Evaluation of a suitable material for soft actuator through experiments and FE Simulations

Soft actuators are generally built to achieve extension, contraction, curling, or bending motions needed for robotic or medical applications. It is prepared with a cylindrical tube, braided with fibers that restrict the radial motion and produce the extension, contraction, or bending. The actuation is achieved through the input of compressed air with a different pressure. The stiffness of the materials controls the magnitude of the actuation. In the present study, Silastic-P1 silicone RTV and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with reinforced silicone are considered for the evaluation. The dumbbell samples are prepared from both materials as per ASTM D412-06a (ISO 37) standard and their corresponding tensile strength, elongation at break, and tensile modulus are measured. The Ogden nonlinear material constants of respective materials are estimated and used further in the finite element analysis of extension, contraction, and bending soft actuators. It is observed that silicone RTV is better in high strain and fast response, whereas, silicone/MWCNT is better at achieving high actuation

Linear and nonlinear arx model for intelligent pneumatic actuator systems

System modeling in describing the dynamic behavior of the system is very important and can be considered as a challenging problem in control systems engineering. This article presents the linear and nonlinear approaches using AutoRegressive with Exogenous Input (ARX) model structure for the modeling of position control of an Intelligent Pneumatic Actuator (IPA) system. The input and output data of the system were obtained from real-time experiment conducted while the linear and nonlinear mathematical models of the system were obtained using system identification (SI) technique. Best fit and Akaike’s criteria were used to validate the models. The results based on simulation reveals that nonlinear ARX (NARX) had the best performance for the modeling of position control of IPA system. The results show that nonlinear modeling is an effective way of analyzing and describing the dynamic behavior and characteristics of IPA system. This approach is also expected to be able to be applied to other systems. A future study exploring the execution of other model structures in demonstrating the position control of IPA system would be exceptionally intriguing

A new technique to reduce overshoot in pneumatic positioning system

This paper presents a new approach for improving the performance of the pneumatic positioning system by incorporating a nonlinear gain function with observer system. System identification technique has been employed to represent the pneumatic system, while a model predictive control (MPC) with the observer system has been employed as the main controller to control the positioning of the system. The nonlinear gain function has been incorporated with the control strategy to compensate nonlinearities and uncertainties inherent in the parameters of the system. Unconstrained and constrained cases of control signals have been considered in this study. Simulation based on Matlab/Simulink indicated a reduction in overshoot of the system response for both cases due to additional nonlinear gain function in the strategy. Furthermore, remarkable enhancement was observed in effectiveness of this function while incorporated in constrained case, when this new strategy successfully improved the transient response in the pneumatic positioning system

Development of wireless passive water quality catchment monitoring system

To maintain the quality of aquatic ecosystems, good water quality is needed. The quality of water needs to be tracked in real-time for environmental protection and tracking pollution sources. This paper aims to describe the development and data acquired for water catchment quality monitoring by using a passive system which includes location tagging. Wireless Passive Water Quality Catchment Monitoring (WPWQCM) System is used to check and monitor water quality continuously. The condition of water in terms of acidity, temperature and light intensity needs to be monitored. WPWQCM System featured four sensors which are a temperature sensor, light intensity sensor, pH sensor and GPS tracker that will float in water to collect the data. GPS tracker on passive water catchment monitoring system is a new feature in the system where the location of water can be identified. With the extra feature, water quality can be mapped and in the future, the source of disturbance can be determined. UMP Lake was chosen to check and monitor the water quality. The system used wireless communication by using XBee Pro as a medium of communication between CT-Uno board and PC

Non-parametric identification techniques for intelligent pneumatic actuator

The aim of this paper is to present experimental, empirical and analytic identification techniques, known as non-parametric techniques. Poor dynamics and high nonlinearities are parts of the difficulties in the control of pneumatic actuator functions, which make the identification technique very challenging. Firstly, the step response experimental data is collected to obtain real-time force model of the intelligent pneumatic actuator (IPA). The IPA plant and Personal Computer (PC) communicate through Data Acquisition (DAQ) card over MATLAB software. The second method is approximating the process by curve reaction of a first-order plus delay process, and the third method uses the equivalent n order process with PTn model parameters. The obtained results have been compared with the previous study, achieved based on force system identification of IPA obtained by the (Auto-Regressive model with eXogenous) ARX model. The models developed using non-parameters identification techniques have good responses and their responses are close to the model identified using the ARX system identification model. The controller approved the success of the identification technique with good performance. This means the Non-Parametric techniques are strongly recommended, suitable, and feasible to use to analyze and design the force controller of IPA system. The techniques are thus very suitable to identify the real IPA plant and achieve widespread industrial acceptance

