Place as an Output of Codes: Importance of Being Place-character Base of Form-based Codes

The primary question is the product of form-based codes different in terms place-character? A secondary question that follows is if this lack of differentiation based on place-character is a result of the code itself or of issues peripheral to the code. Each places represents a customized interaction between a 'code' (conceptual framework) and a 'place' (contextual framework) which could be described as a 'narrative'. Individually dissecting these narratives along specific cross-sections, such as location, chronology, typology, scale, and fit, could reveal patterns of similarities and differences. Research shows that each of these cross-sections impact specific aspects of place-character and place-making. Qualitative correlations across codes and cross-sections, could explain certain patterns observed in the codes along specific cross-sections. It is concluded that the process of place-making could be lost in the melee. While form-based codes appear to be extremely flexible, this complex condition could prove burdensome for any code or regulation without compromising its place-making potential. Factors in shaping the output of form-based codes are place, process and the policy framework. In establishing responsiveness to context, the negotiation is between traditions and aspirations, which could be divergent concepts. Yet there is almost always a paradigm that successfully mediates this condition. Form-based codes present a simple response to a complex set of urban issues, it is important to maintain place-specific context around the application of this approach. Another consideration in this mediation could be eliminating zoning but it is never possible to replace a system of rules with the absence of rules

Giant Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Liver, Case Report: Unusual Site, Extravagant Presentation, Aggressive Behavior

Background: Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare fibroblastic mesenchymal tumor. It can originate from abdominal soft tissue which is extremely scarce, and liver indeed is super scant site. SFT liver (SFTL) is mostly benign, but it can be malignant and aggressive with metastases and a potential of recurrence. Hypoglycemia is the least reported feature which is resistant to medical management and will be resolved following resection of a SFT of liver.Case Report: A 67-year-old man presented with episodes of sudden onset loss of consciousness since 3 months before first visit. He was a previously healthy farmer, without any other complaint or past medical history except for episodes of sever hypoglycemia. Laboratory testing revealed hypoglycemia which was temporarily response to glucose infusion, hypoglycemia was refractive, and whole physical examination and laboratory tests were done and there were no abnormal findings. With probability of finding something such as insulinoma or any other tumor that secreted insulin or insulin-like growth factors, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed and revealed an enhancing giant round and well-defined lesion in left lobe of live.Conclusions: We here present the first case of malignant SFTL presenting with hypoglycemia and metastasis to soft tissue as inguinal bulging 2 months after resection of liver mass, but this particular type of tumor needs more evaluation and investigation

Comparison the Effect of Simultaneous Sensory Stimulation and Current Occupational Therapy Approaches on Motor Development of the Infants with Down Syndrome

ObjectiveNeuromuscular characteristics in Down syndrome result in generalized muscular hypotonia, developmental delays and sensory integration deficits. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of simultaneous sensory stimulations and current occupational therapy approaches on motor functions development of infants with Down syndrome.Materials & MethodsEighteen infants with Down syndrome, aged 6 -18 months, were evaluated in two groups: intervention group (simultaneous sensory stimulation and occupational therapy) and control group (occupational therapy alone). They attended the program 3 times a week for 6 months and each session lasted 45 minutes. Motor functions were assessed before, during, and after intervention in the two groups, using GMFM test.ResultsMean motor function increased in both groups according to the GMFM test (P = 0.000). Comparison of the changes showed that although the mean difference of this variable was higher in the intervention group, the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.576).Mean motor deficit reduced in both groups during the period of the study,which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Comparison of the difference in mean motor deficit in the first and last evaluations showed that this difference was more in the intervention group but statistically insignificant (P = 0.617)ConclusionEarly use of simultaneous sensory stimulations can improve the quality of motor skills in Down syndrome infants. It is suggested that it may be used as an early intervention in association with other methods in the rehabilitation of these patients. However, more studies in this regard are warranted

The Study and Comparison of Pastoral Elements in the Works of Mahmoud Dolatabadi and Gabriel Garcia Marquez

