Isolation and Molecular Detection of Gram Negative Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infection in Patients Referred to Shahrekord Hospitals, Iran

Background: Urinary Tract Infections (UTI), and their complications, cause serious health problems, which affect millions of people every year. Infections of the urinary tract are the second most common type of infection in the body and approximately 20% of women are especially prone to UTIs for reasons not yet well understood. Urinary Tract Infections in men are not as common as in women yet can be very serious when they do occur. Accurate identification of bacterial isolates is an essential task of the clinical microbiology laboratory. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and variety of the causative microbial agents of UTIs in patients who had referred to a medical laboratory of Kashani and Hajar hospital in Shahrekord, Iran. Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study 147 urine samples of patients (urine test results were positive for UTIs) were examined during April to September 2013. A total of 147 urine samples of patients with clinical symptoms of UTI who had been referred to a medical laboratory of Kashani and Hajar hospital in Shahrekord (Iran), were collected and processed immediately for laboratory analysis. Results: Escherichia coli was identified as the most common causative agent of UTIs (51.70% of total isolates in both sexes), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. Pneumoniae) (16.32%). Frequency of Proteus spp., Acinetobacter spp., Entrobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Providencia spp. was 10.88%, 6.12%, 5.44%, 4.08%, 3.40% and 2.04%, respectively. Statistical analysis by Fisher exact test showed that there was no significant relationship between the type of bacteria and gender (P > 0.05). Chi square test showed that there was no significant relationship between the type of bacteria and the use of catheter and age group (P > 0.05). However, there was a significant relationship between the type of bacteria and the history of hospitalization (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings implied that a wide range of bacteria could be involved in creating urinary tract infection in patients referred to a medical laboratory of Kashani and Hajar hospital in Shahrekord, Iran. Regardless of age, sex and the use of catheter, a wide range of bacteria could be involved in urinary tract infections

Prevalence and Characterization of Plasmid-mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes among Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Different Water Sources in Alborz Province, Iran

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of quinolone resistance associated (qnr) antibiotic resistance among Escherichia coli strains isolated from different water sources in Alborz province, Iran.METHODS: E. coli strains were isolated and identified by standard microbiological and biochemical tests from surface water sources in Alborz province, Iran in 2013. Fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates were determined using the antimicrobial susceptibility test determined by the Kirby–Bauer assay. Total genomic and plasmid DNA were extracted by boiling method. The presence of qnr genes in all nalidixic-acid and ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli strains was determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The PCR amplicons were visualized after electrophoresis stained with ethidium bromide.RESULTS: One hundred E. coli strains were isolated from the water sources examined in this study. As much as 22.7% and 7.3% of the isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin respectively. While qnrS, qnrB and qnrA genes were detected in 28%, 9% and 1% of fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates respectively. All fluoroquinolone-susceptible isolates however did not contain any of the qnr genes.CONCLUSION: This study reflects an increasing prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli strains in surface water sources. Underlining the importance of surface water sources as reservoirs for dissemination of potentially pathogenic E. coli and horizontal gene transfer between other waterborne bacterial species. Other possible mechanisms of resistance should also be investigated for better characterization of quinolone-resistant E. coli isolates. Therefore, immediate measures are needed to control and treat water sources more effectively.KEYWORDS: antibiotic resistance, E. coli, qnr genes, water sources

Prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons in multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from aquaculture water in Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari province, Iran

Table S3. Antimicrobial resistance profile of E. coli strains from aquaculture

Helicobacter pyloriisolated from Iranian drinking water:vacA,cagA,iceA,oipAandbabA2genotype status and antimicrobial resistance properties

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om blivande förskollärare utbildas i konflikthantering, hur denna utbildning formuleras samt om genus problematiserats i relation till konflikthanteringsundervisningen. Detta genom att granska utbildningsplaner, kursplaner och kurslitteratur från fem universitet i Sverige som erbjuder en förskollärarutbildning. De frågeställningar studien hade som utgångspunkt var i vilken utsträckning konflikthantering förekommer i förskollärarutbildningen, hur innehållet i dessa kurser presenteras och om genusproblematiserats i relation till konflikthantering. Resultatet av studien visade att fyra av fem granskade universitet erbjöd en kurs i konflikthantering inom förskollärarutbildningen och presenterar konflikthantering som ett område inom den utbildningsvetenskapliga kärnan, vilken upptar 60 högskolepoäng (hp). Konflikthanteringen upptar enligt min granskning 7,5-10 hp av en förskollärares totala 210hp. Inom dessa kurser ingår moment av genus, men det framgick inte vilken relation genus hade till kurernas övriga innehåll. Hur konflikteruppkommer skulle enligt kursplanerna bl.a bearbetas i relation till normer, makt och diskriminering. Både kurslitteratur och förhållningssätt gick att härleda till teorin om alternativ konfliktlösning, där den subjektiva uppfattningen är i fokus. Genus benämndesenbart som enskilt moment i den kursplan som presenterades från Linnéuniversitetet. Övriga universitet lyfte uttryckligen inte genus och granskning av kurslitteratur visade att det enbart var Umeå universitets bok med genusperspektiv som integrerat genus och konflikthantering. En slutats som dras i studien var att den separation mellan fokus på konflikt och fokus pågenus i de granskade kurserna kunde tänkas lämna ett ansvar till varje enskild lärarstudent att reflektera kring hur dessa två områden påverkar varandra. Detta gör att den blivande förskollärarens förmåga att betrakta konflikter ur ett genusperspektiv blir styrande i huruvida pojkar och flickor bemöts på ett likvärdigt vis i konfliktsituationer

