31 research outputs found

    Critical Role of Macrophages and Their Activation via MyD88-NFÎșB Signaling in Lung Innate Immunity to Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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    Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp), a common cause of pneumonia, is associated with asthma; however, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. We investigated the cellular immune response to Mp in mice. Intranasal inoculation with Mp elicited infiltration of the lungs with neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages. Systemic depletion of macrophages, but not neutrophils, resulted in impaired clearance of Mp from the lungs. Accumulation and activation of macrophages were decreased in the lungs of MyD88−/− mice and clearance of Mp was impaired, indicating that MyD88 is a key signaling protein in the anti-Mp response. MyD88-dependent signaling was also required for the Mp-induced activation of NFÎșB, which was essential for macrophages to eliminate the microbe in vitro. Thus, MyD88-NFÎșB signaling in macrophages is essential for clearance of Mp from the lungs

    Geology and Physical Properties Investigations by the InSight Lander

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    Although not the prime focus of the InSight mission, the near-surface geology and physical properties investigations provide critical information for both placing the instruments (seismometer and heat flow probe with mole) on the surface and for understanding the nature of the shallow subsurface and its effect on recorded seismic waves. Two color cameras on the lander will obtain multiple stereo images of the surface and its interaction with the spacecraft. Images will be used to identify the geologic materials and features present, quantify their areal coverage, help determine the basic geologic evolution of the area, and provide ground truth for orbital remote sensing data. A radiometer will measure the hourly temperature of the surface in two spots, which will determine the thermal inertia of the surface materials present and their particle size and/or cohesion. Continuous measurements of wind speed and direction offer a unique opportunity to correlate dust devils and high winds with eolian changes imaged at the surface and to determine the threshold friction wind stress for grain motion on Mars. During the first two weeks after landing, these investigations will support the selection of instrument placement locations that are relatively smooth, flat, free of small rocks and load bearing. Soil mechanics parameters and elastic properties of near surface materials will be determined from mole penetration and thermal conductivity measurements from the surface to 3–5 m depth, the measurement of seismic waves during mole hammering, passive monitoring of seismic waves, and experiments with the arm and scoop of the lander (indentations, scraping and trenching). These investigations will determine and test the presence and mechanical properties of the expected 3–17 m thick fragmented regolith (and underlying fractured material) built up by impact and eolian processes on top of Hesperian lava flows and determine its seismic properties for the seismic investigation of Mars’ interior

    Constraints on the shallow elastic and anelastic structure of Mars from InSight seismic data

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    Mars’s seismic activity and noise have been monitored since January 2019 by the seismometer of the InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) lander. At night, Mars is extremely quiet; seismic noise is about 500 times lower than Earth’s microseismic noise at periods between 4 s and 30 s. The recorded seismic noise increases during the day due to ground deformations induced by convective atmospheric vortices and ground-transferred wind-generated lander noise. Here we constrain properties of the crust beneath InSight, using signals from atmospheric vortices and from the hammering of InSight’s Heat Flow and Physical Properties (HP3) instrument, as well as the three largest Marsquakes detected as of September 2019. From receiver function analysis, we infer that the uppermost 8–11 km of the crust is highly altered and/ or fractured. We measure the crustal diffusivity and intrinsic attenuation using multiscattering analysis and find that seismic attenuation is about three times larger than on the Moon, which suggests that the crust contains small amounts of volatiles