Climate literature is a type of literature that is an outcome of climatic and geographical conditions. Climate literature, in Iran, contains a number of branches, including the climate literature of the south (the School of Khouzestan), the climate literature of the north (the School of Gilan), Isfahan's climate literature (the School of Isfahan), Khorasan's climate literature (the School of Khorasan), and rural literature. It is essential to remember that these schools usually find their meanings through fiction. An important part of climate literature is rural literature. The cultural and social developments of the 40s (Land Reform, arguments on Westernism, and the need to return to the simple and traditional way of rural life) made the authors take a new look at rural problems and led to a new approach which was entitled rural literature. Rural literature started seriously with the monographs of Jalal Aleahmad and Gholamhossein Saedi, but Gholamhossein Saedi was the actual leader of rural literature in Iran. Most of his stories have a rural theme. Azadaran-e-Bayal, Toop and Tars-o-Larz gain their themes from his journeys and research throughout different parts of Iran. Another one of such active authors is Mahmoud Dolatabadi. Although paying attention to rural issues, especially those of the rural parts of Azerbaijan, is seen in the works of Samad Behrangi and Amin Faqiri, the extensive and focal aspect of this type of literature has revealed its echos in numerous works of Mahmoud Dolatabadi.Keywords: Garcia Marquez, Rural Literature, Dolatabadi. IntroductionThe literary work is a full-view mirror that reflects the personality of the author, his thoughts and ideas, and the obvious and hidden angles of his society; in this way, the reader can enter the author's inner world. In fact, knowing the literary work is, to a large extent, equal to knowing the author and his views and social conditions. Comparative literature is also a way to know other nations and establish an intellectual and cultural relationship with them. In short, we will discuss the comparative literature of history and the novel, the emergence of its goals, and the tools it needs. Comparative literature is a branch of literature that apparently examines the literature of different countries around the world, or, in other words, the topic is the discussion of the relations and literary influence of two countries. In fact, comparative literature was formed when communication between nations expanded and travel increased.Mahmoud Dolatabadi is one of the contemporary Iranian writers who has his own writing style. Considering the environment of his childhood, he attaches great importance to rural literature, and his novel Missing Soluch has also benefited a lot from this type of literature.Gabriel José García Márquez was a Colombian novelist, writer, journalist, publisher, and political activist. Márquez won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1982. He is known more for his novel One Hundred Years of Solitude, published in 1967, which is one of the best-selling books in the world in the style of magical realism.Mahmoud Dolatabadi is one of the writers who paid a lot of attention to the village, and in all his works, the native elements of the villages of Khorasan province, especially around Sabzevar, which is the author's hometown, can be seen. This author, in the way of realism and sometimes magical realism, has dealt with the features of life in the village, customs, love, marriage, and the interaction between lord and serf.Gabriel García Márquez has also revived the native components of his living region in Latin American literature. He lives among people whose women are very superstitious and believe in supernatural forces. The influence of these people can be clearly seen in Márquez's life and writings. One of the important issues in Marquez's works is love, marriage, and romantic friendships, which are clearly different from the customs of other regions.Comparing the works of Dolatabadi and Marquez is very important since they are facing two different cultures. Because on the one hand, their climatic conditions are different, which is clear in the works, and on the other hand, the difference can be seen in the social customs, beliefs, and way of life of the characters. Literature ReviewSince the present research compares and contrasts climate literature and its reflection in the works of two famous Iranian writers (Mahmoud Dolatabadi and Colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez), it