Molecular study of Brucellosis in camels by the use of TaqMan® real-time PCR

Brucellosis is a zoonosis of economic importance that reduces productivity in livestock enterprises as it induces abortion in infected animals. A study was designed aimed at detecting Brucella in blood and lymph node specimens from camels by the use of real-time PCR in Iran. Sample collection and DNA extraction were done on blood (n = 135) and lymph node (n = 135) samples collected from 135 camels (abattoir survey) from both sexes at various ages in different seasons. The real-time PCR for species differentiation was based on unique genetic loci of B. melitensis and B. abortus. The regions were chosen for the construction of primers and TaqMan® probes for species differentiation: BMEII0466 gene for B. melitensis and Bru-Ab2_0168 gene for B. abortus. Brucella spp. were identified in 18 (13.33%) blood samples and 4 (2.97%) lymph node samples. This method showed to be effective in detecting B. abortus and B. melitensis in blood and lymph samples respectively. Brucella abortus was detected in 3 (2.22%) blood samples but was however, not detected in the lymph node samples. Brucella melitensis was only observed in 4 (2.97%) lymph node samples. Significant differences were observed on the blood prevalence of unknown Brucella spp. in different age groups and seasons (P 0.05). Therefore, Brucella was detected in apparent healthy camels slaughtered at an abattoir in Iran and this recommends the significance of the detection of Brucella in camels, since the infected camels appear to be healthy

Molecular detection of Brucella melitensis in sheep and goat milk in Iran

Purpose: To detect Brucella melitensis in the milk of reared sheep and goats from Isfahan and Shahrekord regions, Iran.Methods: A total of 225 milk samples (sheep = 125; goat = 100) were collected from Isfahan and Shahrekord regions, Central Iran. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the presence of B. melitensis in the milk following standard procedures.Results: From 225 milk samples, 20 (8.9 %) were positive for B. melitensis. Out of 125 sheep milk, 12 (9.6 %) had B. melitensis, and of these, 8 (66.6 %) were milk collected from Shahrekord and 4 (33.3 %) from Isfahan region. On the other hand, out of 100 goat milk samples, 18 (18 %) were positive for B. melitensis, out of which 10 (55.5 %) were from Shahrekord and 8 (44.4 %) from Isfahan.Conclusion: The findings show that B. melitensis is present in a significant proportion of caprine and ovine milk in a section of Iran.Keywords: Brucella melitensis, Milk, Polymerase chain reaction, Sheep, Goa

Effect of Alcohol Extract of Zataria multiflora (Boiss), Satureja bachtiarica (Bunge) and Zaravschanica membranacea (Boiss) on Immuno-Hematologic Factors in Rats

Purpose: To determine the effect alcohol extract of Zataria multiflora, Satureja bachtiarica and Zaravschanica membranacea on immunohematologic factors in Wistar rats.Methods: Wistar rats were randomly allocated to seven treatment groups which consisted of control group with water and feed only (1); 200 mg. kg-1 Z. membranacea (2); 400 mg. kg-1 Z. membranacea (3); 200 mg. kg-1 S. bachtiarica (4); 400 mg. kg-1 S. bachtiarica (5); 200 mg. kg-1 Z. multiflora (6) and 400 mg. kg-1 Z. multiflora (7). Erythrocyte counts (RBC), packed cell volumes (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Translocation and Assembly Module (Tam) protein, IgM and albumin were measured after 29 days.Results: Z. membranacea at 200 mg kg-1 showed the highest level of Tam-protein content (p < 0.05). Z. multiflora boiss at 400 mg kg-1 produced higher levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) compared to S. bachtiarica and Z. multiflora (p < 0.05). Both Z. membranacea and S. bachtiarica at 200 mg. kg-1 caused a significant increase in albumin levels in the rats (p < 0.05). Z. multiflora at 400 mg. kg-1 had the highest effect on white blood cells (WBC) while S. bachtiarica produced the highest effect on neutrophils (Nut) (p < 0.05). Z. membranacea and Z. multiflora at 200 mg. kg-1 showed significantly higher levels of monocytes (Mon) % (p < 0.05). Z. multiflora and S. bachtiarica at 400 mg. kg-1 showed a significant effect on phagocytosis % (p < 0.05) whilst S. bachtiarica at 400 mg.kg-1 had a significant effect on phagocytosis number (p < 0.05).Conclusion: The alcohol extracts of Z. multiflora Z. membranacea and S. bachtiarica extracts are capable of stimulating the immune defense mechanism without causing undesirable effects on hematological parameters.Keywords: Zataria multiflora, Satureja bachtiarica, Zaravschanica membranacea, Immunoglobulin, Serum albumen, Immunohematologic factor

