Metabolické dráhy zapojené do regulací bioaktivních hladin cytokininů v rostlinách

SummarySummarySummarySummary Cytokinins (CKs) are important group of plant hormones involved in a wide range of physiological and developmental processes. Endogenous levels of CKs as well as proportions of individual CK forms and derivatives are not constant and differ among plant species. The amounts of biological active CK forms (free bases and ribosides) are regulated through tangled machinery of metabolic conversions including biosynthesis, conjugation and degradation pathways. The main object of this thesis was to characterize the metabolic pathways involved in the regulation of bioactive CK levels in plants especially via CK biosynthesis with aspect to the environmental stimuli and via N- glucosylation pathway. It was shown, that light signal is an important input for modulating some CK-related genes and CK levels in Arabidopsis plants. The complex diurnal expression profiles of CK-biosynthetic genes (AtIPT1 - AtIPT9) in Arabidopsis plants indicated a strong dependence of AtIPT1 and AtIPT5 on light/dark phase in leaf rossetes. In contrast, no diurnal oscillation of AtIPT transcript levels was recorded in roots. Although the content of endogenous CKs was not constant in plants and varied during a day, no statistically significant correlation between light/dark cycle and oscillation in CK levels was...SouhrnSouhrnSouhrnSouhrn Cytokininy (CK) představují významnou skupinu rostlinných hormonů zapojených do širokého spektra fyziologických a vývojových procesů. Endogenní hladiny stejně jako obsah jednotlivých forem CK a jejich derivátů nejsou konstantní a liší se v rámci rostlinných druhů. Množství biologicky aktivních CK forem (volné báze a ribosidy) jsou regulovány na úrovni spletitých metabolických přeměn, mezi něž patří dráhy biosyntézy, tvorby konjugátů a nevratné degradace. Hlavním cílem této disertační práce bylo charakterizovat metabolické dráhy zapojené do regulace bioaktivních hladin CK v rostlinách, zejména prostřednictvím biosyntézy CK s ohledem k podnětům vnějšího prostředí a N-glukosylační dráhy. Bylo zjištěno, že světelný signál je významným podnětem modulujícím některé CK-geny a hladiny CK v rostlinách Arabidopsis. Komplexní denní profily CK-biosyntetických genů (AtIPT1 - AtIPT9) v rostlinách Arabidopsis naznačují silnou závislost AtIPT1 a AtIPT5 na fázi světlo/tma v listových růžicích. Oproti tomu nebyla zaznamenána žádná denní oscilace transkripčních hladin AtIPT v kořenech. Ačkoliv obsah endogenních hladin CK nebyl konstantní a lišil se během dne, žádná statisticky významná korelace mezi cyklem světlo/tma a oscilací hladin CK nebyla zjištěna v listech ani v kořenech. Použitím světelných...Department of Experimental Plant BiologyKatedra experimentální biologie rostlinFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

PESFOR-W: Improving the design and environmental effectiveness of woodlands for water Payments for Ecosystem Services

ABSTRACT: The EU Water Framework Directive aims to ensure restoration of Europe?s water bodies to ?good ecological status? by 2027. Many Member States will struggle to meet this target, with around half of EU river catchments currently reporting below standard water quality. Diffuse pollution from agriculture represents a major pressure, affecting over 90% of river basins. Accumulating evidence shows that recent improvements to agricultural practices are benefiting water quality but in many cases will be insufficient to achieve WFD objectives. There is growing support for land use change to help bridge the gap, with a particular focus on targeted tree planting to intercept and reduce the delivery of diffuse pollutants to water. This form of integrated catchment management offers multiple benefits to society but a significant cost to landowners and managers. New economic instruments, in combination with spatial targeting, need to be developed to ensure cost effective solutions - including tree planting for water benefits - are realised. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are flexible, incentive-based mechanisms that could play an important role in promoting land use change to deliver water quality targets. The PESFOR-W COST Action will consolidate learning from existing woodlands for water PES schemes in Europe and help standardize approaches to evaluating the environmental effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of woodland measures. It will also create a European network through which PES schemes can be facilitated, extended and improved, for example by incorporating other ecosystem services linking with aims of the wider forestscarbon policy nexus

