Implementación de un sistema web para el registro de bitácoras de maquinaria pesada en la Empresa Corporación Imperio & CAN E.I.R.L. Sechura, 2019

La investigación tuvo como objetivo general implementar un sistema web para el registro de bitácoras de maquinaria pesada en la Corporación Imperio y CAN E.I.R.L – Sechura, cuyo producto tecnológico fue desarrollado en lenguaje de programación PHP junto con la tecnología de JavaScript y TypeScript combinado con el framework Codeigniter e Ionic, conectado a un gestor de base de datos MySQL. Para el desarrollo del sistema web se utilizó la Metodología RUP (Rational Unified Process o Proceso Unificado de Racional) que es un marco de referencia de ingeniería de software para definir tareas y responsabilidades dentro de un grupo de desarrollo de software. Siendo el tipo de investigación experimental de nivel explicativo, el sistema web fue orientada a realizar registros, búsquedas y emisor de reportes de bitácoras de maquinaria pesada en la empresa Corporación Imperio & CAN E.I.R.L de Sechura, siendo 25 trabajadores la muestra de población para la investigación, de las cuales fueron participes de guías de observación y lista de cotejo, instrumentos que se utilizaron para analizar y obtener datos antes y después de la ejecución del sistema web en dicha empresa y determinar cuáles fueron las mejoras después de la implementación del sistema para finalmente comparar ambas informaciones. Según los resultados obtenidos señalan que antes de implementar el sistema web se logró observar que el tiempo promedio de registros de las bitácoras fue de 14.65 minutos y con el sistema propuesto fue de 4.74; el tiempo promedio de búsqueda de información de una bitácora en su momento fue de 275.07 segundos y con el sistema se redujo a 66.93 segundos; el promedio para emitir reportes de bitácoras en su primer momento antes de la implementación del sistema web fue de 8.77 minutos y con el sistema fue de 2.29 minutos, por último se midió los requerimientos de calidad necesarios para que el sistema web cumpla de las características de adecuación funcional, usabilidad, fiabilidad y seguridad establecidos por la ISO 9126. Teniendo un puntaje del 0 al 50, obteniendo el 40.12 (bueno), que por lo tanto el sistema web cumple con los requerimientos establecidos por la ISO 9126

Incorporación de la evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias en la toma de decisiones en el sistema de servicios de salud del seguro social del Perú: La experiencia del IETSI.

Public health systems have the great challenge of meeting the population's health needs with limited financial resources. Thus, to incorporate new health technologies (HT) in their coverage plans, they use tools that allow them to inform their decisions based on scientific evidence, such as health technology assessments (HTAs). These are developed in a multidisciplinary way, under an explicit methodology, which estimates the value of a technology. With this information, the decision-maker can support his decision, anticipate the impact of its implementation, plan actions, and set goals, all of which promote efficient use of resources, transparency of processes, and facilitate accountability. The Peruvian Social Security healthcare system (EsSalud) implemented, through the Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación (IETSI), a decision-making process based on HTAs to decide on the coverage of new HT. From the creation of the IETSI in December 2014 to December 2021, 407 ETS have been carried out. Of these, 161 were approved, thus extending new treatments for clinical conditions. These incorporations have not translated into a sharp increase in the annual expending of medicines to put EsSalud's financial sustainability at risk, although it has increased patient access to innovative technologies. The average investment per patient treated with these technologies was reduced from S/ 133,270 in 2011 to S/ 47,779 in 2019.Los sistemas de salud públicos tienen el gran reto de atender las necesidades de salud de la población con recursos económicos limitados. Así, para incorporar nuevas tecnologías sanitarias (TS) en sus planes de cobertura usan herramientas que les permitan informar sus decisiones en evidencia científica, como las evaluaciones de tecnología sanitaria (ETS). Éstas son desarrolladas de forma multidisciplinaria, bajo una metodología explícita, lo que permite calcular el valor de una tecnología. Con esta información, el decisor puede sustentar su decisión, prever el impacto de su implementación, planificar acciones y establecer metas; todo lo cual potencia un uso eficiente de los recursos, transparencia de los procesos y facilita la rendición de cuentas. El Seguro Social de Salud del Perú (EsSalud) implementó, a través del Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación (IETSI), un proceso de toma de decisiones basado en ETS para decidir sobre la cobertura de nuevas TS. Desde la creación del IETSI en diciembre 2014 a diciembre del año 2021 se han realizado 407 ETS. De éstas, 161 fueron aprobatorias, extendiéndose así nuevos tratamientos para condiciones clínicas. Estas incorporaciones no se han traducido en un incremento agudo en el gasto anual de medicamentos que ponga en riesgo la sostenibilidad financiera de EsSalud, aunque incrementó el acceso de pacientes a tecnologías innovadoras. La inversión promedio por paciente atendido con estas tecnologías se redujo después de la creación del IETSI de S/ 133,270.00 en el 2011 a S/ 47,779.00 en el 2019

