Analysis of the Concept of cтрах and fear and Associated Actions in Russian and their Translation into Spanish

In this article, we are going to carry out a parallel analysis of the concepts страх // fear in Russian and miedo // fear in Spanish with a view to addressing two issues: 1) the translation of the noun страх into Spanish, and 2) the translation of actions associated with this noun. In order to address the first issue, we studied two translations into Spanish of the work Белая Гвардия // La Guardia blanca // The White Guard by Bulgakov: that of Pablo Díaz Mora and that of José Laín Entralgo. The analysis which was carried out allowed us to structure the parameters that must be considered when translating the noun страх and to understand the strategies followed by the previously mentioned translators when translating this concept. In order to analyse the second issue, we researched the actions associated with the presence of the noun страх in Russian and their translations into Spanish, making use of the national corpus of the Russian language (RUSSCORPORA). In this study, we show how the noun страх can appear in statements in which it performs the function of a direct object (преодолеть страх) and of a subject (страх мучил меня) as well as in structures of the type страх Vf + prep. (oт, из, с, в) + страх (дрожать от страха). This study allowed us to confirm to what extent the actions associated with the presence of страх can find equivalents in Spanish, and what the most suitable strategies and techniques are there for their translation into Spanish

ANÁLISIS DE LA PARTÍCULA как бЫ Y SU COMPONENTE VALORATIVO EN LA OBRA LOS HERMANOS KARAMÁZOV DE DOSTOEVSKIJ Y SU TRADUCCIÓN AL CASTELLANO

Las teorías de la visión del mundo han tenido su desarrollo fundamentalmente en la "Teoría de la relatividad lingüística" de Sapir y Worf. Según esta teoría una lengua proporciona a sus hablantes una forma específica de ver el mundo. A grandes rasgos podemos afirmar que el ruso y el español, tipológicamente, se proyectan en direcciones diferentes; en ruso dominan las categorías de espacio y objeto y en español las de tiempo y suceso. La elección de Dostoevskij para analizar problemas de traducción no es casual: el motivo de ello es que ciertas palabras y giros, que resultan habituales en ruso, adquieren en las obras de Dostoevskij una dimensión especial. En el presente artículo se hace un análisis de la partícula как бЫ en la obra "Los hermanos Karamázov" de Dostoevskij para posteriormente abordar los problemas que plantea su traducción al castellano.This article is based on the theory of Sapir and Whorf known as "Sapir-Whorf LinguisticRelativity Hypothesis". This theory argues that every language gives the its speakers a peculiar kind of world view. lt could be said that Russian and Spanish work, typologically, in different directions; in Russian the most important typological categories are space and object and in Spanish time and success. We chose Dostoevsky amongother writers because of his specific style of writing. Words and expressions, that are common in Russian, acquire in the books of Dostoevsky a particular sense. In this article we analyse the particle как бЫ in the play "Brothers Karamazov" by Fyodor Dostoevsky and the problems of translation of this particle into Spanish

Градуирование и количественная оценка в русской глагольной системе

El verbo ruso y su complicada derivación es una de las cuestiones que implican una mayor complejidad desde el punto de vista del análisis lingü.stico. Son muchos los autores que han estudiado la relación verbo-prefijo y los significados a añadir por estos últimos en función de la semántica de la forma verbal. Como es sabido, la pertenencia de una determinada forma verbal a uno u otro modo de acción verbal es una de las circunstancias que determinantes a la hora de defi  nir el signifi  cado a añadir por un determinado prefijo. El presente artículo supone un análisis del eje de la valoración cuantitativa y su proyección dentro del sistema verbal ruso. En el mismo se hace un análisis del mencionado eje y sus conceptos clave, y cómo quedan expresados por las distintas formas verbales con prefijo en ruso

ANÁLISIS DE LA PARTÍCULA как бЫ Y SU COMPONENTE VALORATIVO EN LA OBRA LOS HERMANOS KARAMÁZOV DE DOSTOEVSKIJ Y SU TRADUCCIÓN AL CASTELLANO

Las teorías de la visión del mundo han tenido su desarrollo fundamentalmente en la "Teoría de la relatividad lingüística" de Sapir y Worf. Según esta teoría una lengua proporciona a sus hablantes una forma específica de ver el mundo. A grandes rasgos podemos afirmar que el ruso y el español, tipológicamente, se proyectan en direcciones diferentes; en ruso dominan las categorías de espacio y objeto y en español las de tiempo y suceso. La elección de Dostoevskij para analizar problemas de traducción no es casual: el motivo de ello es que ciertas palabras y giros, que resultan habituales en ruso, adquieren en las obras de Dostoevskij una dimensión especial. En el presente artículo se hace un análisis de la partícula как бЫ en la obra "Los hermanos Karamázov" de Dostoevskij para posteriormente abordar los problemas que plantea su traducción al castellano.This article is based on the theory of Sapir and Whorf known as "Sapir-Whorf LinguisticRelativity Hypothesis". This theory argues that every language gives the its speakers a peculiar kind of world view. lt could be said that Russian and Spanish work, typologically, in different directions; in Russian the most important typological categories are space and object and in Spanish time and success. We chose Dostoevsky amongother writers because of his specific style of writing. Words and expressions, that are common in Russian, acquire in the books of Dostoevsky a particular sense. In this article we analyse the particle как бЫ in the play "Brothers Karamazov" by Fyodor Dostoevsky and the problems of translation of this particle into Spanish

Metamorphism on Chromite Ores from the Dobromirtsi Ultramafic Massif, Rhodope Mountains (SE Bulgaria)

