Expansão da cafeicultura na porção leste do estado de São Paulo.

Our aim in this work was to map the main land-use and land-cover changes at 25 cities located at the watersheds of the Mogi-Guaçu and Pardo rivers over the last 27 years. We focused on coffee and sugarcane crops at these region, known as Mogiana Paulista. We updated the sugarcane crop areas to the year 2015 using maps produced by the Canasat project. For land-use and land-cover classification of these 25 cities in 2015 we used a Google Earth image file in a GIS environment. The method we used was on-screen visual image interpretation of high-spatial-resolution images, which were later compared to data from 1988. Along the 27- year period, coffee crops expanded approximately 80%, from 67.3 thousand to 123.8 thousand hectares. The 25 cities which are the main coffee producers at Mogiana Paulista showed concentration of coffee crops, which make up a total of approximately 111 thousand hectares. Both coffee and sugarcane may still advance onto parts of these cities' areas that are currently used as pastures, which the land-cover that loses more areas. Pastures still occupy 322 thousand hectares, or about 30% of the area of these 25 cities, and 252 thousand of these hectares feature slope degrees which are adequate for the mechanized harvesting of both sugarcane and coffee

Uso de Geotecnologias na detecção de potenciais Áreas de Preservação Permanente e Reserva Legal na Região Administrativa Central do Estado de São Paulo.

Our objective in this work was to estimate, using geoprocessing techniques, the amount of permanent preservation areas (APPs) at the rural areas of the cities that are part of the Central Administrative Region of the State of São Paulo in the year 2016, to verify its adequacy to the New Brazilian Forest Code and to estimate, by means of land use and cover classification, the environmental liabilities for legal reserve (RL) areas in the region's cities. We additionally detected sugarcane crops in terrains with slope degrees higher than 12% and which will no longer be used for crops, in accordance with law decree 47.700/SP, and may therefore indicate areas which are viable for use as RLs, thus helping reduce the region's environmental liabilities. Our results show that the region contains 30.492,6 ha of environmental liabilities in APP areas and 27,493.6 ha in RL areas. Current sugarcane areas with potential to become RLs comprise 35,630.6 ha. The APP and RL areas are unevenly distributed across the region. Some cities showed no environmental liabilities, whereas others could reconcile or reduce theirs by 14.5% to 79.5% by using the areas that will no longer be used for sugarcane crops

Electromagnetic structure of the deuteron: review of recent theoretical and experimental results

This talk reviews recent theoretical and experimental results for elastic electron deuteron scattering (yielding the deuteron form factors), threshold electrodisintegration ($e+d\to e'+p+n$ where the mass of the final $np$ pair, $W$, is only a few MeV above the threshold value of $m_p+m_n$), and high energy deuteron photodisintegration ($\gamma+d\to p+n$). The talk is based on the complete reviews of Refs. [GVO,S,GG], with a few new results not previously reported.Comment: 6 pages, 10 figures, Invited talk for Workshop on Electron Nucleus Scattering VII, Elba, Italy, 200

Dinâmica da cobertura do solo brasileiro: projeto trees 3

Este trabalho trata da validação das classificações realizadas para o território brasileiro nos anos de 1990 e 2000 pelo projeto Global Monitoring (TREES-3), uma parceria entre a Organização das Nações Unidas para Agricultura e Alimentação (FAO) e o Joint Research Centre (JRC). O objetivo foi estimar a dinâmica da cobertura vegetal nas áreas de interesse no período de 1990 a 2000. Um total de 708 amostras de imagens Landsat com 400 km2 de área cada passou pelos processos de segmentação e classificação supervisionada. A validação foi feita visualmente com o auxílio do Google Earth e teve como resultado 16% de mudança da cobertura vegetal florestal para outro tipo de cobertura (other land cover) nas áreas já validadas, que são Amazônia, Cerrado e Maranhão. No Pampa houve um aumento de 2% de cobertura florestal, devido à crescente prática de plantio de florestas homogêneas, que consiste na plantação de pinus e eucalipto para exploração madeireira

Chiral effective theory predictions for deuteron form factor ratios at low Q^2

We use chiral effective theory to predict the deuteron form factor ratio G_C/G_Q as well as ratios of deuteron to nucleon form factors. These ratios are calculated to next-to-next-to-leading order. At this order the chiral expansion for the NN isoscalar charge operator (including consistently calculated 1/M corrections) is a parameter-free prediction of the effective theory. Use of this operator in conjunction with NLO and NNLO chiral effective theory wave functions produces results that are consistent with extant experimental data for Q^2 < 0.35 GeV^2. These wave functions predict a deuteron quadrupole moment G_Q(Q^2=0)=0.278-0.282 fm^2-with the variation arising from short-distance contributions to this quantity. The variation is of the same size as the discrepancy between the theoretical result and the experimental value. This motivates the renormalization of G_Q via a two-nucleon operator that couples to quadrupole photons. After that renormalization we obtain a robust prediction for the shape of G_C/G_Q at Q^2 < 0.3 GeV^2. This allows us to make precise, model-independent predictions for the values of this ratio that will be measured at the lower end of the kinematic range explored at BLAST. We also present results for the ratio G_C/G_M.Comment: 31 pages, 7 figure

Replication, Pathogenesis and Transmission of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus in Non-Immune Pigs

