The preparation of graft copolymers of cellulose and cellulose derivatives using ATRP under homogeneous reaction conditions

In this comprehensive review, we report on the preparation of graft-copolymers of cellulose and cellulose derivatives using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) under homogeneous conditions. The review is divided into four sections according to the cellulosic material that is graft-copolymerised; (i) cellulose, (ii) ethyl cellulose, (iii) hydroxypropyl cellulose and (iv) other cellulose derivatives. In each section, the grafted synthetic polymers are described as well as the methods used for ATRP macro-initiator formation and graft-copolymerisation. The physical properties of the graft-copolymers including their self-assembly in solution into nanostructures and their stimuli responsive behaviour are described. Potential applications of the self-assembled graft copolymers in areas such as nanocontainers for drug delivery are outline

Palladium nanoparticles supported on fluorine-doped tin oxide as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for Suzuki coupling and 4-nitrophenol reduction

Immobilization of palladium nanoparticles onto the fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) as support Pd/FTO, resulted in a highly active heterogeneous catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions and 4-nitrophenol reduction. The Pd/FTO catalyst has been synthesized by immobilization of palladium nanoparticles onto FTO via a simple impregnation method. ICP-MS analysis confirmed that there is 0.11 mmol/g of palladium was loaded successfully on FTO support. The crystallinity, morphologies, compositions and surface properties of Pd/FTO were fully characterized by various techniques. It was further examined for its catalytic activity and robustness in Suzuki coupling reaction with different aryl halides and solvents. The yields obtained from Suzuki coupling reactions were basically over 80%. The prepared catalyst was also tested on mild reaction such as reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP). Pd/FTO catalyst exhibited high catalytic activity towards 4-NP reduction with a rate constant of 1.776 min(-1) and turnover frequency (TOF) value of 29.1 hr(-1). The findings revealed that Pd/FTO also maintained its high stability for five consecutive runs in Suzuki reactions and 4-NP reductions. The catalyst showed excellent catalytic activities by using a small amount of Pd/FTO for the Suzuki coupling reaction and 4-NP reduction

Kilpailijavertailu vakuutusyhtiön kilpailijoiden henkilövakuutuksista : case: vakuutusyhtiö X

Vakuutusyhtiön toiminnan kehittämisen kannalta on tärkeää, että yhtiö on tietoinen kilpailijoiden vastaavista tuotteista. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena on kerätä tietoa kilpailevien vakuutusyhtiöiden sairauskulu-, tapaturma- ja matkustajavakuutuksesta ja koostaa niistä omat taulukkonsa vakuutusyhtiö X:n henkilöstön käyttöön myynnin tueksi. Teorialuvuissa perehdytään henkilövakuuttamiseen sekä kilpailuttamiseen. Empiirinen luku on toteutettu kvalitatiivisena tutkimuksena eli taulukoiden tiedot on kerätty kilpailevien vakuutusyhtiöiden verkkosivuilta ja chat-palvelusta. Tutkimuksessa on mukana kaikki Suomessa henkilövakuutuksia tarjoavat vakuutusyhtiöt. Tutkimustulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että suurin ero vakuutusyhtiöiden henkilövakuutusten välillä on hinta, joka usein vaikuttaa asiakkaan näkökulmasta eniten vakuutusyhtiön valintaan. Opinnäytetyön lopputuloksena syntyneistä taulukoista saadaan paljon hyötyä vakuutusten myyntiin

Green school design criteria international leed evaluation certificate and application

Tez çalışması kapsamında, sürdürülebilirlik kavramının mimariye yansımalarından (Yeşil Okul) kavramı, bu kavramın standartlaşması ve ona ait kriterleri değerlendirme ve ölçülebilir kılınması adına oluşturulan sertifikalı değerlendirme sistemi (LEED) irdelenmektedir. Tez çalışmasında, yeşil okullar ile ilgili çerçeve tanıtılmış, yeşil okul enerji verimliliği ve sertifikalandırma sistemleri ile ilgili çalışmaların genel bir irdelenmesi yapılmıştır. Çalısma, yedi bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk iki bölümde, yüksek performanslı kavramının tanımı ve yeşil bina kavramı ele alınmıştır.Tezin üçüncü bölümünde; yeşil okullar kavramı, tarihçesi, çevresel etkileri ve avantajlarından bahsedilmiştir. Dördüncü ve beşinci bölümde değerlendirme sistemlerinin oluşum süreçleri incelenerek dünyada uygulanan sertifika sistemlerinden LEED tanıtılmış, okullar için sertifika sistemleri ile ilgili genel bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Altıncı bölümde ise Türkiye?de bir örnek okul ele alınarak LEED değerlendirme sertifikasının kontrol listesine göre değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Sonuç kısmında okulların LEED değerlendirme sistemine göre günümüzdeki durumu ve onların iyileştirme çabasından bahsedilmiştir.In the thesis, the certified evaluation system (LEED), which is established related to ?Green School? concept that is one of the reflections of sustainability concept to the architecture and standardizing of this concept and the evaluation and making measurable the criteria, is discussed. The framework related to the green schools is introduced in the thesis. The general evaluation of the works related to the green school energy efficiency and certification systems is presented. The study consists of seven chapters. The first two chapters, the definition of higher performance concept and green building concept are discussed. In the section three, the concept of green schools, history, environmental impacts and advantages are told. In the sections four and five, the creating processes of evaluation systems are examined and LEED, one of the certification systems in the world, is introduced, and the general evaluation is performed related to the certification systems for the schools. In the section six, an example school is taken in Turkey and is evaluated according to the checklist of LEED evaluation certificate. In the conclusion section, According to the LEED rating system the current situation of the schools and endeavor to improve them are discussed

Primary mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of renal pelvis: a case report

BACKGROUND: We report a case of primary mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of renal pelvis which radiologically resembled large multicystic mass in 45 years old man. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient referred to our center with loin pain and progressive abdominal distention from 4 years ago. In the previous published literature, four cases of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of renal origin have been published. Abdominal CT showed complete replacement of left kidney by a large multiloculated cystic mass accompanied with multiple large nephrolithiasis. Nephrectomy was performed and histopathology revealed covering of epithelium of renal pelvis by columnar epithelium and scattered goblet cells and mucous gland. CONCLUSION: Mucinous cystic neoplasms of kidney are rare entity and our case and few similar reported cases showed that this tumor is an unique clinicopathologic renal mass that may be classified by World Health Organization classification in the futur