Homologando dados virtuales: una aproximación a la probabilidad frecuencial

La probabilidad es una noción básica en matemáticas por ser fundamento de muchas otras. Un esquema rico en significados ayudará al aprendizaje de la estadística inferencial (Batanero, 2011), que es importante en muchos campos de las ciencias y las ingenierías. En la mayoría de los currículos universitarios, se define la probabilidad de un suceso mediante la regla de Laplace: casos favorables/casos totales, si los casos posibles son equiprobables. En cambio en las ingenierías, cobra cada vez más peso la perspectiva frecuencialista de la probabilidad, que tiene en cuenta la tendencia asintótica de la frecuencia relativa de un suceso cuando se repite muchas veces la experiencia aleatoria

El perfil afectivo/matemático de estudiantes de ciencias e ingeniería

En la investigación en educación matemática, el rendimiento se ha estudiado desde diferentes ópticas: cognitiva, social y emocional, entre otras. Este estudio analiza las creencias y actitudes de estudiantes de ingeniería y de ciencias a través de una metodología basada en la lógica fuzzy. Los resultados muestran, que a los de ingeniería les gustan más las matemáticas, presentan mayor autoestima matemática y creen que las matemáticas son importantes de un modo significativamente mayor que para los estudiantes de ciencias. No obstante, todos son conscientes de su responsabilidad en el aprendizaje de las matemáticas, y coinciden en valorar el papel del profesor, aunque no se considere un elemento influyente a nivel emocional

Valoración económica de los servicios ecosistémicos asociados al Parque Natural del Turia (Valencia)

[EN] The objective of this paper is to obtain the monetary value of ecosystem services provided by the Turia Natural Park (TNP). This paper proposes the use of the Analytic Multicriteria Valuation Method (AMUVAM) by replacing the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with the Analytic Network Process (ANP), since the ANP method allows to analyze interdependence relationships between the services provided by a system. The results express that the economic value of the ecosystem services associated to the TNP ranges between 163,946,752 € and 481,549,597 €. The results reveal distinct patterns in the valuation of the existing services due to ethical issues.[ES] El objeto de este trabajo es la obtención de un intervalo de valor de los servicios ecosistémicos proporcionados por el Parque Natural del Turia (PNT). La metodología empleada ha sido el método analítico de valoración multicriterio (Analytic Multicriteria Valuation Method, AMUVAM) sustituyendo el Proceso Analítico Jerárquico por el proceso analítico en red (Analytic Network Process, ANP), dado que este permite analizar relaciones de interdependencia entre los servicios del sistema. El valor económico de los servicios ecosistémicos asociados al PNT oscila entre 163.946.752 € y 481.549.597 € en función de las diferentes sensibilidades éticas de los expertos.Estruch-Guitart, V.; Valls-Civera, A. (2019). An economic valuation of ecosystem services provided by the River Turia Natural Park (Valencia). Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales - Agricultural and Resource Economics. 18(2):93-115. https://doi.org/10.7201/earn.2018.02.05SWORD9311518

The economic value of landscape aesthetics in Albufera natural park through the analytic multicriteria valuation method

[EN] The effective definition of public intervention goals and resource allocation for natural resource management requires decision makers to understand the monetary values of the full range of goods and services provided by landscapes, in other words, their Total Economic Value (TEV). Aesthetic enjoyment (AE) can be considered as part of such TEV of landscapes. For the estimation of the economic value of AE in Albufera Natural Park (Valencia, Spain), this paper applies the Analytic Multicriteria Valuation Method (AMUVAM). It is a combination of two established techniques: analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and discount cash flow (DCF). The economic value of non-market benefits under AMUVAM is obtained indirectly, by comparing the relative degrees of importance attached to the different components of TEV. In this way, not only does it estimate a monetary value of AE but also its importance relative to TEV. Results express that AE represents 7% of the TEV in Albufera Natural Park and 24% of the EV in Albufera Natural Park ( 176 million). Results reveal distinct patterns in the valuation of TEV and existence value (EV). In this way, together with the average, a range of values which show the different sensitivities of society is provided. The comparison of the TEV obtained for Albufera Natural Park with previous studies conducted on wetlands suggests its similarity in scale.Estruch-Guitart, V.; Vallés-Planells, M. (2017). The economic value of landscape aesthetics in Albufera natural park through the analytic multicriteria valuation method. International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics. 12(3):281-302. doi:10.2495/DNE-V12-N3-281-302S28130212

