Caractérisation fonctionnelle des NTPDASE1, NTPDASE2, NTPDASE8 et de l'ecto-5'-nucléotidase hépatiques

Le foie possède une forte activité d'hydrolyse de l'ATP extracellulaire associée aux canalicules biliaires qui a longtemps été utilisée comme marqueur de cette structure. Jusqu'à récemment, peu d'information était disponible quant à la nature exacte de cette activité. Le clonage d'une nouvelle ectonucléotidase fortement exprimée dans le foie, l'ectonucléoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-8 (NTPDase8), suggérait un nouveau candidat potentiel pouvant correspondre à l'ecto-ATPase canaliculaire hépatique. Le premier objectif de mon doctorat était donc de déterminer l'identité moléculaire de la protéine responsable de l'activité ATPasique canaliculaire hépatique. L'ADN complémentaire de la NTPDase8- de rat a été clone et utilisé pour la caractérisation biochimique de l'enzyme recombinante et la production de sera polyclonaux spécifiques. Les activités ATPase et ADPase hépatiques ont été détectées par histochimie enzymatique et l'expression de la NTPDase8 par immunohistochimie. L'activité ATPase majeure de foie de rat a été purifiée, caractérisée biochimiquement et ses propriétés enzymatiques comparées à celles de la NTPDase8 de rat recombinante. Tous les résultats obtenus démontrent que la NTPDase8 correspond à l'ecto-ATPase canaliculaire. Mon deuxième objectif de doctorat était d'étudier l'influence potentielle des NTPDases et de l'ecto-5'-nucléotidase/CD73 sur les concentrations extracellulaires de nucleotides hépatiques, selon leur localisation cellulaire respective. Les différentes ectonucléotidases exprimées à la surface des cellules hépatiques modulent l'activation des récepteurs de nucleosides Pl et/ou de nucleotides P2, en contrôlant les niveaux extracellulaires de leurs agonistes. Dans le foie, les NTPDases sont responsables majoritairement de l'hydrolyse des nucleotides extracellulaires comme l'ATP et l'ADP alors que l'ecto-5'-nucléotidase génère la principale quantité d'adénosine extracellulaire, à pH physiologique. Les activités ATPase, ADPase et AMPase hépatiques ont été détectées par histochimie enzymatique, et l'expression des NTPDasel, 2 et 8, et de l'ecto-5'-nucleotidase par immunofluorescence. L'expression de l'ecto-5'-nucleotidase a été analysée par cytometric de flux sur divers types cellulaires hépatiques primaires. Les profils d'hydrolyse de l'ATP en présence de différentes combinaisons NTPDase/ecto-5'-nucleotidase (reflétant la localisation hépatique de ces enzymes) ont été analysés par HPLC. Nos résultats montrent que les niveaux de nucléo(s/t)ides extracellulaires varient en fonction de la combinaison d'ecto-nucléotidases considérées et de la concentration initiale de substrat ATP extracellulaire

P19-25. A vaccine model to prevent the depletion of uninfected bystander CD4 cells during HIV infection

International audiencen.

Towards a vaccine against AIDS

International audiencen.

Viremic HIV Infected Individuals with High CD4 T Cells and Functional Envelope Proteins Show Anti-gp41 Antibodies with Unique Specificity and Function