Cross-national differences in clinically significant cannabis problems: epidemiologic evidence from 'cannabis-only' smokers in the United States, Mexico, and Colombia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Epidemiological studies show wide variability in the occurrence of cannabis smoking and related disorders across countries. This study aims to estimate cross-national variation in cannabis users' experience of clinically significant cannabis-related problems in three countries of the Americas, with a focus on cannabis users who may have tried alcohol or tobacco, but who have not used cocaine, heroin, LSD, or other internationally regulated drugs.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Data are from the World Mental Health Surveys Initiative and the National Latino and Asian American Study, with probability samples in Mexico (n = 4426), Colombia (n = 5,782) and the United States (USA; n = 8,228). The samples included 212 'cannabis only' users in Mexico, 260 in Colombia and 1,724 in the USA. Conditional GLM with GEE and 'exact' methods were used to estimate variation in the occurrence of clinically significant problems in cannabis only (CO) users across these surveyed populations.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The experience of cannabis-related problems was quite infrequent among CO users in these countries, with weighted frequencies ranging from 1% to 5% across survey populations, and with no appreciable cross-national variation in general. CO users in Colombia proved to be an exception. As compared to CO users in the USA, the Colombia smokers were more likely to have experienced cannabis-associated 'social problems' (odds ratio, OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.4, 6.3; p = 0.004) and 'legal problems' (OR = 9.7; 95% CI = 2.7, 35.2; p = 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study's most remarkable finding may be the similarity in occurrence of cannabis-related problems in this cross-national comparison within the Americas. Wide cross-national variations in estimated population-level cumulative incidence of cannabis use disorders may be traced to large differences in cannabis smoking prevalence, rather than qualitative differences in cannabis experiences. More research is needed to identify conditions that might make cannabis-related social and legal problems more frequent in Colombia than in the USA.</p

The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys

We previously reported on the cross-national epidemiology of ADHD from the first 10 countries in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. The current report expands those previous findings to the 20 nationally or regionally representative WMH surveys that have now collected data on adult ADHD. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was administered to 26,744 respondents in these surveys in high-, upper-middle-, and low-/lower-middle-income countries (68.5% mean response rate). Current DSM-IV/CIDI adult ADHD prevalence averaged 2.8% across surveys and was higher in high (3.6%)- and upper-middle (3.0%)- than low-/lower-middle (1.4%)-income countries. Conditional prevalence of current ADHD averaged 57.0% among childhood cases and 41.1% among childhood subthreshold cases. Adult ADHD was significantly related to being male, previously married, and low education. Adult ADHD was highly comorbid with DSM-IV/CIDI anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance disorders and significantly associated with role impairments (days out of role, impaired cognition, and social interactions) when controlling for comorbidities. Treatment seeking was low in all countries and targeted largely to comorbid conditions rather than to ADHD. These results show that adult ADHD is prevalent, seriously impairing, and highly comorbid but vastly under-recognized and undertreated across countries and cultures

Associations between DSM-IV mental disorders and subsequent non-fatal, self-reported stroke

OBJECTIVES: To examine the associations between a wide range of mental disorders and subsequent onset of stroke. Lifecourse timing of stroke was examined using retrospectively reconstructed data from cross-sectional surveys. METHODS: Data from the World Mental Health Surveys were accessed. This data was collected from general population surveys over 17 countries of 87,250 adults. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview retrospectively assessed lifetime prevalence and age at onset of DSM-IV mental disorders. A weighted subsample (n=45,288), was used for analysis in the present study. Survival analyses estimated associations between first onset of mental disorders and subsequent stroke onset. RESULTS: Bivariate models showed that 12/16 mental disorders were associated with subsequent stroke onset (ORs ranging from 1.6 to 3.8). However, after adjustment for mental disorder comorbidity and smoking, only significant relationships between depression and stroke (OR 1.3) and alcohol abuse and stroke (OR 1.5) remained. Among females, having a bipolar disorder was also associated with increased stroke incidence (OR 2.1). Increasing number of mental disorders was associated with stroke onset in a dose-response fashion (OR 3.3 for 5+ disorders). CONCLUSIONS: Depression and alcohol abuse may have specific associations with incidence of non-fatal stroke. General severity of psychopathology may be a more important predictor of non-fatal stroke onset. Mental health treatment should be considered as part of stroke risk prevention. Limitations of retrospectively gathered cross sectional surveys design mean further research on the links between mental health and stroke incidence is warranted.publisher: Elsevier articletitle: Associations between DSM-IV mental disorders and subsequent non-fatal, self-reported stroke journaltitle: Journal of Psychosomatic Research articlelink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.05.008 content_type: article copyright: Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.status: publishe