Defining a methodology to design and implement business process models in BPMN according to the standard ANSI/ISA-95 in a manufacturing enterprise

Nowadays, extended enterprise requires flexible and adaptable platforms which enable technology and internal integration between ERP and MES levels of manufacturing industry. Under the EAI perspective, it is proposed the use of ESB and BPMS technologies to improve integration between business and manufacturing layers. In order to enable this integration, it should be considered standard ANSI/ISA-95 Enterprise/Control System Integration due to it defines an effective model for business integration/manufacturing. In this paper, in order to develop applications that allow the orchestration of information exchanges between ERP/MES, a methodology is defined to design BPMN process models according to the standard ANSI/ISA-95 because it enables B2M integration projects development

Dietary patterns and the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, asthma, and neurodegenerative diseases

Diet and lifestyle play a significant role in the development chronic diseases; however the full complexity of this relationship is not yet understood. Dietary pattern investigation, which reflects the complexity of dietary intake, has emerged as an alternative and complementary approach for examining the association between diet and chronic diseases. Literature on this association has largely focused on individual nutrients, with conflicting outcomes, but individuals consume a combination of foods from many groups that form dietary patterns. Our objective was to systematically review the current findings on the effects of dietary patterns on chronic diseases. In this review, we describe and discuss the relationships between dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean, the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension, Prudent, Seventh-day Adventists, and Western, with risk of obesity, type-2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, asthma, and neurodegenearive diseases. Evidence is increasing from both observational and clinical studies that plant-based dietary patterns, which are rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, are valuable in preventing various chronic diseases, whereas a diet high in red and processed meat, refined grains and added sugar seems to increase said risk. Dietary pattern analysis might be especially valuable to the development and evaluation of food-based dietary guidelines

Adaptive Control Optimization of Cutting Parameters for High Quality Machining Operations Based on Neural Networks and Search Algorithms

This book chapter presents an Adaptive Control with Optimization (ACO) system for optimising a multi-objective function based on material removal rate, quality loss function related to surface roughness, and cutting-tool life subjected to surface roughness specifications constraint

Predicting functionality of protein–DNA interactions by integrating diverse evidence

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-chip) experiments enable capturing physical interactions between regulatory proteins and DNA in vivo. However, measurement of chromatin binding alone is not sufficient to detect regulatory interactions. A detected binding event may not be biologically relevant, or a known regulatory interaction might not be observed under the growth conditions tested so far. To correctly identify physical interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and genes and to determine their regulatory implications under various experimental conditions, we integrated ChIP-chip data with motif binding sites, nucleosome occupancy and mRNA expression datasets within a probabilistic framework. This framework was specifically tailored for the identification of functional and non-functional DNA binding events. Using this, we estimate that only 50% of condition-specific protein–DNA binding in budding yeast is functional. We further investigated the molecular factors determining the functionality of protein–DNA interactions under diverse growth conditions. Our analysis suggests that the functionality of binding is highly condition-specific and highly dependent on the presence of specific cofactors. Hence, the joint analysis of both, functional and non-functional DNA binding, may lend important new insights into transcriptional regulation

Effect of moderate beer consumption (with and without ethanol) on osteoporosis in early postmenopausal women: Results of a pilot parallel clinical trial