Metabolic pathways involved in the regulation of bioactive cytokinin levels in plants

SummarySummarySummarySummary Cytokinins (CKs) are important group of plant hormones involved in a wide range of physiological and developmental processes. Endogenous levels of CKs as well as proportions of individual CK forms and derivatives are not constant and differ among plant species. The amounts of biological active CK forms (free bases and ribosides) are regulated through tangled machinery of metabolic conversions including biosynthesis, conjugation and degradation pathways. The main object of this thesis was to characterize the metabolic pathways involved in the regulation of bioactive CK levels in plants especially via CK biosynthesis with aspect to the environmental stimuli and via N- glucosylation pathway. It was shown, that light signal is an important input for modulating some CK-related genes and CK levels in Arabidopsis plants. The complex diurnal expression profiles of CK-biosynthetic genes (AtIPT1 - AtIPT9) in Arabidopsis plants indicated a strong dependence of AtIPT1 and AtIPT5 on light/dark phase in leaf rossetes. In contrast, no diurnal oscillation of AtIPT transcript levels was recorded in roots. Although the content of endogenous CKs was not constant in plants and varied during a day, no statistically significant correlation between light/dark cycle and oscillation in CK levels was..

Total station Leica TC(R) 400 test.

The objective of this thesis is to check the preciseness of the total station Leica TC(R) 407 ser. No.660021 by using the defined methods. The data collected through measurements and by the computation procedures according to the relevant standards and the proceedings described by the professional literature were compared with the data stated by the manufacturer. The accuracy of the telemeter and the goniometric part of the device was tested. The theoretical part of this thesis is focused on the basic measurement methods and distance determination, principle of the electronic direction measuring and the error theory. The practical part of the thesis is focused on checking the accuracy of the measured horizontal direction and the zenith angle, as well as checking the preciseness of the telemetric part of the device. As a result the standard deviations of the measured distances and directions have been determined

Sexual education in nursery schools within Pilsen Region

Bakalářská práce je věnována problematice sexuální výchovy v předškolním období. Práce je rozdělena na teoretickou a praktickou část. Teoretická část je zaměřena na specifika předškolního období, vývoj sexuality a postavení sexuální výchovy v předškolním vzdělávání, metody a formy sexuální výchovy v mateřských školách a spolupráci rodiny a předškolního zařízení v této oblasti. V praktické části je popisován stav sexuální výchovy v mateřských školách v Plzeňském kraji. Jsou zde formou grafů zpracovány výsledky elektronicky zadávaného dotazníku, jehož respondenty byli učitelé mateřských škol Plzeňského kraje. Otázky se dotýkají zařazování sexuální výchovy do třídních vzdělávacích programů, námětů probíraných v oblasti sexuální výchovy, používaných metod i spolupráce s rodinou.ObhájenoThis bachelor's work deals with issue about sexual education in pre-school. The work is devided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is focused on the specification of the pre-school period, the development of sexuality and the standing of the sexuality in pre-school education, methods and forms of sexual education in nursery schools and cooperation of families and pre-school centres. The practical part describes the situation of sexual education in nursery schools in the Pilsen Region. It covers results from an on-line questionnaire shown in graphs. Respondents of the questionnaires were teachers of nursery schools in the Pilsen Region. The questions given discuss putting sexual education into the educational programmes, topics to go through in sexual education, the methods used and also the cooperation with families

Options of outdoor teaching environmental education in urban kindergarten Čéčova

This thesis focuses on the environmental education of preschool children of ages 3 to 6 in outdoor places. The theoretical part describes the basic principles, contents and means used in environmental education in kindergartens as a cross-section theme of preschool educational programmes. It puts emphasis on outdoor forms of education which lead to practical introduction to the world around us and seek to awake the need to care for nature and the life in it, because these are essential parts of human environment. The chapter concerning the safety of environmental education is no less important. The practical part of this thesis focuses on preparation and description of particular options of outdoor environmental education in the busy parts of České Budějovice near MŠ Čéčova, and their application in accordance with the educational programme of this particular school

