82 research outputs found

    Developing Healthcare Practitioners’ Professional Expertise Through Effective Continuing Education: Commentary

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    Development of professional expertise is the transition from novice to expert within a profession through deliberate practice with feedback. While this development is actively stimulated during undergraduate studies, encouraging practicing healthcare professionals to pursue their development towards expertise doesn’t seem as obvious. This commentary briefly describes the development of professional expertise and the possible decline in performance that can occur with time. It then gives insight into the roles of continuing professional education in healthcare practitioners’ acquisition and maintenance of professional expertise

    Investigation neuro-vasculaire de la rétine en conditions d'hyperoxie et d'hypercapnie systémique chez l'humain

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    Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothÚques de l'Université de Montréal

    Explicitation du raisonnement clinique chez des optométristes de niveaux compétent et expert : développement d'un modÚle de raisonnement clinique en optométrie

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    L'optomĂ©trie a rĂ©cemment connu une expansion rapide de son champ de pratique, ce qui rehausse l'importance pour les optomĂ©tristes actuels et futurs de dĂ©velopper leur raisonnement clinique. Ce dernier n'ayant jamais Ă©tĂ© investiguĂ© en optomĂ©trie, il est quasi-absent des programmes de formation en optomĂ©trie. Cette compĂ©tence reste donc implicite et plus difficile Ă  apprendre. Cette Ă©tude de cas avait pour objectifs de dĂ©terminer les processus de raisonnement clinique d'optomĂ©tristes de niveaux compĂ©tent et expert, puis Ă  les comparer entre eux pour faire ressortir ce qui caractĂ©rise l'expertise. L'Ă©tude visait ensuite Ă  valider un modĂšle de raisonnement clinique. Le raisonnement clinique a Ă©tĂ© explicite chez quatre optomĂ©tristes de chacun des niveaux compĂ©tent et expert par une rĂ©troaction vidĂ©o aidĂ©e de l'entretien d'explicitation. Un modĂšle de raisonnement clinique a ensuite Ă©tĂ© validĂ© auprĂšs de cinq optomĂ©tristes de niveau expert rĂ©unis en groupe de discussion. Les rĂ©sultats dĂ©montrent que les optomĂ©tristes des deux niveaux utilisent les mĂȘmes processus de raisonnement clinique, mais qu'ils les mettent en oeuvre diffĂ©remment. L'expertise se caractĂ©rise par une meilleure prise en compte du patient, une meilleure planification, une capacitĂ© Ă  rĂ©flĂ©chir pendant des tĂąches cognitivement exigeantes, une reprĂ©sentation du cas clinique prĂ©coce, une meilleure anticipation des rĂ©sultats et une Ă©laboration des stratĂ©gies d'intervention rĂ©partie sur toute la consultation. Le modĂšle de raisonnement clinique issu de cette Ă©tude est centrĂ© sur la construction progressive de la reprĂ©sentation du cas clinique et des diagnostics, en parallĂšle avec l'Ă©laboration des stratĂ©gies d'intervention. Le patient et les connaissances de l'optomĂ©triste y occupent une place capitale. L'explicitation du raisonnement clinique et la validation d'un modĂšle de raisonnement clinique spĂ©cifique Ă  l'optomĂ©trie sont susceptibles d'entrainer des retombĂ©es en pratique, en formation et en recherche. Cette Ă©tude a notamment fourni des pistes pour l'enseignement du raisonnement clinique dans une perspective de dĂ©veloppement de l'expertise professionnelle

    Evaluation of AID-COM, a communication-focused program for family carers of people with early-stage Alzheimer’s disease: a pilot study (innovative practice)

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    Families providing care to relatives with Alzheimer’s disease are quickly destabilized by changes that disrupt communication. This pilot mixed-design study aimed to provide a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of a communication-based training program for carers of people with early-stage Alzheimer’s disease. Five participants received three training sessions. The use of communication strategies by participants and their effectiveness were evaluated before and after the training, and a focus group was conducted to gather participants’ impressions about the impacts of the training on communication with the person they cared for. The AID-COM (AID for COMmunication) program appears to have met expectations. © The Author(s) 2019

    Postoperative opioid-free analgesia in dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy: a feasibility study

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    ObjectivesThis study was designed to prospectively evaluate the feasibility of an opioid-free anesthesia protocol and describe the quality of recovery and management of postoperative analgesia in dogs after a tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO).MethodsIn total, 20 dogs presented for TPLO were included. After premedication with intravenous (IV) medetomidine (0.005–0.007 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.2 mg/kg), the dogs were anesthetized using ketamine (2 mg/kg) and propofol and maintained with isoflurane and ketamine CRI (0.6 mg/kg/h). Sciatic and femoral nerve blocks were performed with bupivacaine 0.5% (0.087 +/− 0.01 and 0.09 +/− 0.02 mL/kg, respectively). Meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg IV) was administered intraoperatively, after osteotomy. Fentanyl (0.002 mg/kg IV) was administered intraoperatively, as rescue analgesia in the case of sustained increase in cardiorespiratory variables. Two pain scores (French 4A-VET and Glasgow short form) were performed at conscious sternal recumbency and 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 20 h after extubation and compared to baseline using a Friedman test followed by a Nemenyi post-hoc test. The time taken for the first food intake and urination was reported.ResultsIntraoperative opioid-free anesthesia was feasible in 11 dogs, whereas 9 dogs received fentanyl once during arthrotomy. No opioid postoperative rescue analgesia was required. Food intake occurred within 6 h, and all dogs were discharged after 24 h without any complication.ConclusionTotal opioid-free postoperative analgesia was achieved in all dogs, with adequate recoveries. Although opioid-free anesthesia was feasible in 55% of the population, a single dose of fentanyl was necessary in 45% of the dogs during arthrotomy