Long-Legged Hexapod Giacometti Robot Using Thin Soft McKibben Actuator

This letter introduces a lightweight hexapod robot, Giacometti robot, made with long and narrow legs following the Alberto Giacometti's sculpture conception. The goal is achieved by, first, using multiple links with thin and soft McKibben actuators, and second, choosing a leg design which is narrow in comparison to its body's length and height, unlike conventional robot design. By such design characteristic, the leg will exhibit elastic deformations due to the low stiffness property of the thin link structure. Then, we model the leg structure and conduct the deflection analysis to confirm the capability of the leg to perform walking motion. The high force to weight ratio characteristics of the actuator provided the ability to drive the system, as shown by a static model and further validated experimentally. To compensate for the high elastic structural flexibility of the legs, two walking gaits namely customized Wave gait and Giacometti gait were introduced. The robot could walk successfully with both gaits at maximum speed of 0.005 and 0.05 m/s, respectively. It is envisaged that the lightweight Giacometti robot design can be very useful in legged robotic exploration

Robust Control Strategy for Pneumatic Drive System via Enhanced Nonlinear PID Controller

This paper presents the pneumatic positioning system controlled by Enhanced Nonlinear PID (NPID) controller. The characteristic of rate variation of the nonlinear gain that are readily available in NPID controller is utilized to improve the performance of the controller. A Self-regulation Nonlinear Function (SNF) is used to reprocess the error signals with the purpose of continuously generating the values for the rate variation. Subsequently, the controller has successfully been implemented on dynamically changing loads and pressures. The comparison with the other available method such as. NPID and conventional PID are performed and evaluated.  The effectiveness of this method with Dead Zone Compensator (DZC) has also been successfully demonstrated and proven through simulations and experimental studies.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v4i5.685

Grip force measurement of soft- Actuated finger exoskeleton

Over recent years, the reseach in the field of soft actuation has been extensively increased for achieving more complex motion path with smooth, high flexible movement and high generated force at minimum operating pressure. This paper presents the study on gripping force capability of soft actuators applied on glove-type finger exoskeleton, developed in motivation to assist individuals having weak finger gripping ability in their rehabilitation exercise towards hand function restoration. The exoskeleton utilizes five cylindrical shaped pneumatic bending actuators developed in the lab, which use fiber reinforcement as a cause of bending motion that drive finger’s flexion movement. Four right-handed healthy volunteers simulated paralysis participated in the study. At 200kPa safe operating pressure, the soft exoskeleton worn by the subjects demonstrates the ability to provide adequate grip force. The grip force generated from exoskeleton worn on passive right hand is 4.66 ± 0.2 N and 3.61± 0.2 N from passive left hand, both higher than the minimum grip forces measured to hold the Hand Dynamometer of 240 g. It shows good potential to be used as a finger rehabilitation assist device

Some studies on the understanding the different tones quality in a bonang set

The acoustic spectra were carried out on a bonang set by investigating the vibration overtones. The spectra were measured from a set of just-tuned cast bronze bonang from Indonesia (low octave bonang barung and high octave bonang penerus). The bonang was beaten with padded mallets. The acoustic spectra were recorded by PicoScope oscilloscopes. Picoscope reading are in good agreement with those from Melda analyser in Cubase version 9. Only bonang barung 2 show a greater frequency increase in the first overtone frequency (only 10% deviant from the octave). Bonang penerus 1, 4 and 5 and bonang barung 3 showed an octave from the second overtone frequency (with only 5% deviant from the octave). Bonang penerus 3, 4 and 5 sustained 3 peaks (fundamental, first overtone and second overtone frequency) from the beginning until t=1.5s. Since the two types of bonang give different data on the harmonic and pitch, therefore, the aim of the study is to identify the similarities and differences of harmonic, pitch and size as well as the functions based on tuning of the Bonang Penerus and Bonang Barung in Malay and Javanese gamelan ensemble