The Effect of Osteoblast Isolation Methods from Adult Rats on Osteoclastogenesis in Co-Cultures

Co-cultures of osteoblasts and osteoclasts are on the rise because they enable a more complex study. Diseases such as osteoporosis are related to a higher age. Thus, cell isolation from adult individuals is necessary. Osteoblasts can be isolated from the rat femur by three methods: explant culture, explant culture with enzymatic pre-treatment, or enzymatic treatment. The isolation methods yield different populations of osteoblasts which, in a co-culture with peripheral blood mononuclear cells, might result in differences in osteoclastogenesis. Therefore, we examined the differences in osteogenic markers, cell proliferation, and the metabolic activity of isolated osteoblast-like cells in a growth and differentiation medium. We then evaluated the effect of the isolated populations of osteoblast-like cells on osteoclastogenesis in a subsequent co-culture by evaluating osteoclast markers, counting formed osteoclast-like cells, and analyzing their area and number of nuclei. Co-cultures were performed in the presence or absence of osteoclastogenic growth factors, M-CSF and RANKL. It was discovered that enzymatic isolation is not feasible in adult rats, but explant culture and explant culture with enzymatic pre-treatment were both successful. Explant culture with enzymatic pre-treatment yielded cells with a higher proliferation than explant culture in a growth medium. The differentiation medium reduced differences in proliferation during the culture. Some differences in metabolic activity and ALP activity were also found between the osteoblast-like cells isolated by explant culture or by explant culture with enzymatic pre-treatment, but only on some days of cultivation. According to microscopy, the presence of exogenous growth factors supporting osteoclastogenesis in co-cultures was necessary for the formation of osteoclast-like cells. In this case, the formation of a higher number of osteoclast-like cells with a larger area was observed in the co-culture with osteoblast-like cells isolated by explant culture compared to the explant culture with enzymatic pre-treatment. Apart from this observation, no differences in osteoclast markers were noted between the co-cultures with osteoblast-like cells isolated by explant culture and the explant culture with enzymatic pre-treatment. The TRAP and CA II activity was higher in the co-cultures with exogenous growth than that in the co-cultures without exogenous growth factors on day 7, but the opposite was true on day 14. To conclude, explant culture and explant culture with enzymatic pre-treatment are both suitable methods to yield osteoblast-like cells from adult rats capable of promoting osteoclastogenesis in a direct co-culture with peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Explant culture with enzymatic pre-treatment yielded cells with a higher proliferation. The explant culture yielded osteoblast-like cells which induced the formation of a higher number of osteoclast-like cells with a larger area compared to the explant culture with enzymatic pre-treatment when cultured with exogenous M-CSF and RANKL

Improving the design and environmental effectiveness of woodlands for water Payments for Ecosystem Services

The EU Water Framework Directive aims to ensure restoration of Europe’s water bodies to “good ecological status” by 2027. Many Member States will struggle to meet this target, with around half of EU river catchments currently reporting below standard water quality. Diffuse pollution from agriculture represents a major pressure, affecting over 90% of river basins. Accumulating evidence shows that recent improvements to agricultural practices are benefiting water quality but in many cases will be insufficient to achieve WFD objectives. There is growing support for land use change to help bridge the gap, with a particular focus on targeted tree planting to intercept and reduce the delivery of diffuse pollutants to water. This form of integrated catchment management offers multiple benefits to society but a significant cost to landowners and managers. New economic instruments, in combination with spatial targeting, need to be developed to ensure cost effective solutions – including tree planting for water benefits - are realised. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are flexible, incentive-based mechanisms that could play an important role in promoting land use change to deliver water quality targets. The PESFOR-W COST Action will consolidate learning from existing woodlands for water PES schemes in Europe and help standardize approaches to evaluating the environmental effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of woodland measures. It will also create a European network through which PES schemes can be facilitated, extended and improved, for example by incorporating other ecosystem services linking with aims of the wider forests carbon policy nexus