    Haematological consequences of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network pooled analysis of individual patient data

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    Background: Plasmodium falciparum malaria is associated with anaemia-related morbidity, attributable to host, parasite and drug factors. We quantified the haematological response following treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria to identify the factors associated with malarial anaemia. Methods: Individual patient data from eligible antimalarial efficacy studies of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria, available through the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network data repository prior to August 2015, were pooled using standardised methodology. The haematological response over time was quantified using a multivariable linear mixed effects model with nonlinear terms for time, and the model was then used to estimate the mean haemoglobin at day of nadir and day 7. Multivariable logistic regression quantified risk factors for moderately severe anaemia (haemoglobin < 7 g/dL) at day 0, day 3 and day 7 as well as a fractional fall ≄ 25% at day 3 and day 7. Results: A total of 70,226 patients, recruited into 200 studies between 1991 and 2013, were included in the analysis: 50,859 (72.4%) enrolled in Africa, 18,451 (26.3%) in Asia and 916 (1.3%) in South America. The median haemoglobin concentration at presentation was 9.9 g/dL (range 5.0–19.7 g/dL) in Africa, 11.6 g/dL (range 5.0–20.0 g/dL) in Asia and 12.3 g/dL (range 6.9–17.9 g/dL) in South America. Moderately severe anaemia (Hb < 7g/dl) was present in 8.4% (4284/50,859) of patients from Africa, 3.3% (606/18,451) from Asia and 0.1% (1/916) from South America. The nadir haemoglobin occurred on day 2 post treatment with a mean fall from baseline of 0.57 g/dL in Africa and 1.13 g/dL in Asia. Independent risk factors for moderately severe anaemia on day 7, in both Africa and Asia, included moderately severe anaemia at baseline (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 16.10 and AOR = 23.00, respectively), young age (age < 1 compared to ≄ 12 years AOR = 12.81 and AOR = 6.79, respectively), high parasitaemia (AOR = 1.78 and AOR = 1.58, respectively) and delayed parasite clearance (AOR = 2.44 and AOR = 2.59, respectively). In Asia, patients treated with an artemisinin-based regimen were at significantly greater risk of moderately severe anaemia on day 7 compared to those treated with a non-artemisinin-based regimen (AOR = 2.06 [95%CI 1.39–3.05], p < 0.001). Conclusions: In patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria, the nadir haemoglobin occurs 2 days after starting treatment. Although artemisinin-based treatments increase the rate of parasite clearance, in Asia they are associated with a greater risk of anaemia during recovery

    DĂ©veloppement d’un modĂšle de raisonnement clinique par son explicitation auprĂšs d’optomĂ©tristes de deux niveaux d’expertise contrastants

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    L’optomĂ©trie a rĂ©cemment connu une expansion rapide de son champ de pratique, ce qui rehausse l’importance pour les optomĂ©tristes actuels et futurs de dĂ©velopper leur raisonnement clinique. Ce dernier n’ayant jamais Ă©tĂ© investiguĂ© en optomĂ©trie, il est quasi absent des programmes de formation. Cette compĂ©tence reste donc implicite et plus difficile Ă  apprendre. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude de cas instrumentale collective avait pour objectifs de dĂ©terminer les processus de raisonnement clinique d’optomĂ©tristes de niveaux compĂ©tent et expert, et de les comparer pour faire ressortir ce qui caractĂ©rise l’expertise. Elle visait aussi Ă  valider un modĂšle de raisonnement clinique en optomĂ©trie. Le raisonnement clinique a Ă©tĂ© explicitĂ© chez quatre optomĂ©tristes de chacun des niveaux compĂ©tent et expert par une rĂ©troaction vidĂ©o guidĂ©e par l’entretien d’explicitation. Un modĂšle de raisonnement clinique a ensuite Ă©tĂ© validĂ© auprĂšs d’optomĂ©tristes de niveau expert. Les rĂ©sultats dĂ©montrent que les optomĂ©tristes des deux niveaux utilisent les mĂȘmes processus de raisonnement clinique, mais qu’ils les mettent en oeuvre diffĂ©remment. L’expertise se caractĂ©rise par une meilleure prise en compte du patient, une meilleure planification, une capacitĂ© Ă  rĂ©flĂ©chir pendant des tĂąches exigeantes, une reprĂ©sentation du cas clinique prĂ©coce, une meilleure anticipation et une Ă©laboration des stratĂ©gies d’intervention rĂ©partie sur toute la consultation. Le modĂšle de raisonnement clinique issu de cette Ă©tude est centrĂ© sur la construction progressive de la reprĂ©sentation du cas clinique et des diagnostics, en parallĂšle avec l’élaboration des stratĂ©gies d’intervention. L’explicitation du raisonnement clinique et la validation d’un modĂšle de raisonnement clinique spĂ©cifique Ă  l’optomĂ©trie sont susceptibles d’entraĂźner des retombĂ©es en pratique, en formation et en recherche. Cette Ă©tude a fourni des pistes pour l’apprentissage du raisonnement clinique dans une perspective de dĂ©veloppement de l’expertise professionnelle

    Coin making 

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