    SEIS: Insight’s Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure of Mars

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    By the end of 2018, 42 years after the landing of the two Viking seismometers on Mars, InSight will deploy onto Mars’ surface the SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure) instrument; a six-axes seismometer equipped with both a long-period three-axes Very Broad Band (VBB) instrument and a three-axes short-period (SP) instrument. These six sensors will cover a broad range of the seismic bandwidth, from 0.01 Hz to 50 Hz, with possible extension to longer periods. Data will be transmitted in the form of three continuous VBB components at 2 sample per second (sps), an estimation of the short period energy content from the SP at 1 sps and a continuous compound VBB/SP vertical axis at 10 sps. The continuous streams will be augmented by requested event data with sample rates from 20 to 100 sps. SEIS will improve upon the existing resolution of Viking’s Mars seismic monitoring by a factor of ∌ 2500 at 1 Hz and ∌ 200 000 at 0.1 Hz. An additional major improvement is that, contrary to Viking, the seismometers will be deployed via a robotic arm directly onto Mars’ surface and will be protected against temperature and wind by highly efficient thermal and wind shielding. Based on existing knowledge of Mars, it is reasonable to infer a moment magnitude detection threshold of Mw ∌ 3 at 40◩ epicentral distance and a potential to detect several tens of quakes and about five impacts per year. In this paper, we first describe the science goals of the experiment and the rationale used to define its requirements. We then provide a detailed description of the hardware, from the sensors to the deployment system and associated performance, including transfer functions of the seismic sensors and temperature sensors. We conclude by describing the experiment ground segment, including data processing services, outreach and education networks and provide a description of the format to be used for future data distribution

    Assessment of the digital maturity of the players in the banking area in a digital transformation perspective