Molecular detection and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas from houseflies (Musca domestica) in Iran

ABSTRACT Objective. This study aimed to report the molecular detection and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas among houseflies (Musca domestica) in Shahrekord and Isfahan provinces of Iran. Materials and methods. Flies were caught from household kitchens, cattle farms, animal hospitals, human hospitals, slaughter house and poultry farms and put in collection separate sterile tubes. Isolation was accomplished by culture of flies in alkaline peptone water followed by identification with Aeromonas-specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results. Out of 600 houseflies 73 (12.2%) were infected with Aeromonas spp. Significantly higher frequencies of Aeromonas were isolated in Shahrekord province (13.0%; 39/300) than in Isfahan province (11.3%; 34/300). The recovery frequencies of the organisms were significantly lower in kitchens as compared to those in cattle farms and hospital wards which were similar. Higher proportions of infected flies were obtained during summer whereas low proportions were obtained during winter. Conclusions. It is concluded that houseflies do harbor diarrheagenic pathogens, including Aeromonas especially during summer. The carried organisms are resistant to a number of antimicrobials at different levels. Thus, future plans aimed at stemming infections caused by these organisms should take flies into account. Control efforts of infections caused by this particular bacterium should therefore take into account Musca domestica

Molekularna ispitivanja prevalencije brucella abortus i brucella melitensis u uzorcima krvi i limfnih čvorova žrtvovanih kamila metodom lančane reakcije polimeraze (pcr) u Iranu

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease which is characterized by reduced fertility and abortion in several species of animals, as well as humans. Camel brucellosis is caused by Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis. To overcome the limitations posed by other techniques such as culture and serology, a sensitive technique (PCR) was employed for the detection of brucellosis in 123 camels. Findings from this PCR study indicated a total of 11.38% of blood samples as positive for Brucella spp. and 13.01% of the lymph node samples were positive for Brucella spp. In this study, 5 out of 123 (4.065%) and 3 out of 123 (2.439%) camel blood samples were positive for B. abortus and B. melitensis, respectively. Also, 4 out of 123 (3.252%) and 2 out of 123 (1.626%) camel lymph node samples were positive for B. abortus and B. melitensis, respectively. Young camels were the most commonly infected age group, while adult camels were the less often infected age group. Also, higher prevalence of brucellosis was observed in female camels. These results have indicated that PCR is a sensitive technique which could be used as a confirmatory test for the detection of brucellosis in live camels, at the same timeBruceloza je zoonoza koja se karakteriše smanjenom sposobnošću reprodukcije i abortusima kod nekoliko vrsta životinja i ljudi. Brucelozu kod kamila izazivaju Brucella abortus i Brucella melitensis. Standardne dijagnostičke tehnike kao što su izolacija na hranljivim podlogama i serološke reakcije nisu pouzdane i imaju značajna ograničenja. Da bi se to izbeglo, radi dokazivanja bruceloze kod 123 kamile, uptorebljena je osetljiva dijagnostička molekularna metoda: PCR. Rezultati su pokazali da je 11,38% ispitanih uzoraka krvi i 13,01% uzoraka limfnih čvorova bilo pozitivno na Brucella spp. U studiji, od ukupno 123 uzoraka krvi, 5 uzoraka (4,065%) je bilo pozitivno na B. abortus, a 3 (2,439%) na B. melitensis. Od ukupno 123 uzorka krvi, 4 uzorka (2,252%) su bila pozitivna na B. abortus, a 3 (1,626%) na B. melitensis. Najveća prevalencija je bila u grupi mladih životinja, a starije kamile su retko oboljevale. Veća je prevalencija ustanovljena kod ženki. Rezultati ukazuju da je PCR osetljiva metoda koja može da se koristi kao potvrdni test za dokazivanje bruceloze kod živih životinja uz minimalan rizik od infekcije laboratorijskog osoblja koje obavlja dijagnostiku. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da postoji neophodnost defi nisanja programa kontrole i iskorenjivanja bruceloze kamila. Istovremeno, rezultati ukazuju na pouzdanost PCR metode u dokazivanju Brucella spp bakterija, u uzorcima krvi i limfnih čvorova, što čini ovaj metod pogodnim za rutinsku dijagnostiku bruceloze