The declaration of the human influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (H1N1/09) raised important questions, including origin and host range [1,2]. Two of the three pandemics in the last century resulted in the spread of virus to pigs (H1N1, 1918; H3N2, 1968) with subsequent independent establishment and evolution within swine worldwide [3]. A key public and veterinary health consideration in the context of the evolving pandemic is whether the H1N1/09 virus could become established in pig populations [4]. We performed an infection and transmission study in pigs with A/California/07/09. In combination, clinical, pathological, modified influenza A matrix gene real time RT-PCR and viral genomic analyses have shown that infection results in the induction of clinical signs, viral pathogenesis restricted to the respiratory tract, infection dynamics consistent with endemic strains of influenza A in pigs, virus transmissibility between pigs and virus-host adaptation events. Our results demonstrate that extant H1N1/09 is fully capable of becoming established in global pig populations. We also show the roles of viral receptor specificity in both transmission and tissue tropism. Remarkably, following direct inoculation of pigs with virus quasispecies differing by amino acid substitutions in the haemagglutinin receptor-binding site, only virus with aspartic acid at position 225 (225D) was detected in nasal secretions of contact infected pigs. In contrast, in lower respiratory tract samples from directly inoculated pigs, with clearly demonstrable pulmonary pathology, there was apparent selection of a virus variant with glycine (225G). These findings provide potential clues to the existence and biological significance of viral receptor-binding variants with 225D and 225G during the 1918 pandemic [5]

Carta de vulnerabilidade natural à perda de solo do Estado do Maranhão.

O zoneamento ecológico-econômico (ZEE) é um instrumento para planejar e ordenar o território brasileiro, harmonizando as relações econômicas, sociais e ambientais. Demanda um efetivo esforço de compartilhamento institucional, voltado para a integração das ações e políticas públicas territoriais, bem como articulação com a sociedade civil, integrando seus interesses em torno de um pacto pela gestão do território (BRASIL, 2010b). Nos últimos anos, o ZEE tem sido a proposta do governo brasileiro para subsidiar as decisões de planejamento do desenvolvimento e do uso do território nacional em bases sustentáveis, tornando-se um Programa do Plano Plurianual (PPA) do governo federal (BRASIL, 2010a), gerenciado pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente e com execução descentralizada por diversos órgãos federais e estaduais. O ZEE deve obedecer os critérios definidos pelo Decreto nº 4.297, de 10 de julho de 2002 (BRASIL, 2002), alterado pelo Decreto nº 6.288, de 6 de dezembro de 2007 (BRASIL, 2007). Entre esses critérios está a divisão do território em zonas e o diagnóstico dos recursos naturais, da socioeconomia e do marco jurídicoinstitucional para cada zona. Em seu artigo 13º, o decreto determina que o diagnóstico de cada zona deverá conter ?indicadores de vulnerabilidade natural à perda de solo? entre outros indicadores de fragilidade natural potencial exigidos como conteúdo mínimo. Para atender tal exigência, foi elaborada a carta de ?Vulnerabilidade natural à perda de solo do Estado do Maranhão?, apresentada neste documento e parte integrante do Macrozoneamento ecológico-bitstream/item/105181/1/DC-100.pd

Measurement of Unpolarized and Polarized Cross Sections for Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering on the Proton at Jefferson Laboratory with CLAS

This paper reports the measurement of polarized and unpolarized cross sections for the ep→e′p′γ reaction, which is composed of deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) and Bethe-Heitler (BH) processes, at an electron beam energy of 5.88 GeV at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility using the Large Acceptance Spectrometer CLAS. The unpolarized cross sections and polarized cross section differences have been measured over broad kinematics, 0.10 \u3c xB \u3c 0.58, 1.0 \u3c Q2 \u3c4.8 GeV2 and 0.09\u3c−t \u3c2.00 GeV2. The results are found to be consistent with previous CLAS data, and these new data are discussed in the framework of the generalized parton distribution approach. Calculations with two widely used phenomenological models are approximately compatible with the experimental results over a large portion of the kinematic range of the data

Top marine predators track Lagrangian coherent structures

Meso- and submesoscales (fronts, eddies, filaments) in surface ocean flow have a crucial influence on marine ecosystems. Their dynamics partly control the foraging behaviour and the displacement of marine top predators (tuna, birds, turtles, and cetaceans). In this work we focus on the role of submesoscale structures in the Mozambique Channel on the distribution of a marine predator, the Great Frigatebird. Using a newly developed dynamical concept, namely the Finite-Size Lyapunov Exponent (FSLE), we have identified Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs) present in the surface flow in the Channel over a 2-month observation period (August and September 2003). By comparing seabirds' satellite positions with LCSs locations, we demonstrate that frigatebirds track precisely these structures in the Mozambique Channel, providing the first evidence that a top predator is able to track these FSLE ridges to locate food patches. After comparing bird positions during long and short trips, and different parts of these trips, we propose several hypotheses to understand how frigatebirds can follow these LCSs. The birds might use visual and/or olfactory cues and/or atmospheric current changes over the structures to move along these biological corridors. The birds being often associated to tuna schools around foraging areas, a thorough comprehension of their foraging behaviour and movement during the breeding season is crucial not only to seabirds' ecology but also to an appropriate ecosystemic approach of fisheries in the Channel