Radio spectra and polarisation properties of radio-loud Broad Absorption Line Quasars

We present multi-frequency observations of a sample of 15 radio-emitting Broad Absorption Line Quasars (BAL QSOs), covering a spectral range between 74 MHz and 43 GHz. They display mostly convex radio spectra which typically peak at about 1-5 GHz (in the observer's rest-frame), flatten at MHz frequencies, probably due to synchrotron self-absorption, and become steeper at high frequencies, i.e., >~ 20 GHz. VLA 22-GHz maps (HPBW ~ 80 mas) show unresolved or very compact sources, with linear projected sizes of <= 1 kpc. About 2/3 of the sample look unpolarised or weakly polarised at 8.4 GHz, frequency in which reasonable upper limits could be obtained for polarised intensity. Statistical comparisons have been made between the spectral index distributions of samples of BAL and non-BAL QSOs, both in the observed and the rest-frame, finding steeper spectra among non-BAL QSOs. However constraining this comparison to compact sources results in no significant differences between both distributions. This comparison is consistent with BAL QSOs not being oriented along a particular line of sight. In addition, our analysis of the spectral shape, variability and polarisation properties shows that radio BAL QSOs share several properties common to young radio sources like Compact Steep Spectrum (CSS) or Gigahertz-Peaked Spectrum (GPS) sources.Comment: 18 pages, 11 Postscript figures, 12 Tables. Accepted for publication in MNRA

K-band imaging of 52 B3-VLA quasars: Nucleus and host properties

We present K-band imaging and photometry of a sample of 52 radio loud quasars (RQs) selected from the B3 survey with flux densities above 0.5 Jy at 408 MHz. The optical completeness of the sample is 90% and the quasars cover the redshift range 0.4 - 2.3. For ~57% of the sources for which the quality of the images allowed a detailed morphological study (16/28) resolved extended emission was detected around the QSO, and its K flux was measured. Interpreting this ``fuzz'' as starlight emission from the host galaxy, its location on the K-z plane at z<1 is consistent with radio quasars being hosted by galaxies similar to radio galaxies (RGs) or giant ellipticals (gEs). At higher redshifts the detected host galaxies of RQs are more luminous than typical RGs and gEs, although some weak detections or upper limits are consistent with a similar fraction of RQs being hosted by galaxies with the expected luminosities for RGs or gEs. We found a significant correlation between radio power and nuclear infrared luminosity indicating a direct link between the radio synchrotron emission and the nuclear emission in K. This correlation is more tight for the steep-spectrum sources (99.97% significance). In addition, a trend is found between radio power and infrared luminosity of the host galaxy (or mass), in the sense that the most powerful quasars inhabit the most luminous galaxies.Comment: tar gzipped file including 1 LaTeX file, 4 latex tables, and 13 PostScript figures. Accepted in AJ (April 1998

Red quasars not so dusty

Webster et al (1995) claimed that up to 80% of QSOs may be obscured by dust. They inferred the presence of this dust from the remarkably broad range of B-K optical-infrared colours of a sample of flat-spectrum PKS radio QSOs. If such dust is typical of QSOs, it will have rendered invisible most of those which would otherwise been have detected by optical surveys. We used the William Herschel Telescope on La Palma to obtain K infrared images of 54 B3 radio quasars selected at low frequency (mainly steep-spectrum), and we find that although several have very red optical-infrared colours, most of these can be attributed to an excess of light in K rather than a dust-induced deficit in B. We present evidence that some of the infrared excess comes from the light of stars in the host galaxy (some, as previously suggested, comes from synchrotron radiation associated with flat-spectrum radio sources). The B-K colours of the B3 QSOs provide no evidence for a large reddened population. Either the Webster et al QSOs are atypical in having such large extinctions, or their reddening is not due to dust; either way, the broad range of their B-K colours does not provide evidence that a large fraction of QSOs has been missed from optical surveys.Comment: 16 pages TeX file + 2 PostScript figures. Accepted in MNRA

Low-protein diets in CKD: how can we achieve them? A narrative, pragmatic review

Low-protein diets (LPDs) have encountered various fortunes, and several questions remain open. No single study, including the famous Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, was conclusive and even if systematic reviews are in favour of protein restriction, at least in non-diabetic adults, implementation is lagging. LPDs are considered difficult, malnutrition is a threat and compliance is poor. LPDs have been reappraised in this era of reconsideration of dialysis indications and timing. The definition of a normal-adequate protein diet has shifted in the overall population from 1 to 1.2 to 0.8 g/kg/day. Vegan-vegetarian diets are increasingly widespread, thus setting the groundwork for easier integration of moderate protein restriction in Chronic Kidney Disease. There are four main moderately restricted LPDs (0.6 g/kg/day). Two of them require careful planning of quantity and quality of food: a â € traditionalâ €™ one, with mixed proteins that works on the quantity and quality of food and a vegan one, which integrates grains and legumes. Two further options may be seen as a way to simplify LPDs while being on the safe side for malnutrition: adding supplements of essential amino and keto acids (various doses) allows an easier shift from omnivorous to vegan diets, while protein-free food intake allows for an increase in calories. Very-low-protein diets (vLPDs: 0.3 g/kg/day) combine both approaches and usually require higher doses of supplements. Moderately restricted LPDs may be adapted to virtually any cuisine and should be tailored to the patients' preferences, while vLPDs usually require trained, compliant patients; a broader offer of diet options may lead to more widespread use of LPDs, without competition among the various schemas