Associations between DSM-IV mental disorders and subsequent non-fatal, self-reported stroke

Abstract OBJECTIVES: To examine the associations between a wide range of mental disorders and subsequent onset of stroke. Lifecourse timing of stroke was examined using retrospectively reconstructed data from cross-sectional surveys. METHODS: Data from the World Mental Health Surveys were accessed. This data was collected from general population surveys over 17 countries of 87,250 adults. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview retrospectively assessed lifetime prevalence and age at onset of DSM-IV mental disorders. A weighted subsample (n=45,288), was used for analysis in the present study. Survival analyses estimated associations between first onset of mental disorders and subsequent stroke onset. RESULTS: Bivariate models showed that 12/16 mental disorders were associated with subsequent stroke onset (ORs ranging from 1.6 to 3.8). However, after adjustment for mental disorder comorbidity and smoking, only significant relationships between depression and stroke (OR 1.3) and alcohol abuse and stroke (OR 1.5) remained. Among females, having a bipolar disorder was also associated with increased stroke incidence (OR 2.1). Increasing number of mental disorders was associated with stroke onset in a dose-response fashion (OR 3.3 for 5+ disorders). CONCLUSIONS: Depression and alcohol abuse may have specific associations with incidence of non-fatal stroke. General severity of psychopathology may be a more important predictor of non-fatal stroke onset. Mental health treatment should be considered as part of stroke risk prevention. Limitations of retrospectively gathered cross sectional surveys design mean further research on the links between mental health and stroke incidence is warranted

Pediatric-onset and adult-onset separation anxiety disorder across countries in the world mental health survey

OBJECTIVE: The age-at-onset criterion for separation anxiety disorder was removed in DSM-5, making it timely to examine the epidemiology of separation anxiety disorder as a disorder with onsets spanning the life course, using cross-country data. METHOD: The sample included 38,993 adults in 18 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health Surveys. The WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to assess a range of DSM-IV disorders that included an expanded definition of separation anxiety disorder allowing onsets in adulthood. Analyses focused on prevalence, age at onset, comorbidity, predictors of onset and persistence, and separation anxiety-related role impairment. RESULTS: Lifetime separation anxiety disorder prevalence averaged 4.8% across countries (interquartile range [25th-75th percentiles]=1.4%-6.4%), with 43.1% of lifetime onsets occurring after age 18. Significant time-lagged associations were found between earlier separation anxiety disorder and subsequent onset of internalizing and externalizing DSM-IV disorders and conversely between these disorders and subsequent onset of separation anxiety disorder. Other consistently significant predictors of lifetime separation anxiety disorder included female gender, retrospectively reported childhood adversities, and lifetime traumatic events. These predictors were largely comparable for separation anxiety disorder onsets in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood and across country income groups. Twelve-month separation anxiety disorder prevalence was considerably lower than lifetime prevalence (1.0% of the total sample; interquartile range=0.2%-1.2%). Severe separation anxiety-related 12-month role impairment was significantly more common in the presence (42.4%) than absence (18.3%) of 12-month comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Separation anxiety disorder is a common and highly comorbid disorder that can have onset across the lifespan. Childhood adversity and lifetime trauma are important antecedents, and adverse effects on role function make it a significant target for treatment.The World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health Survey Initiative is supported by NIMH (R01 MH070884, R13 MH066849, and R01 MH069864), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA016558), the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Pfizer Foundation and the Fogarty International Center (FIRCA R03-TW006481). The São Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey is supported by the State of São Paulo Research Foundation Thematic Project (grant 03/00204-3). The ESEMeD project is funded by the European Commission (contracts QLG5-1999-01042, SANCO 2004123, and EAHC 20081308), the Piedmont Region (Italy), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (FIS 00/0028), Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Spain (SAF 2000-158-CE), Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER CB06/02/0046, RETICS RD06/0011 REM-TAP). The Lebanese National Mental Health Survey (L.E.B.A.N.O.N.) is supported by the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health, WHO (Lebanon), National Institutes of Health/Fogarty International Center (R03 TW006481-01). The U.S. National Comorbidity Survey Replication is supported by NIMH (U01-MH60220), with supplemental support from the National Institute of Drug Abuse, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (grant 044708

Associations between subjective social status and DSM-IV mental disorders results from theworld mental health surveys