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    La banque est un secteur en premiĂšre ligne de la transformation digitale et se classe en 4e position des secteurs les plus transformĂ©s numĂ©riquement derriĂšre les technologies de l’information et de la communication, les mĂ©dias et les services professionnels (Gandhi & al, 2016). En outre, l’explosion des donnĂ©es et le besoin de traitement en temps rĂ©el est un dĂ©fi pour les acteurs pour rĂ©pondre ou anticiper les besoins des clients. En ce sens, la transformation digitale des banques est emblĂ©matique des opportunitĂ©s et des risques de notre sociĂ©tĂ© numĂ©rique.Les Ă©tudes tendent Ă  prouver que la performance digitale reflĂšte la performance Ă©conomique de l’entreprise (Accenture, 2016b). Il devient dĂšs lors d’autant plus important d’effectuer sa transformation digitale pour rester ou devenir une banque performante d’autant plus que la mortalitĂ© moyenne des multinationales n’est que de 40 ans (Schatt, 2014).Le prĂ©alable Ă  l’analyse peut rĂ©sider dans la connaissance, par les banques, de leur maturitĂ© numĂ©rique actuelle.Le modĂšle dĂ©veloppĂ© dans cette thĂšse s’inscrit dans cette perspective et vise Ă  souligner les forces d’un acteur bancaire et ses points perfectibles pour, dans une perspective opĂ©ratoire, alimenter la stratĂ©gie de transformation des entreprises du secteur. Le point de dĂ©part en est une mĂ©thode de mesure de maturitĂ© numĂ©rique de toute organisation (Fayon, Tartar, 2014) qui a Ă©tĂ© approfondie dans le cadre de ce travail de thĂšse. La rĂ©flexion a Ă©tĂ© conduite relativement aux tendances structurantes de la transformation digitale, et Ă  un centrage sur le cas du secteur bancaire. Elle s’est nourrie des travaux acadĂ©miques relatifs au changement de paradigme portĂ© par les technologies numĂ©riques et Ă  ceux relatifs au design organisationnel entre autres. Deux enquĂȘtes (l’une sur la banque du futur ; l’autre sur les attentes des gĂ©nĂ©rations en matiĂšre de service bancaire) et un PoC rĂ©alisĂ© dans le cadre du paiement sans contact sur smartphone Ă  La Poste, ont nourri la rĂ©flexion pour enrichir notre modĂšle initial de mesure de la maturitĂ© numĂ©rique.Pour bĂątir le modĂšle, nous avons fait le choix de nous baser principalement sur les travaux existants dans les deux domaines au cƓur de la transformation digitale, d’une part les systĂšmes d’information oĂč de nombreux outils mĂ©thodologiques ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s (CMMI, ITIL, CobiT, etc.) et d’autre part le marketing. Chacun des indicateurs du modĂšle initial a Ă©tĂ© challengĂ© en s’appuyant sur la littĂ©rature dans le domaine ainsi que sur un corpus de donnĂ©es Ă©laborĂ© pour ce travail de thĂšse.La portĂ©e de cette mesure est de deux ordres. Le rĂ©sultat peut permettre, pour les dĂ©cideurs qui s’en saisissent – typiquement les acteurs de la transformation digitale (Comex, CDO, Directeur du SI, Directeur marketing) –, d’alimenter la stratĂ©gie de transformation digitale de l’acteur considĂ©rĂ© (grĂące au calcul de la maturitĂ© des leviers identifiĂ©s et globalement de la banque pour mettre en exergue ses forces et ses faiblesses). Mais cette mesure peut avoir Ă©galement une portĂ©e performative. Elle peut permettre en effet, comme pour tous dispositifs de mesure, de donner un Ă©tat « objectivĂ© » mais Ă©galement « objectivant » du niveau atteint par chacun des indicateurs et accompagner dĂšs lors un processus rĂ©flexif de transformation digitale.Un certain nombre de limites sont inhĂ©rentes Ă  ce travail de thĂšse, dans sa dimension instrumentale notamment. La cohĂ©rence interne du modĂšle, bien que mise Ă  l’épreuve de diffĂ©rentes dĂ©marches analytiques et tests, n’est pas exempte, par construction, d’une part d’arbitraire. La pertinence du modĂšle, si elle a pu ĂȘtre testĂ©e partiellement Ă  l’aune de cas d’entreprise, reste soumise Ă  l’épreuve de la gĂ©nĂ©ralisation. Par ailleurs, le caractĂšre Ă©volutif des technologies numĂ©riques et des changements sociĂ©taux associĂ©s, pourront faire perdre de l’acuitĂ© Ă  certains indicateurs. Mais la dimension intrinsĂšquement performative du modĂšle pourrait demeurer.The bank is a front-line sector of digital transformation and ranks 4th in the most digitally-transformed sectors behind IT, media and professional services (Gandhi & al, 2016). In addition, the burst of data and the need for real-time processing is a challenge for the players to meet or anticipate the needs of customers. In this way, the digital transformation of banks is emblematic of the opportunities and risks of our digital society.Studies tend to demonstrate that digital performance reflects the company's economic performance (Accenture, 2016b). It is therefore all the more important to carry out its digital transformation in order to remain or become a performing bank, especially since the average mortality of multinationals is only 40 years (Schatt, 2014).The question is where are the banks going to be in the value chain: continuing vertical integration or horizontal integration to diversify, buy or make partnerships with technological players or fintech?The prerequisite may lie in the knowledge of their current digital maturity. The model developed in this thesis makes it possible to highlight the strengths of a banking player and its perfectible points likely to feed the transformation strategy for its leaders and the related priorities. The starting point is the methodology of measuring digital maturity of any kind of organization (Fayon, Tartar, 2014) that has been challenged as part of this thesis work. Its axes, which define digital maturity, have evolved and are there to number six: Organization, Technology and Innovation, People, Offer, Environment, Strategy.The reflection has been focused on the structuring trends of digital transformation, and a focus on the case of the banking sector. She has been nourished by academic work related to the paradigm shift brought by digital technologies and those related to organizational design among others. Two surveys (one on the bank of the future, the other on the expectations of the generations in terms of banking service) and a PoC realized as part of the contactless payment on smartphone at La Poste french company have fueled the reflection to enrich our initial model of measuring digital maturity.To build the model, we have chosen to rely primarily on existing work in both areas at the heart of digital transformation, on the one hand information systems where many methodological tools have been developed (CMMI, ITIL, CobiT, etc.) and secondly marketing. Each of the indicators of the initial model was challenged by relying on the literature in the field as well as on a body of data developed for this thesis work.The scope of this measure is of two kinds. The result can make it possible for the decision makers who seize it - typically the actors of the digital transformation (Executive Committee, CDO, CTO, CMO) – feed the digital transformation strategy of the considered actor (thanks to the calculation of the maturity of the 6 levers and globally of the bank to highlight its strengths and its weaknesses, it is then necessary to exploit them in the service of its strategy). But this measure can also have a performative scope. It allows, as for all devices measuring tools, to give an "objectivized" but also "objectifying" level reached by each of the indicators and therefore accompany a reflexive process of digital transformation.A number of limitations are inherent to this thesis work in its instrumental dimension in particular. The internal coherence of the model, although tested by different analytical approaches and tests, is not exempt, by construction, from an arbitrary part. The relevance of the model, even if it has been tested partly with some business cases, remains subject to the test of generalization. In addition, the evolving nature of digital technologies and associated societal changes may make some indicators less relevant. But the performative dimension of the model could then remain

    Les réseaux sociaux menacent-ils nos libertés individuelles ?