Podiform chromitite bodies occur in highly serpentinized peridotites at Dobromirtsi Ultramafic Massif (Rhodope Mountains, southeastern Bulgaria). The ultramafic body is believed to represent a fragment of Palaeozoic ophiolite mantle. The ophiolite sequence is associated with greenschist - lower-temperature amphibolite facies metamorphosed rocks (biotitic gneisses hosting amphibolite). This association suggests that peridotites, chromitites and metamorphic rocks underwent a common metamorphic evolution. Chromitites at Dobromirtsi have been strongly altered. Their degree of alteration depends on the chromite/silicate ratio and to a lesser extent, on the size of chromitite bodies. Alteration is recorded in individual chromite grains in the form of optical and chemical zoning. Core to rim chemical trends are expressed by MgO- and Al2O3- impoverishment, mainly compensated by FeO and/or Fe2O3 increases. Such chemical variations correspond with three main alteration events. The first one was associated with ocean-floor metamorphism and was characterized by a lizardite replacement of olivine and the absence of chromite alteration. The second event took place during greenchist facies metamorphism. During this event, MgO- and SiO2-rich fluids (derived from low temperatura serpentinization of olivine and pyroxenes) reacted with chromite to form chlorite; as a consequence, chromite became altered to a FeO- and Cr2O3-rich, Al2O3-poor chromite. The third event, mainly developed during lower temperature amphibolite facies metamorphism, caused the replacement of the primary and previously altered chromite by Fe2O3-rich chromite (ferritchromite)

Isotopic constraints on the age and source of ore-forming fluids of the Bou Azzer arsenide ores (Morocco)

The Bou Azzer district in Morocco has a long mining history since the beginning of the XXst century during which it has become the only world producer of Co from primary, hydrothermal Co arsenide ores. Orebodies are structurally controlled, and mainly distributed along fault contacts between Cryogenian ophiolite-related serpentinite bodies and intrusive quartz diorite or, locally, ophiolitic gabbros or Ediacaran volcanic rocks. Ore formation took place through a multi-stage mineralizing process that included an early stage composed by gold, quartz, chlorite, muscovite and calcite, followed by the main arsenide and sulfarsenide stage (subdivided into three substages, IIa: Ni-rich, Co ores, IIb: Co-Fe ores and IIc: Fe-Co ores), and ending with an epithermal stage characterized by the precipitation of sulfides along with quartz and calcite. Field relations and most previous geochronologic dating pointed to a post Pan-African age of ore formation, mainly coincident with the Hercynian orogeny. The isotopic study presented in this paper includes S, Pb, Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd data of a set of ore mineral samples from three deposits (Aghbar, Tamdrost and Aït Ahmane), as well as of regional samples representative of the different lithologies occurring in the Bou Azzer area. The isotope data set was completed with S isotope analyses of arsenide and sulfarsenide minerals from five ore deposits (Filon 7/5, Aghbar, Tamdrost, Ightem and Aït-Ahmane) and of some whole-rock regional samples. Results show that ores formed during multi-episodic hydrothermal events connected with hercynian reactivation of Devonian-Carboniferous faults, supporting previous geochronologic dating. The obtained Pb, Sr, Nd and S isotopic signatures of ore minerals and regional rocks further show that ophiolite-related lithologies became isotopically modified by interaction with crustal material and afterwards acted as the main source of ore-forming elements. Nevertheless, isotopic data do not fully concur with such a simple scenario but are quite consistent with a rather complex interpretation based on multi-source origin of some elements and isotopes scavenged from a number of isotopically different lithologies both from the inferred basement and the volcanic and sedimentary cover. © 2022 The Author(s

Las cromititas ofiolíticas del yacimiento Mercedita (Cuba). Un ejemplo de cromitas ricas en Al en la zona de transición manto-corteza

The Mercedita deposit is located in the ophiolitic Massif of Moa-Baracoa (NE of Cuba) and is considered the most important podiform chromite deposit of America. Chromitite bodies, enclosed in hazbu rgite and residual dunites (mantle-crust transition zone). The chromite ore bodies are concordant with the main structures shown by the enclosing peridotites and also display pull-apart fractures. Chromite lenses enclose and substitute grabbro bodies (sills), that are concordant with the orientation of the host chromitite. Intergranular minerals are olivine, serpentine, and chlorite. Chromite has abundant, distributed solid inclusions of olivine and Na-rich pargasite (up 4 wt % Na2O), and minor laurite and millerite. Toward the contact with the included gabbro sills, abundant clinopy r oxene, plagioclase and rutile occur as inclusions in the chromite. The ores from Mercedita deposit are composed by refractary - grade chromite (Al-rich chromite), where A l 2 O 3 ranges between 25 and 33wt.%. The TiO2 values are relative ly high compared to the most common ophiolitic chromite, TiO2 content varies from 0.05 to 0.52 wt. %. Chromitites of the Mercedita deposit are poor in platinum-group elements (PGE), with total PGE ranging between 55.8 and 165.9 ppb and an average value of 90 ppb. From textural and geochemical data we propose a genetic model from the reaction of a back arc basin basalt, formed by melt-rock reactions, percolated through subhorizontal, porous dunitic channels and mixed with oxidized melts in suprasubduction zone mantle. Mixing of these two melts generated a hybrid melt whose bulk composition fell within the chromite liquidus field in the P-T- fO2 space (Hill and Roeder, 1974). Percolation of the hybrid melt through the dunitic channels promoted dissolution of preexisting silicate minerals and chromite crystallization