BACKGROUND: CD4 T-cell decay is variable among HIV-infected individuals. In exceptional cases, CD4 T-cell counts remain stable despite high plasma viremia. HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) properties, namely tropism, fusion or the ability to induce the NK ligand NKp44L, or host factors that modulate Env cytopathic mechanisms may be modified in such situation. METHODS: We identified untreated HIV-infected individuals showing non-cytopathic replication (VL>10,000 copies/mL and CD4 T-cell decay<50 cells/µL/year, Viremic Non Progressors, VNP) or rapid progression (CD4 T-cells<350 cells/µL within three years post-infection, RP). We isolated full-length Env clones and analyzed their functions (tropism, fusion activity and capacity to induce NKp44L expression on CD4 cells). Anti-Env humoral responses were also analyzed. RESULTS: Env clones isolated from VNP or RP individuals showed no major phenotypic differences. The percentage of functional clones was similar in both groups. All clones tested were CCR5-tropic and showed comparable expression and fusogenic activity. Moreover, no differences were observed in their capacity to induce NKp44L expression on CD4 T cells from healthy donors through the 3S epitope of gp41. In contrast, anti- Env antibodies showed clear functional differences: plasma from VNPs had significantly higher capacity than RPs to block NKp44L induction by autologous viruses. Consistently, CD4 T-cells isolated from VNPs showed undetectable NKp44L expression and specific antibodies against a variable region flanking the highly conserved 3S epitope were identified in plasma samples from these patients. Conversely, despite continuous antigen stimulation, VNPs were unable to mount a broad neutralizing response against HIV. CONCLUSIONS: Env functions (fusion and induction of NKp44L) were similar in viremic patients with slow or rapid progression to AIDS. However, differences in humoral responses against gp41 epitopes nearby 3S sequence may contribute to the lack of CD4 T cell decay in VNPs by blocking the induction of NKp44L by gp41

Development of novel adenoviral vectors to overcome challenges observed with HAdV-5 based constructs

Recombinant vectors based on human adenovirus serotype 5 (HAdV-5) have been extensively studied in pre-clinical models and clinical trials over the last two decades. However, the thorough understanding of the HAdV-5 interaction with human subjects has uncovered major concerns about its product applicability. High vector-associated toxicity and widespread pre-existing immunity have been shown to significantly impede the effectiveness of HAdV-5 mediated gene transfer. It is therefore that the in depth knowledge attained working on HAdV-5 is currently being used to develop alternative vectors. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of data obtained in recent years disqualifying the HAdV-5 vector for systemic gene delivery as well as novel strategies being pursued to overcome the limitations observed with particular emphasis on the ongoing vectorization efforts to obtain vectors based on alternative serotypes

HIV gp41 Engages gC1qR on CD4+ T Cells to Induce the Expression of an NK Ligand through the PIP3/H2O2 Pathway

CD4+ T cell loss is central to HIV pathogenesis. In the initial weeks post-infection, the great majority of dying cells are uninfected CD4+ T cells. We previously showed that the 3S motif of HIV-1 gp41 induces surface expression of NKp44L, a cellular ligand for an activating NK receptor, on uninfected bystander CD4+ T cells, rendering them susceptible to autologous NK killing. However, the mechanism of the 3S mediated NKp44L surface expression on CD4+ T cells remains unknown. Here, using immunoprecipitation, ELISA and blocking antibodies, we demonstrate that the 3S motif of HIV-1 gp41 binds to gC1qR on CD4+ T cells. We also show that the 3S peptide and two endogenous gC1qR ligands, C1q and HK, each trigger the translocation of pre-existing NKp44L molecules through a signaling cascade that involves sequential activation of PI3K, NADPH oxidase and p190 RhoGAP, and TC10 inactivation. The involvement of PI3K and NADPH oxidase derives from 2D PAGE experiments and the use of PIP3 and H2O2 as well as small molecule inhibitors to respectively induce and inhibit NKp44L surface expression. Using plasmid encoding wild type or mutated form of p190 RhoGAP, we show that 3S mediated NKp44L surface expression on CD4+ T cells is dependent on p190 RhoGAP. Finally, the role of TC10 in NKp44L surface induction was demonstrated by measuring Rho protein activity following 3S stimulation and using RNA interference. Thus, our results identify gC1qR as a new receptor of HIV-gp41 and demonstrate the signaling cascade it triggers. These findings identify potential mechanisms that new therapeutic strategies could use to prevent the CD4+ T cell depletion during HIV infection and provide further evidence of a detrimental role played by NK cells in CD4+ T cell depletion during HIV-1 infection