strains of this serovar. In this way, the present study aimed to characterize the genotypic diversity, to verify the presence of virulence markers and the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles of S. Infantis strains isolated from diverse sources in Brazil. A total of 80 S. Infantis strains isolated from food (n=27), the environment (n=24), humans (n=19), animals (n=7) and animal ration (n=3) between 2013 and 2018 from nine Brazilian states were studied. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk-diffusion for 18 antimicrobials. The strains studied were molecularly typed by Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed and its data were used for the search of 12 virulence genes, acquired resistance genes and chromosomal point mutations associated to antimicrobial resistance. In adittion, the strains were also characterized by Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), core genome MLST (cgMLST) and the analyses of Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) using WGS data. A total of 72 strains (90%) showed resistance or intermediate resistance profiles to at least one of the drugs tested and 31 (38,8%) showed resistance to three or more antimicrobials of three different drug classes. The most frequent resistant rates among the strains studied were ampicillin (57,8%), piperacillin (51,3%), tetracycline (37,5%), chloranphenicol (35,0%), cefotaxime (30,0%), cefazoline (26,3%) and ceftriaxone (23,8%). It is also important to notice that 42,5% of the strains exhibited intermediate resistance profiles to ciprofloxacin. PFGE divided the 80 S. Infantis strains into 43 PFGE-types, three distinct clusters with a ≥80% similarity among the strains comprised in each group and an overall similarity among all strains of ≥78,2%, and also presented a discriminatory index (DI) of 0,966. Among the 12 virulence markers searched, invA, sopB, sopD, sopE2, sipA, sipD, flgK, flgL, fljB, sifA and ssaR were present in all strains, while spvB was absent in all strains analyzed. Strains also harbored aminoglycoside resistance genes aac(6\')-Iaa (100%) and aadA12 (2.5%), β-lactam resistance genes blaTEM-1 (40%), blaCTX-M-8 (11.3%), blaCMY-2 (10.0%) and blaCMY-61 (1.3%), and resistance genes dfrA8 (37.5%), tet(A) (36.3%) and floR (36.3%), which are capable to confer resistance to diaminopyrimidine compounds, tetracyclines and amphenicols, respectively. All strains presented the point mutations Gln624→Lys in gyrB gene and Thr57→Ser and Thr255→Ser in parC gene, while a single strain presented the point mutation Val702→Ala in parC gene, which are all capable to confer resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones. Also, a single strain showed mutation Asp28→Tyr in pmrA gene, which is capable to confer resistance to antimicrobial peptides. All strains studied belonged to ST32 as demonstrated by MLST. The SNP analysis and cgMLST clustered the strains into two and three distinct clusters, respectively, and in both methodologies above 70% of the strains were grouped into the same cluster. CRISPR analysis clustered all strains into the same cluster, with an overall similarity iv among all strains of ≥80.7% and a 0,696 DI. In conclusion, the high prevalence of virulence markers detected, related to motility, cell invasion and survival within phagocytic cells, reinforces the pathogenic potential of this serovar to cause infections in humans, as well as the risk of its presence in food, and in environmental and veterinary sources. The high rates of strains presenting phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance alert for the potential risk of therapeutic failure in S. Infantis infections in humans when therapy is necessary. The absolute presence of ST32 revealed among the strains studied by MLST demonstrates the dominance of this ST among strains of serovar Infantis and the capacity of this methodology to precisely identify strains of this serovar. PFGE showed an adequate discriminatory capacity to differentiate the strains and its results suggest the circulation of a prevalent subtype of S. Infantis in different sources and states of the country. Similarly, cgMLST and SNP and CRISPR analyses suggest that the majority of the S. Infantis strains studied descend from a prevalent subtype that has been contaminating humans, animals, the environment and food, corroborating with PFGE results. Together, the results obtained reinforce the potential hazard that the S. Infantis strains of clinical and non-clinical sources studied may represent for the public health and food safety fields in Brazil

List of the drug classes and resistance mechanisms as referred by the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) of the efflux pump encoding genes detected among the 80 sequenced <i>Salmonella</i> Infantis strains studied isolated from food (n = 27), farm and industry environments (n = 24), humans (n = 19), animals (n = 7) and animal feed (n = 3) in Brazil between 2013 and 2018.

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Phylogenetic tree based on the core-genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) analysis of the 120 genomes of <i>S</i>. Infantis strains from Brazil, Canada, Ecuador Germany, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, United Kingdom (UK) and United States (US).

The 120 strains were isolated from food (red squares), environments (green squares), humans (blue squares), animals (yellow squares) and animal feed (orange squares). S. Infantis reference strain SINFA LN649235.1 (black square) was included for comparison purposes. Additional information regarding the isolation sources, core-genome sequence types (cgSTs) and the number and percentages of the identified alleles are included.</p

Strain identifiers and isolation data of the 80 <i>Salmonella</i> Infantis strains studied isolated from food (n = 27), farm and industry environments (n = 24), humans (n = 19), animals (n = 7) and animal feed (n = 3) between 2013 and 2018 in Brazil.

Strain identifiers and isolation data of the 80 Salmonella Infantis strains studied isolated from food (n = 27), farm and industry environments (n = 24), humans (n = 19), animals (n = 7) and animal feed (n = 3) between 2013 and 2018 in Brazil.</p