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    Les rĂ©seaux sociaux sur Internet utilisent des ressources classiques du Web, comme la messagerie ou les forums de discussion. Outre le profil que l’internaute renseigne parfois avec des informations sensibles au sens de la Cnil (opinions politiques, religieuses, philosophiques, appartenance syndicale, santĂ©, orientation sexuelle), le pivot d’un rĂ©seau social est constituĂ© par le carnet d’adresses du membre. Ainsi, les rĂ©seaux sociaux permettent de constituer des gigantesques bases de donnĂ©es ..

    Mesure de la maturité numérique des acteurs du secteur bancaire, dans une perspective de transformation digitale

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    The bank is a front-line sector of digital transformation and ranks 4th in the most digitally-transformed sectors behind IT, media and professional services (Gandhi & al, 2016). In addition, the burst of data and the need for real-time processing is a challenge for the players to meet or anticipate the needs of customers. In this way, the digital transformation of banks is emblematic of the opportunities and risks of our digital society.Studies tend to demonstrate that digital performance reflects the company's economic performance (Accenture, 2016b). It is therefore all the more important to carry out its digital transformation in order to remain or become a performing bank, especially since the average mortality of multinationals is only 40 years (Schatt, 2014).The question is where are the banks going to be in the value chain: continuing vertical integration or horizontal integration to diversify, buy or make partnerships with technological players or fintech?The prerequisite may lie in the knowledge of their current digital maturity. The model developed in this thesis makes it possible to highlight the strengths of a banking player and its perfectible points likely to feed the transformation strategy for its leaders and the related priorities. The starting point is the methodology of measuring digital maturity of any kind of organization (Fayon, Tartar, 2014) that has been challenged as part of this thesis work. Its axes, which define digital maturity, have evolved and are there to number six: Organization, Technology and Innovation, People, Offer, Environment, Strategy.The reflection has been focused on the structuring trends of digital transformation, and a focus on the case of the banking sector. She has been nourished by academic work related to the paradigm shift brought by digital technologies and those related to organizational design among others. Two surveys (one on the bank of the future, the other on the expectations of the generations in terms of banking service) and a PoC realized as part of the contactless payment on smartphone at La Poste french company have fueled the reflection to enrich our initial model of measuring digital maturity.To build the model, we have chosen to rely primarily on existing work in both areas at the heart of digital transformation, on the one hand information systems where many methodological tools have been developed (CMMI, ITIL, CobiT, etc.) and secondly marketing. Each of the indicators of the initial model was challenged by relying on the literature in the field as well as on a body of data developed for this thesis work.The scope of this measure is of two kinds. The result can make it possible for the decision makers who seize it - typically the actors of the digital transformation (Executive Committee, CDO, CTO, CMO) – feed the digital transformation strategy of the considered actor (thanks to the calculation of the maturity of the 6 levers and globally of the bank to highlight its strengths and its weaknesses, it is then necessary to exploit them in the service of its strategy). But this measure can also have a performative scope. It allows, as for all devices measuring tools, to give an "objectivized" but also "objectifying" level reached by each of the indicators and therefore accompany a reflexive process of digital transformation.A number of limitations are inherent to this thesis work in its instrumental dimension in particular. The internal coherence of the model, although tested by different analytical approaches and tests, is not exempt, by construction, from an arbitrary part. The relevance of the model, even if it has been