The inverse social gradient in mental disorders is a well-established research finding with important implications for causal models and policy. This research has used traditional objective social status (OSS) measures, such as educational level, income, and occupation. Recently, subjective social status (SSS) measurement has been advocated to capture the perception of relative social status, but to our knowledge, there have been no studies of associations between SSS and mental disorders. OBJECTIVES To estimate associations of SSS with DSM-IV mental disorders in multiple countries and to investigate whether the associations persist after comprehensive adjustment of OSS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Face-to-face cross-sectional household surveys of community-dwelling adults in 18 countries in Asia, South Pacific, the Americas, Europe, and the Middle East (N = 56 085). Subjective social status was assessed with a self-anchoring scale reflecting respondent evaluations of their place in the social hierarchies of their countries in terms of income, educational level, and occupation. Scores on the 1 to 10 SSS scale were categorized into 4 categories: low (scores 1-3), low-mid (scores 4-5), high-mid (scores 6-7), and high (scores 8-10). Objective social status was assessed with a wide range of fine-grained objective indicators of income, educational level, and occupation. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed the 12-month prevalence of 16 DSM-IV mood, anxiety, and impulse control disorders. RESULTS The weighted mean survey response rate was 75.2%(range, 55.1%-97.2%). Graded inverse associations were found between SSS and all 16 mental disorders. Gross odds ratios (lowest vs highest SSS categories) in the range of 1.8 to 9.0 were attenuated but remained significant for all 16 disorders (odds ratio, 1.4-4.9) after adjusting for OSS indicators. This pattern of inverse association between SSS and mental disorders was significant in 14 of 18 individual countries, and in low-, middle-, and high-income country groups but was significantly stronger in high- vs lower-income countries. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Significant inverse associations between SSS and numerous DSM-IV mental disorders exist across a wide range of countries even after comprehensive adjustment for OSS. Although it is unclear whether these associations are the result of social selection, social causation, or both, these results document clearly that research relying exclusively on standard OSS measures underestimates the steepness of the social gradient in mental disorders

Pediatric-onset and adult-onset separation anxiety disorder across countries in the world mental health survey

OBJECTIVE: The age-at-onset criterion for separation anxiety disorder was removed in DSM-5, making it timely to examine the epidemiology of separation anxiety disorder as a disorder with onsets spanning the life course, using cross-country data. METHOD: The sample included 38,993 adults in 18 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health Surveys. The WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to assess a range of DSM-IV disorders that included an expanded definition of separation anxiety disorder allowing onsets in adulthood. Analyses focused on prevalence, age at onset, comorbidity, predictors of onset and persistence, and separation anxiety-related role impairment. RESULTS: Lifetime separation anxiety disorder prevalence averaged 4.8% across countries (interquartile range [25th-75th percentiles]=1.4%-6.4%), with 43.1% of lifetime onsets occurring after age 18. Significant time-lagged associations were found between earlier separation anxiety disorder and subsequent onset of internalizing and externalizing DSM-IV disorders and conversely between these disorders and subsequent onset of separation anxiety disorder. Other consistently significant predictors of lifetime separation anxiety disorder included female gender, retrospectively reported childhood adversities, and lifetime traumatic events. These predictors were largely comparable for separation anxiety disorder onsets in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood and across country income groups. Twelve-month separation anxiety disorder prevalence was considerably lower than lifetime prevalence (1.0% of the total sample; interquartile range=0.2%-1.2%). Severe separation anxiety-related 12-month role impairment was significantly more common in the presence (42.4%) than absence (18.3%) of 12-month comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Separation anxiety disorder is a common and highly comorbid disorder that can have onset across the lifespan. Childhood adversity and lifetime trauma are important antecedents, and adverse effects on role function make it a significant target for treatment.The World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health Survey Initiative is supported by NIMH (R01 MH070884, R13 MH066849, and R01 MH069864), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA016558), the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Pfizer Foundation and the Fogarty International Center (FIRCA R03-TW006481). The São Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey is supported by the State of São Paulo Research Foundation Thematic Project (grant 03/00204-3). The ESEMeD project is funded by the European Commission (contracts QLG5-1999-01042, SANCO 2004123, and EAHC 20081308), the Piedmont Region (Italy), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (FIS 00/0028), Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Spain (SAF 2000-158-CE), Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER CB06/02/0046, RETICS RD06/0011 REM-TAP). The Lebanese National Mental Health Survey (L.E.B.A.N.O.N.) is supported by the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health, WHO (Lebanon), National Institutes of Health/Fogarty International Center (R03 TW006481-01). The U.S. National Comorbidity Survey Replication is supported by NIMH (U01-MH60220), with supplemental support from the National Institute of Drug Abuse, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (grant 044708