PRODUÇÃO DE CACHAÇA NA ÁREA DE JURISDIÇÃO DO BNB: MERCADO E ESTRUTURA DA CADEIA PRODUTIVA

A cachaça é a terceira bebida alcoólica mais consumida no mundo, embora esse consumo ocorra primordialmente no Brasil. Nos últimos anos tem-se observado crescimento do interesse público e privado em expandir a produção e a comercialização desse produto. No Nordeste predomina micro e pequenos produtores de baixo nível tecnológico, porém o setor possui papel importante na geração de emprego e renda. A partir de 1990 ocorreu crescimento das exportações de cachaça no Brasil, resultado das ações desenvolvidas em prol do setor. As exportações brasileiras têm sido realizadas principalmente pelas empresas padronizadoras. São Paulo é o maior exportador nacional, Pernambuco ocupa a terceira colocação no volume nacional exportado, sendo também o maior exportador nordestino de cachaça. Os melhores preços no mercado internacional são obtidos pela cachaça artesanal, especialmente pelas produzidas em Minas Gerais, porém, representa apenas 10% das vendas de cachaça no mercado externo. Internamente o mercado é pulverizado com muitas marcas com presença regional e poucas marcas com distribuição nacional. As cachaças industriais dominam o mercado, a artesanal formalizada e de melhor qualidade possui maior valor agregado sendo destinada a consumidores mais exigentes e a artesanal de baixa qualidade é comercializada a granel para atravessadores a preços baixos. Atualmente o setor passa pela necessidade de ajustamento das normas de qualidade às exigências do mercado. O setor possui potencialidades de mercado ainda pouco exploradas, a exemplo do turismo e do mercado externo. Com relação à cadeia produtiva, Salinas/MG se destaca dentre as demais regiões produtoras da área sob a jurisdição do BNB por possuir praticamente todos os elos da cadeia produtiva. A Bahia também possui cadeia produtiva bastante solidificada. As demais regiões produtoras enfrentam problemas relacionados à aquisição de máquinas e equipamentos e deficiência de assistência técnica, financiamento, pesquisa e organização.----------------------------------------------The cachaça is the third alcoholic beverage more consumer in the world, although, this consumption occur primordially into the Brazil. In the last years has been observed growth of interest public and private in expanding the production and the commercialization of this product. In the Northeast predominates micron and small producers of low-level technological, however, the sector possess important paper in the generation of employment and income. Since 1990 has been increasing the exports of cachaça from Brazil, resulted from the actions developed to promote the sector. The Brazilians exportations had been done principally by standardize companies’. São Paulo is largest exporter national, Pernambuco occupies the third national rank by volume exported, being also largest exporter northeastern of cachaça. The best prices in the marketplace international are gotten by artisan cachaça, especially for the produced in Minas Gerais, however, it represents only 10% from the sales of cachaça in the foreign market. Internally the market is sprayed with many marks, with presence regional and few, other marks with national distribution. Industries’ cachaça dominate the market, the formalize artisan and of better quality possess greater aggregated value being destined the consumers more demanding and the artisan of low quality is commercialized in bulk about to crossed at low prices. Currently in the sector there is the necessity to adjust some norms of quality requirement by the market. The sector has potentialities of market still little explored, the example of the tourism and of the foreign market. Concerning on the productive chain, Salinas/MG stands out in the midst of the regions productive from area under the jurisdiction of the BNB for own practically all of the links from productive chain. The Bahia also has productive chain quite solidify. The In the other productive regions face problems related on the acquisition of machines and equipment and deficiency of technique assistance, financing, research and organization.cachaça, mercado, cadeia produtiva, cachaça, market, productive chain, Agribusiness, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,

E-commerce como estrategia alternativa de desarrollo empresarial. Revisión sistemática

La investigación tuvo como objetivo actualizar teóricamente sobre los elementos que confluyen en el e-commerce para optimizar el desarrollo empresarial. fue de tipo cualitativo y diseño revisión sistemática, utilizando como instrumento la recaudación de datos de búsqueda en la plataforma de base de datos, teniendo en cuenta diversos criterios de inclusión y exclusión para la elección de investigaciones de revistas indizadas. Los artículos seleccionados para la investigación fueron 32 artículos los cuales sirvieron para dar respuesta a los objetivos formulados previamente; dando como resultados, que las empresas se enfrentan constantes cambios es por ello que tienen que implementar estrategias para buscar su permanencia en el mercado, concluyendo que las empresas adoptaron el ecommerce como estrategia para comercializar sus productos y servicios mediante medios digitales y así generar rendimientos favorables frente a los competidores

Cellular and humoral immune responses against the Plasmodium vivax MSP-1(19) malaria vaccine candidate in individuals living in an endemic area in north-eastern Amazon region of Brazil