Osteoporosis is a chronic progressive bone disease characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to an increase in bone fragility and the risk of fractures. A well-known risk factor for bone loss is postmenopausal status. Beer may have a protective effect against osteoporosis associated with its content of silicon, polyphenols, iso-α-acids and ethanol, and its moderate consumption may therefore help to reduce bone loss in postmenopausal women.Accordingly, a 2-year controlled clinical intervention study was conducted to evaluate if a moderate daily intake of beer with (AB) or without alcohol (NAB) could have beneficial effects on bone tissue. A total of 31 postmenopausal women were assigned to three study groups: 15 were administered AB (330 mL/day) and six, NAB (660 mL/day), whereas, the 10 in the control group refrained from consuming alcohol, NAB, and hop-related products. At baseline and subsequent assessment visits, samples of plasma and urine were taken to analyze biochemical parameters, and data on medical history, diet, and exercise were collected. BMD and the trabecular bone score (TBS) were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Markers of bone formation (bone alkaline phosphatase [BAP] and N-propeptide of type I collagen [PINP]) and bone resorption (N-telopeptide of type I collagen [NTX] and C-telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX]) were determined annually.Bone formation markers had increased in the AB and NAB groups compared to the control after the 2-year intervention. However, the evolution of BMD and TBS did not differ among the three groups throughout the study period.Therefore, according to the findings of this pilot study, moderate beer intake does not seem to have a protective effect against bone loss in early post-menopausal women.Copyright © 2022 Trius-Soler, Tresserra-Rimbau, Moreno, Peris, Estruch and Lamuela-Raventós

Intestinal Explant Cultures from Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata, L.) Allowed the Determination of Mucosal Sensitivity to Bacterial Pathogens and the Impact of a Plant Protein Diet