is therefore necessary to give a background to the first two categories, although the research conducted in different fields iscomprehensive and relevant.Analyzing the cognitive style of Mahmoud Dolatabadi, Hossein Hosseinpour, Alashti Persian Language and Literature Magazine, vol. 8, 2005, p. 221. In this article, the language of Dolatabadi's stories is analyzed from the point of view of stylistics, whose combination of ancient and native vernacular forms with special syntactic structures and extensive sensory similes in a special syntactic context form the most important stylistic indicators of the language of his stories.A comparative study of the novel "Missing Soluch" by Mahmoud Dolatabadi and "Short Stories" by Maroun Abboud from the perspective of climate literature: Khaghani Esfahani, Mohammad Najafi, Hassan; Kavosh-Nameh Journal of Comparative Literature (Autumn 2013, No. 15 Scientific Research 23 ISC from 25 to 47) two authors, despite not having any connection due to the time and place distance, but due to their coexistence with the people of a particular region and being influenced by the environment, have provided the readers with an almost comprehensive and complete picture of the natural and human geography of the region. MethodologyThe analysis of the information is based on the components of climate literature and the beliefs and customs included in the works of two authors. In this way, by reading the works of two authors, native components are extracted, and while analyzing, they are compared with each other, and the result is shown in graphs. The method of content analysis is used due to the fact that the content of the works is of interest, and we compare them based on the content and themes. Content analysis is a technique through which the special features of messages can be systematically and objectively identified. (Chava Frankford, 2011: 469)"Barden" also considers content analysis as a set of communication analysis techniques that are used to describe the content of the message and systematic objective methods (Barden, 1374: 38). It should be a systematic procedure to check the content of recorded information. (Rajerdi, 2004: 217) "Barden" also considers content analysis as a set of communication analysis techniques that are used to describe the content of the message and regular objective methods (Barden, 2014: 38). It can also be any systematic procedure that is recorded in order to check the content of the information. (Rajerdi, 2004: 217) ResultsComparing the native characteristics of two stories from two different regions can show the effect of climatic conditions on customs, personal and social relations, and beliefs. For this reason, it is necessary to compare the works of prominent writers from different countries and examine their cultural similarities and differences.In this research, the works of Mahmoud Dolatabadi and Gabriel García Márquez were compared in terms of climatic characteristics. Dolatabadi is one of the writers whose fictional locations are mostly villages, but Marquez's fictional locations include cities and villages. The effects of the environment and geography, the way a writer deals with issues, as well as the climatic conditions and the writer's lifestyle, along with his rhythm and tone, create his style. The main subject of most of Dolatabadi's pieces is the description of the problems of the common people in the villages of Khorasan. In Márquez's pieces, the impact of society's context can be clearly seen, along with magical realism as a recurring element. In these works, we come across climatic similarities, which show the cultural and social similarity of rural communities. Some elements that are inevitable in rural life can be seen in the works of both authors, including some occupations such as working on the land, keeping animals, travel equipment, and transportation. The style of naturalism can be seen in Dolatabadi's works, while Márquez is more realistic, and even in One Hundred Years of Solitude, which is written in the style of magical realism, we can see realism in many cases, and in some cases, he has included naturalistic scenes in the story.Dolatabadi's description of places is accompanied by feelings and emotions, and the narrator enjoys the scene along with the characters. This feature does not exist in Marquez's works, and the narrator's closeness and his feelings towards the place are not felt. The sense of belonging of the characters in the story is one of the similarities between these works