Background: Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) is an antigen considered to be one of the leading malaria vaccine candidates. PvMSP-1 is highly immunogenic and evidences suggest that it is target for protective immunity against asexual blood stages of malaria parasites. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the acquired cellular and antibody immune responses against PvMSP-1 in individuals naturally exposed to malaria infections in a malaria-endemic area in the north-eastern Amazon region of Brazil.Methods: the study was carried out in Paragominas, Para State, in the Brazilian Amazon. Blood samples were collected from 35 individuals with uncomplicated malaria. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and the cellular proliferation and activation was analysed in presence of 19 kDa fragment of MSP-1 (PvMSP-1(19)) and Plasmodium falciparum PSS1 crude antigen. Antibodies IgE, IgM, IgG and IgG subclass and the levels of TNF, IFN-gamma and IL-10 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results: the prevalence of activated CD4(+) was greater than CD8(+) T cells, in both ex-vivo and in 96 h culture in presence of PvMSP-1(19) and PSS1 antigen. A low proliferative response against PvMSP-1(19) and PSS1 crude antigen after 96 h culture was observed. High plasmatic levels of IFN-gamma and IL-10 as well as lower TNF levels were also detected in malaria patients. However, in the 96 h supernatant culture, the dynamics of cytokine responses differed from those depicted on plasma assays; in presence of PvMSP-1(19) stimulus, higher levels of TNF were noted in supernatant 96 h culture of malaria patient's cells while low levels of IFN-gamma and IL-10 were verified. High frequency of malaria patients presenting antibodies against PvMSP-1(19) was evidenced, regardless class or IgG subclass. PvMSP-1(19)-induced antibodies were predominantly on non-cytophilic subclasses.Conclusions: the results presented here shows that PvMSP-1(19) was able to induce a high cellular activation, leading to production of TNF and emphasizes the high immunogenicity of PvMSP-1(19) in naturally exposed individuals and, therefore, its potential as a malaria vaccine candidate.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ, Brazil)Fiocruz MS, Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Lab Pesquisas Malaria, BR-21040900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilFiocruz MS, Ctr Pesquisa Diagnost & Treinamento Malaria CPD M, Reference Ctr Malaria Extra Amazonian Reg Secreta, BR-21040900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilFiocruz MS, Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Lab Biol Mol & Doencas Endem, BR-21040900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Dept Analises Clin & Toxicol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Parasitol, São Paulo, BrazilSVS, Inst Evandro Chagas, Programa Ensaios Clin Malaria, Belem, Para, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Parasitol, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Co-circulation of Chikungunya virus, Zika virus, and serotype 1 of Dengue virus in Western Bahia, Brazil

Chikungunya, mayaro, dengue, zika, and yellow fever are mosquito-borne viral diseases caused, respectively, by Chikungunya virus, Mayaro virus (CHIKV and MAYV, respectively: Togaviridae: Alphavirus), Dengue virus, Zika virus, and Yellow fever virus (DENV, ZIKV, and YFV, respectively: Flaviviridae: Flavivirus). These viruses have an important epidemiological impact worldwide, especially in Brazil. Western Bahia is one of the less studied regions in that country regarding the circulation of these pathogens. In this study, we aimed to apply molecular biology assays to better know the mosquito-borne viruses circulating in Barreiras and Luís Eduardo Magalhães, two main cities of Western Bahia. From March to June 2021, we enrolled 98 patients with the clinical diagnosis of dengue. Personal information (gender and age) were retrieved at the moment of enrollment. Serum samples were obtained from volunteers and used in molecular detection of CHIKV, MAYV, DENV, ZIKV, and YFV by reverse transcription followed by real-time polymerase chain reaction as well as in genome sequencing aiming phylogenetic analysis. As the main result, we found that from the 98 patients 45 were infected by CHIKV, 32 were infected by serotype 1 of DENV (DENV-1) and six were infected by ZIKV, while 15 were negative for all arboviruses tested. In addition, phylogenetic analysis revealed that all CHIKV-positive samples were of the East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype, while all DENV-1-positive samples were of the V genotype. These results clearly show that epidemiological surveillance cannot be based only on clinical evaluations. Laboratory diagnosis is important in arbovirus infection that are prevalent in a particular area. These findings also demonstrate the co-circulation of many arboviruses in Western Bahia in 2021

Post-intervention Status in Patients With Refractory Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab During REGAIN and Its Open-Label Extension