tested partly with some business cases, remains subject to the test of generalization. In addition, the evolving nature of digital technologies and associated societal changes may make some indicators less relevant. But the performative dimension of the model could then remain.La banque est un secteur en premiĂšre ligne de la transformation digitale et se classe en 4e position des secteurs les plus transformĂ©s numĂ©riquement derriĂšre les technologies de l’information et de la communication, les mĂ©dias et les services professionnels (Gandhi & al, 2016). En outre, l’explosion des donnĂ©es et le besoin de traitement en temps rĂ©el est un dĂ©fi pour les acteurs pour rĂ©pondre ou anticiper les besoins des clients. En ce sens, la transformation digitale des banques est emblĂ©matique des opportunitĂ©s et des risques de notre sociĂ©tĂ© numĂ©rique.Les Ă©tudes tendent Ă  prouver que la performance digitale reflĂšte la performance Ă©conomique de l’entreprise (Accenture, 2016b). Il devient dĂšs lors d’autant plus important d’effectuer sa transformation digitale pour rester ou devenir une banque performante d’autant plus que la mortalitĂ© moyenne des multinationales n’est que de 40 ans (Schatt, 2014).Le prĂ©alable Ă  l’analyse peut rĂ©sider dans la connaissance, par les banques, de leur maturitĂ© numĂ©rique actuelle.Le modĂšle dĂ©veloppĂ© dans cette thĂšse s’inscrit dans cette perspective et vise Ă  souligner les forces d’un acteur bancaire et ses points perfectibles pour, dans une perspective opĂ©ratoire, alimenter la stratĂ©gie de transformation des entreprises du secteur. Le point de dĂ©part en est une mĂ©thode de mesure de maturitĂ© numĂ©rique de toute organisation (Fayon, Tartar, 2014) qui a Ă©tĂ© approfondie dans le cadre de ce travail de thĂšse. La rĂ©flexion a Ă©tĂ© conduite relativement aux tendances structurantes de la transformation digitale, et Ă  un centrage sur le cas du secteur bancaire. Elle s’est nourrie des travaux acadĂ©miques relatifs au changement de paradigme portĂ© par les technologies numĂ©riques et Ă  ceux relatifs au design organisationnel entre autres. Deux enquĂȘtes (l’une sur la banque du futur ; l’autre sur les attentes des gĂ©nĂ©rations en matiĂšre de service bancaire) et un PoC rĂ©alisĂ© dans le cadre du paiement sans contact sur smartphone Ă  La Poste, ont nourri la rĂ©flexion pour enrichir notre modĂšle initial de mesure de la maturitĂ© numĂ©rique.Pour bĂątir le modĂšle, nous avons fait le choix de nous baser principalement sur les travaux existants dans les deux domaines au cƓur de la transformation digitale, d’une part les systĂšmes d’information oĂč de nombreux outils mĂ©thodologiques ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s (CMMI, ITIL, CobiT, etc.) et d’autre part le marketing. Chacun des indicateurs du modĂšle initial a Ă©tĂ© challengĂ© en s’appuyant sur la littĂ©rature dans le domaine ainsi que sur un corpus de donnĂ©es Ă©laborĂ© pour ce travail de thĂšse.La portĂ©e de cette mesure est de deux ordres. Le rĂ©sultat peut permettre, pour les dĂ©cideurs qui s’en saisissent – typiquement les acteurs de la transformation digitale (Comex, CDO, Directeur du SI, Directeur marketing) –, d’alimenter la stratĂ©gie de transformation digitale de l’acteur considĂ©rĂ© (grĂące au calcul de la maturitĂ© des leviers identifiĂ©s et globalement de la banque pour mettre en exergue ses forces et ses faiblesses). Mais cette mesure peut avoir Ă©galement une portĂ©e performative. Elle peut permettre en effet, comme pour tous dispositifs de mesure, de donner un Ă©tat « objectivĂ© » mais Ă©galement « objectivant » du niveau atteint par chacun des indicateurs et accompagner dĂšs lors un processus rĂ©flexif de transformation digitale.Un certain nombre de limites sont inhĂ©rentes Ă  ce travail de thĂšse, dans sa dimension instrumentale notamment. La cohĂ©rence interne du modĂšle, bien que mise Ă  l’épreuve de diffĂ©rentes dĂ©marches analytiques et tests, n’est pas exempte, par construction, d’une part d’arbitraire. La pertinence du modĂšle, si elle a pu ĂȘtre testĂ©e partiellement Ă  l’aune de cas d’entreprise, reste soumise Ă  l’épreuve de la gĂ©nĂ©ralisation. Par ailleurs, le caractĂšre Ă©volutif des technologies numĂ©riques et des changements sociĂ©taux associĂ©s, pourront faire perdre de l’acuitĂ© Ă  certains indicateurs. Mais la dimension intrinsĂšquement performative du modĂšle pourrait demeurer