Complementary effects of coenzyme Q10 and Lepidium sativum supplementation on the reproductive function of mice: An experimental study

Background: Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and Lepidium sativum (LS) have therapeutic effects on infertility. Objective: To evaluate the combined effects of LS and CoQ10 on reproductive function in adult male NMRI mice. Materials and Methods: Eighty three-months-old male mice (35–40 gr) were divided into four groups (n = 10/each): control (treated with water), CoQ10-treated (200, 300, and 400 mg/kg/body weight), LS-treated (200, 400, 600 mg/kg/body weight), and co-treated (LS [600 mg/kg/body weight] + CoQ10 [200 mg/kg/body weight]) groups. Serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and gonadotropin realizing hormone (GnRH) levels were measured using ELISA method. The sperm quality was assessed using Sperm Class Analyzer® (SCA) CASA system and GnRH mRNA expression levels were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The number of sniffing and following behavior was significantly higher in LStreated (400 and 600 mg/ml/body weight) groups than the control group (p = 0.0007 and p = 0.0010, respectively). The number of mounting and coupling behaviors was significantly higher in the CoQ10 (300 and 400 mg/ml/body weight)-treated animals than the control group (p = 0.0170 and p = 0.0006, respectively). Co-treatment of CoQ10 (200 mg/ml/body weight) and LS (600 mg/ml/body weight) significantly increased all aspects of sexual behaviors as well as the levels of serum testosterone (p = 0.0011), luteinizing hormone (p = 0.0062), and follicle-stimulating hormone (p = 0.0001); sperm viability (p = 0.0300) and motility (p = 0.0010); and GnRH mRNA levels (p = 0.0016) compared to the control group. Conclusion: The coadministration of CoQ10 and LS significantly improves the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and enhances the reproductive parameters in adult male mice. Key words: Lepidium sativum, Coenzyme Q10, Infertility, Male reproductive function

An In vitro Comparison of Apically Extruded Debris Using Reciproc, ProTaper Universal, Neolix and Hyflex in Curved Canals

Introduction: As a consequence of root canal preparation, dentinal chips, irrigants and pulp remnants are extruded into preradicular space. This phenomenon may lead to post endodontic flare-ups. The purpose of this study was to compare the amount of extruded debris with four endodontic NiTi engine-driven systems. Methods and Materials: Sixty mesiobuccal roots of maxillary molars with 15-30˚ curvature were divided randomly into four groups (n=15). Each group was instrumented up to apical size of 25 using Reciproc, ProTaper Universal, Neolix and Hyflex. Bidistilled water was used as irrigant and extruded debris was collected in pre-weighted Eppendorf tubes. Tubes were stored in incubator for drying the debris. Extruded debris were weighted in electronic microbalance with accuracy of 0.0001 g. The raw data was analyzed with one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s HSD post hoc test. Level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The debris extrusion with Reciproc files was significantly higher than the other groups (P<0.05). Hyflex significantly extruded less debris than other files (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between ProTaper Universal and Neolix regarding the amount of extruded debris (P=0.98). Conclusion: All systems extruded debris during the instrumentation. Reciproc system significantly extruded more debris. Caution should be taken when interpreting the results of this study and applying it to the real clinical situation.Keywords: Controlled Memory; Debris Extrusion; Reciprocating; Root Canal Preparation; Rotary Instrumentatio

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Determining Difference in Evolutionary Variation of Bacterial RecA proteins vs 16SrRNA Genes by using 16s_Toxonomy Tree

Background and Aims: The rate of variation in various genes of a bacterial species is different during evolution. Therefore, in systematic bacterial studies many researchers compare the phylogenetic tree of a particular gene to the standard tree of an rRNA gene. Regarding the importance of 16SrRNA gene and the evolutional process of RecA protein family, we investigated the changes in the selected phylum of bacterial RecA family in comparing with the 16SrRNA gene. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, sequences of the RecA protein family were extracted from Uniprot database and categorized by using CD-hit algorithm. One species was selected from each category. Then we found 16SrRNA complete sequences for same species. After determining the index, based on the Average Alignment Score (AAS), the 16s-taxonomic tree was obtained. Furthermore, Similar calculations were considered for corresponding RecA proteins phylums. Results: By comparing amount of AAS in 16srRNA phylums and RecA phylums, we observed that the Actinobacteria phylum is the closest to the header phylum in the 16s-taxonomic tree, but the same phylum in the RecA is the most distant to the header phylum; and the position of the cyanobacteria phylum remains the same in both trees, which indicates the least amount of changes in the genus and species of this phylum. Conclusion: The 16s-taxonomic tree which is presented in this study for the first time is different from the available bioinformatics algorithms for tree drawing. Finding the species with the highest and lowest rates of changes, can be a type of prediction method for indicating the reasons why bacteria become resistant to drugs over a long period of time