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether eculizumab helps patients with anti-acetylcholine receptor-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) achieve the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) post-intervention status of minimal manifestations (MM), we assessed patients' status throughout REGAIN (Safety and Efficacy of Eculizumab in AChR+ Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis) and its open-label extension. METHODS: Patients who completed the REGAIN randomized controlled trial and continued into the open-label extension were included in this tertiary endpoint analysis. Patients were assessed for the MGFA post-intervention status of improved, unchanged, worse, MM, and pharmacologic remission at defined time points during REGAIN and through week 130 of the open-label study. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients completed REGAIN and continued into the open-label study (eculizumab/eculizumab: 56; placebo/eculizumab: 61). At week 26 of REGAIN, more eculizumab-treated patients than placebo-treated patients achieved a status of improved (60.7% vs 41.7%) or MM (25.0% vs 13.3%; common OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.5). After 130 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 88.0% of patients achieved improved status and 57.3% of patients achieved MM status. The safety profile of eculizumab was consistent with its known profile and no new safety signals were detected. CONCLUSION: Eculizumab led to rapid and sustained achievement of MM in patients with AChR+ refractory gMG. These findings support the use of eculizumab in this previously difficult-to-treat patient population. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER: REGAIN, NCT01997229; REGAIN open-label extension, NCT02301624. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class II evidence that, after 26 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 25.0% of adults with AChR+ refractory gMG achieved MM, compared with 13.3% who received placebo

Minimal Symptom Expression' in Patients With Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody-Positive Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab

The efficacy and tolerability of eculizumab were assessed in REGAIN, a 26-week, phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG), and its open-label extension

Implicating genes, pleiotropy, and sexual dimorphism at blood lipid loci through multi-ancestry meta-analysis

Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).Background: Genetic variants within nearly 1000 loci are known to contribute to modulation of blood lipid levels. However, the biological pathways underlying these associations are frequently unknown, limiting understanding of these findings and hindering downstream translational efforts such as drug target discovery. Results: To expand our understanding of the underlying biological pathways and mechanisms controlling blood lipid levels, we leverage a large multi-ancestry meta-analysis (N = 1,654,960) of blood lipids to prioritize putative causal genes for 2286 lipid associations using six gene prediction approaches. Using phenome-wide association (PheWAS) scans, we identify relationships of genetically predicted lipid levels to other diseases and conditions. We confirm known pleiotropic associations with cardiovascular phenotypes and determine novel associations, notably with cholelithiasis risk. We perform sex-stratified GWAS meta-analysis of lipid levels and show that 3–5% of autosomal lipid-associated loci demonstrate sex-biased effects. Finally, we report 21 novel lipid loci identified on the X chromosome. Many of the sex-biased autosomal and X chromosome lipid loci show pleiotropic associations with sex hormones, emphasizing the role of hormone regulation in lipid metabolism. Conclusions: Taken together, our findings provide insights into the biological mechanisms through which associated variants lead to altered lipid levels and potentially cardiovascular disease risk.Peer reviewe

Implicating genes, pleiotropy, and sexual dimorphism at blood lipid loci through multi-ancestry meta-analysis

Funding GMP, PN, and CW are supported by NHLBI R01HL127564. GMP and PN are supported by R01HL142711. AG acknowledge support from the Wellcome Trust (201543/B/16/Z), European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007–2013 under grant agreement no. HEALTH-F2-2013–601456 (CVGenes@Target) & the TriPartite Immunometabolism Consortium [TrIC]-Novo Nordisk Foundation’s Grant number NNF15CC0018486. JMM is supported by American Diabetes Association Innovative and Clinical Translational Award 1–19-ICTS-068. SR was supported by the Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics (Grant No 312062), the Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, and University of Helsinki HiLIFE Fellow and Grand Challenge grants. EW was supported by the Finnish innovation fund Sitra (EW) and Finska Läkaresällskapet. CNS was supported by American Heart Association Postdoctoral Fellowships 15POST24470131 and 17POST33650016. Charles N Rotimi is supported by Z01HG200362. Zhe Wang, Michael H Preuss, and Ruth JF Loos are supported by R01HL142302. NJT is a Wellcome Trust Investigator (202802/Z/16/Z), is the PI of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (MRC & WT 217065/Z/19/Z), is supported by the University of Bristol NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (BRC-1215–2001) and the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_00011), and works within the CRUK Integrative Cancer Epidemiology Programme (C18281/A19169). Ruth E Mitchell is a member of the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol funded by the MRC (MC_UU_00011/1). Simon Haworth is supported by the UK National Institute for Health Research Academic Clinical Fellowship. Paul S. de Vries was supported by American Heart Association grant number 18CDA34110116. Julia Ramierz acknowledges support by the People Programme of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme grant n° 608765 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant n° 786833. Maria Sabater-Lleal is supported by a Miguel Servet contract from the ISCIII Spanish Health Institute (CP17/00142) and co-financed by the European Social Fund. Jian Yang is funded by the Westlake Education Foundation. Olga Giannakopoulou has received funding from the British Heart Foundation (BHF) (FS/14/66/3129). CHARGE Consortium cohorts were supported by R01HL105756. Study-specific acknowledgements are available in the Additional file 32: Supplementary Note. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; the National Institutes of Health; or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Peer reviewedPublisher PD