Radio spectra and polarisation properties of a bright sample of Radio-Loud Broad Absorption Line Quasars

The origin of broad-absorption-line quasars (BAL QSOs) is still an open issue. Accounting for ~20% of the QSO population, these objects present broad absorption lines in their optical spectra generated from outflows with velocities up to 0.2c. In this work we present the results of a multi-frequency study of a well-defined radio-loud BAL QSO sample, and a comparison sample of radio-loud non-BAL QSOs, both selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We aim to test which of the currently-popular models for the BAL phenomenon - `orientation' or 'evolutionary' - best accounts for the radio properties of BAL quasars. Observations from 1.4 to 43 GHz have been obtained with the VLA and Effelsberg telescopes, and data from 74 to 408 MHz have been compiled from the literature. The fractions of candidate GHz-peaked sources are similar in the two samples (36\pm12% vs 23\pm8%), suggesting that BAL QSOs are not generally younger than non-BAL QSOs. BAL and non-BAL QSOs show a large range of spectral indices, consistent with a broad range of orientations. There is weak evidence (91% confidence) that the spectral indices of the BAL QSOs are steeper than those of non-BAL QSOs, mildly favouring edge-on orientations. At a higher level of significance (\geq97%), the spectra of BAL QSOs are not flatter than those of non-BAL QSOs, which suggests that a polar orientation is not preferred.Comment: Accepted by A&

Low-Protein Diets in Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Patients: Are They Feasible and Worth the Effort?

Low-protein diets (LPDs) are often considered as contraindicated in diabetic patients, and are seldom studied. The aim of this observational study was to provide new data on this issue. It involved 149 diabetic and 300 non-diabetic patients who followed a LPD, with a personalized approach aimed at moderate protein restriction (0.6 g/day). Survival analysis was performed according to Kaplan–Meier, and multivariate analysis with Cox model. Diabetic versus non-diabetic patients were of similar age (median 70 years) and creatinine levels at the start of the diet (2.78 mg/dL vs. 2.80 mg/dL). There was higher prevalence of nephrotic proteinuria in diabetic patients (27.52% vs. 13.67%, p = 0.002) as well as comorbidity (median Charlson index 8 vs. 6 p = 0.002). Patient survival was lower in diabetic patients, but differences levelled off considering only cases with Charlson index &gt; 7, the only relevant covariate in Cox analysis. Dialysis-free survival was superimposable in the setting of good compliance (Mitch formula: 0.47 g/kg/day in both groups): about 50% of the cases remained dialysis-free 2 years after the first finding of e-GFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) &lt; 15 mL/min, and 1 year after reaching e-GFR &lt; 10 mL/min. In patients with type 2 diabetes, higher proteinuria was associated with mortality and initiation of dialysis. In conclusion, moderately restricted LPDs allow similar results in diabetic and non non-diabetic patients with similar comorbidity

A FIRST-APM-SDSS survey for high-redshift radio QSOs

We selected from VLA-FIRST a sample of 94 objects starlike in SDSSS, and with APM colour O-E>2, i.e. consistent with their being high-z QSOs. 78 candidates were classified spectroscopically from published data (mainly SDSS) or observations reported here. The fractions of QSOs (51/78) and z > 3 QSOs (23/78) are comparable to those found in other photometric searches for high-z QSOs. We confirm that O-E>2 ensures inclusion of all QSOs with 3.7 < z < 4.4. The fraction of broad absorption line (BAL) QSOs for 2 < z < 4.4 is 27+-10 per cent (7/26), and the estimated BAL fraction for radio loud (RL) QSOs is at least as high as for optically selected QSOs (about 13 per cent). The high BAL fraction and the high fraction of LoBALs in our sample are likely due to the red colour selection. The space density of RL QSOs for 3.7 < z < 4.4, MAB (1450 A) 10^25.7 W Hz^(-1) is 1.7+-0.6 Gpc^(-3). Adopting a RL fraction 13.4+-3 per cent, this corresponds to rho = 12.5+-5.6 Gpc^(-3), in good agreement with the SDSS QSO luminosity function in Fan et al. (2001). We note the unusual QSO FIRST 1413+4505 (z=3.11), which shows strong associated Lyalpha absorption and an extreme observed luminosity, L about 2 x 10^(15) solar luminosities.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS; 9 figures and 6 tables; Table 2 is in landscape forma