    Stratégie d'entreprise 2.0 : vers un Porter 2.0 avec les outils du Web 2.0

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    Facebook, Twitter et les autres... : intégrer les réseaux sociaux dans une stratégie d'entreprise

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    Il a fallu 38 ans Ă  la radio pour toucher 50 millions d'utilisateurs, 13 ans Ă  la tĂ©lĂ©vision, 4 ans Ă  Internet... tandis que Facebook a conquis 100 millions de membres en moins de 9 mois ! D'abord destinĂ©s aux individus dĂ©sireux de prolonger ou de nouer des relations, les rĂ©seaux sociaux ne peuvent plus aujourdhui ĂȘtre ignorĂ©s des entreprises, en tant que puissants vecteurs de collaboration et de crĂ©ation de valeur. Christine BalaguĂ© et David Fayon, tout en proposant une approche thĂ©orique et critique de ce phĂ©nomĂšne, expliquent exemples concrets Ă  l appui comment intĂ©grer les rĂ©seaux sociaux dans une stratĂ©gie d entreprise, en fonction de l objectif visĂ© : communiquer autour d une marque, gĂ©nĂ©rer du buzz, nouer des partenariats, recruter des collaborateurs, Ă©largir un circuit de distribution, amĂ©liorer la gestion de la relation client, etc. Ils donnent Ă©galement des conseils pour optimiser leur utilisation : comment tirer parti de Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn ou Viadeo ? Quels outils intĂ©grer ? Si l on souhaite doter son entreprise de son propre rĂ©seau : quelles fonctions choisir, quelle architecture prĂ©voir

    Facebook, Twitter et les autres... : intégrer les réseaux sociaux dans une stratégie d'entreprise. - 2e édition

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    National audienceUn milliard et demi d'internautes sont connectĂ©s sur les rĂ©seaux sociaux... Une rĂ©alitĂ© que les entreprises doivent impĂ©rativement prendre en compte, car il s'agit lĂ  d'un puissant vecteur de communication, de collaboration et de crĂ©ation de valeur. Si Facebook et Twitter sont devenus incontournables, de nouveaux acteurs comme Google+, Foursquare ou Pinterest se font aussi leur place. Dans cette Ă©dition mise Ă  jour, Christine BalaguĂ© et David Fayon expliquent, exemples concrets Ă  l'appui, comment intĂ©grer ces rĂ©seaux sociaux dans une stratĂ©gie d'entreprise, en fonction de l'objectif visĂ© : communiquer autour d'une marque, gĂ©nĂ©rer du buzz, nouer des partenariats, recruter des collaborateurs, Ă©largir un circuit de distribution, amĂ©liorer la gestion de la relation client, etc. Ils donnent Ă©galement des conseils pour optimiser leur utilisation : comment tirer parti de Facebook, Twitter, Linkedln ? Quels outils intĂ©grer ? Si l'on souhaite doter son entreprise de son propre rĂ©seau : quelles fonctions choisir, quelle architecture prĂ©voir ? Ils prĂ©sentent aussi le rĂŽle du community manager, mĂ©tier Ă©mergent devenu un rouage essentiel de la prĂ©sence d'une entreprise sur les rĂ©seaux sociaux. Au fil du texte, la parole est donnĂ©e Ă  de grands acteurs du web, dont LoĂŻc Lemeur (fondateur de Seesmic et LeWeb), Dan Serfaty (fondateur et PDG de Viadeo), Éric Dupin (blog Presse-citron) ou Gilbert RĂ©veillon (CEO de Mobile LOOV). Enfin, les auteurs ouvrent de larges perspectives sur les grands enjeux des rĂ©seaux sociaux dans la sociĂ©tĂ© de demain
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