[EN] The interaction between diet and intestinal health has been widely discussed, although in vivo approaches have reported limitations. The intestine explant culture system developed provides an advantage since it reduces the number of experimental fish and increases the time of incubation compared to similar methods, becoming a valuable tool in the study of the interactions between pathogenic bacteria, rearing conditions, or dietary components and fish gut immune response. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the total substitution of fish meal by plants on the immune intestinal status of seabream using an ex vivo bacterial challenge. For this aim, two growth stages of fish were assayed (12 g): phase I (90 days), up to 68 g, and phase II (305 days), up to 250 g. Additionally, in phase II, the effects of long term and short term exposure (15 days) to a plant protein (PP) diet were determined. PP diet altered the mucosal immune homeostasis, the younger fish being more sensitive, and the intestine from fish fed short-term plant diets showed a higher immune response than with long-term feeding. Vibrio alginolyticus (V. alginolyticus) triggered the highest immune and inflammatory response, while COX-2 expression was significantly induced by Photobacterium damselae subsp. Piscicida (P. damselae subsp. Piscicida), showing a positive high correlation between the pro-inflammatory genes encoding interleukin 1 beta (IL1-beta), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase 2(COX-2).The research was supported by a grant financed by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad AGL2015-70487-P. and Generalitat Valenciana, IDIFEDER/2020/029 The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. It was additionally granted by Contrato Pre-doctoral para la Formacion de Profesorado Universitario from Subprogramas de Formacion y Movilidad within the Programa Estatal de Promocion del Talento y su Empleabilidad of the Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte of Spain.Peñaranda, D.; Bäuerl, C.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Jover Cerda, M.; Estruch, G.; Pérez Martínez, G.; Martínez-Llorens, S. (2020). Intestinal Explant Cultures from Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata, L.) Allowed the Determination of Mucosal Sensitivity to Bacterial Pathogens and the Impact of a Plant Protein Diet. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21(20):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207584S1202120Minghetti, M., Drieschner, C., Bramaz, N., Schug, H., & Schirmer, K. (2017). A fish intestinal epithelial barrier model established from the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell line, RTgutGC. Cell Biology and Toxicology, 33(6), 539-555. doi:10.1007/s10565-017-9385-xGómez, G. D., & Balcázar, J. L. (2008). A review on the interactions between gut microbiota and innate immunity of fish: Table 1. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, 52(2), 145-154. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00343.xJose L Gonzalez Vecino, M. H. (2015). Probiotic and Pathogen Ex-vivo Exposure of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar L.) Intestine from Fish Fed Four Different Protein Sources. Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 06(05). doi:10.4172/2155-9546.1000340Nematollahi, A., Decostere, A., Ducatelle, R., Haesebrouck, F., & Pasmans, F. (2005). Development of a gut perfusion model as an alternative to the use of live fish. Laboratory Animals, 39(2), 194-199. doi:10.1258/0023677053739710Lin, Y.-C., & Chen, J.-C. (2001). Acute toxicity of ammonia on Litopenaeus vannamei Boone juveniles at different salinity levels. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 259(1), 109-119. doi:10.1016/s0022-0981(01)00227-1Nematollahi, A., Pasmans, F., Van den Broeck, W., Ducatelle, R., Haesebrouck, F., & Decostere, A. (2005). Association of Flavobacterium psychrophilum strains with intestinal explants of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 67, 67-72. doi:10.3354/dao067067Harper, G. M., Monfort, M., & Saoud, I. P. (2011). An ex vivo approach to studying the interactions of probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici and Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum in the anterior intestine of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, s1. doi:10.4172/2155-9546.s1-004Løvmo Martinsen, L., Salma, W., Myklebust, R., Mayhew, T. M., & Ringø, E. (2011). Carnobacterium maltaromaticum vs. Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum in the midgut of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.): an ex vivo study. Aquaculture Research, 42(12), 1830-1839. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02784.xRen, P., Xu, L., Yang, Y., He, S., Liu, W., Ringø, E., & Zhou, Z. (2013). Lactobacillus planarum subsp. plantarum JCM 1149 vs. Aeromonas hydrophila NJ-1 in the anterior intestine and posterior intestine of hybrid tilapia Oreochromis niloticus ♀ × Oreochromis aureus ♂: An ex vivo study. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 35(1), 146-153. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.023Resau, J. H., Sakamoto, K., Cottrell, J. R., Hudson, E. A., & Meltzer, S. J. (1991). Explant organ culture: A review. Cytotechnology, 7(3), 137-149. doi:10.1007/bf00365924Dame, M. K., Bhagavathula, N., Mankey, C., DaSilva, M., Paruchuri, T., Aslam, M. N., & Varani, J. (2009). Human colon tissue in organ culture: preservation of normal and neoplastic characteristics. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal, 46(2), 114-122. doi:10.1007/s11626-009-9247-9Bäuerl, C., Llopis, M., Antolín, M., Monedero, V., Mata, M., Zúñiga, M., … Pérez Martínez, G. (2012). Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus plantarum strains downregulate proinflammatory genes in an ex vivo system of cultured human colonic mucosa. Genes & Nutrition, 8(2), 165-180. doi:10.1007/s12263-012-0301-yMonge-Ortiz, R., Martínez-Llorens, S., Márquez, L., Moyano, F. J., Jover-Cerdá, M., & Tomás-Vidal, A. (2016). Potential use of high levels of vegetal proteins in diets for market-sized gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Archives of Animal Nutrition, 70(2), 155-172. doi:10.1080/1745039x.2016.1141743Oliva-Teles, A. (2012). Nutrition and health of aquaculture fish. Journal of Fish Diseases, 35(2), 83-108. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01333.xMartínez-Llorens, S., Moñino, A. V., Tomás Vidal, A., Salvador, V. J. M., Pla Torres, M., & Jover Cerdá, M. (2007). Soybean meal as a protein source in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) diets: effects on growth and nutrient utilization. Aquaculture Research, 38(1), 82-90. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01637.xMARTÍNEZ-LLORENS, S., VIDAL, A. T., GARCIA, I. J., TORRES, M. P., & CERDÁ, M. J. (2009). Optimum dietary soybean meal level for maximizing growth and nutrient utilization of on-growing gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture Nutrition, 15(3), 320-328. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2008.00597.xKrogdahl, Å., Penn, M., Thorsen, J., Refstie, S., & Bakke, A. M. (2010). Important antinutrients in plant feedstuffs for aquaculture: an update on recent findings regarding responses in salmonids. Aquaculture Research, 41(3), 333-344. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02426.xKrogdahl, Å., Bakke-McKellep, A. M., & Baeverfjord, G. (2003). Effects of graded levels of standard soybean meal on intestinal structure, mucosal enzyme activities, and pancreatic response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.). Aquaculture Nutrition, 9(6), 361-371. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00264.xURÁN, P. A., SCHRAMA, J. W., JAAFARI, S., BAARDSEN, G., ROMBOUT, J. H. W. M., KOPPE, W., & VERRETH, J. A. J. (2009). Variation in commercial sources of soybean meal influences the severity of enteritis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.). Aquaculture Nutrition, 15(5), 492-499. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2008.00615.xKokou, F., Sarropoulou, E., Cotou, E., Rigos, G., Henry, M., Alexis, M., & Kentouri, M. (2015). Effects of Fish Meal Replacement by a Soybean Protein on Growth, Histology, Selected Immune and Oxidative Status Markers of Gilthead Sea Bream, Sparus aurata. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 46(2), 115-128. doi:10.1111/jwas.12181Pereira, T. G., & Oliva-Teles, A. (2003). Evaluation of corn gluten meal as a protein source in diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) juveniles. Aquaculture Research, 34(13), 1111-1117. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00909.xMartínez-Llorens, S., Baeza-Ariño, R., Nogales-Mérida, S., Jover-Cerdá, M., & Tomás-Vidal, A. (2012). Carob seed germ meal as a partial substitute in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) diets: Amino acid retention, digestibility, gut and liver histology. Aquaculture, 338-341, 124-133. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.01.029Sitjà-Bobadilla, A., Peña-Llopis, S., Gómez-Requeni, P., Médale, F., Kaushik, S., & Pérez-Sánchez, J. (2005). Effect of fish meal replacement by plant protein sources on non-specific defence mechanisms and oxidative stress in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 249(1-4), 387-400. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.03.031Estensoro, I., Ballester-Lozano, G., Benedito-Palos, L., Grammes, F., Martos-Sitcha, J. A., Mydland, L.-T., … Pérez-Sánchez, J. (2016). Dietary Butyrate Helps to Restore the Intestinal Status of a Marine Teleost (Sparus aurata) Fed Extreme Diets Low in Fish Meal and Fish Oil. PLOS ONE, 11(11), e0166564. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166564Kokou, F., Sarropoulou, E., Cotou, E., Kentouri, M., Alexis, M., & Rigos, G. (2017). Effects of graded dietary levels of soy protein concentrate supplemented with methionine and phosphate on the immune and antioxidant responses of gilthead sea bream ( Sparus aurata L.). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 64, 111-121. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.017Couso, N., Castro, R., Magariños, B., Obach, A., & Lamas, J. (2003). Effect of oral administration of glucans on the resistance of gilthead seabream to pasteurellosis. Aquaculture, 219(1-4), 99-109. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00019-xMauri, I., Romero, A., Acerete, L., MacKenzie, S., Roher, N., Callol, A., … Tort, L. (2011). Changes in complement responses in Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) under crowding stress, plus viral and bacterial challenges. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 30(1), 182-188. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2010.10.006Reyes-Becerril, M., López-Medina, T., Ascencio-Valle, F., & Esteban, M. Á. (2011). Immune response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) following experimental infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish & Shellfish Immunology. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2011.07.006Piazzon, M. C., Galindo-Villegas, J., Pereiro, P., Estensoro, I., Calduch-Giner, J. A., Gómez-Casado, E., … Pérez-Sánchez, J. (2016). Differential Modulation of IgT and IgM upon Parasitic, Bacterial, Viral, and Dietary Challenges in a Perciform Fish. Frontiers in Immunology, 7. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00637Monge-Ortiz, R., Tomás-Vidal, A., Gallardo-Álvarez, F. J., Estruch, G., Godoy-Olmos, S., Jover-Cerdá, M., & Martínez-Llorens, S. (2018). Partial and total replacement of fishmeal by a blend of animal and plant proteins in diets for Seriola dumerili : Effects on performance and nutrient efficiency. Aquaculture Nutrition, 24(4), 1163-1174. doi:10.1111/anu.12655Torrecillas, S., Caballero, M. J., Mompel, D., Montero, D., Zamorano, M. J., Robaina, L., … Izquierdo, M. (2017). Disease resistance and response against Vibrio anguillarum intestinal infection in European seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) fed low fish meal and fish oil diets. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 67, 302-311. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.022Estruch, G., Collado, M. C., Peñaranda, D. S., Tomás Vidal, A., Jover Cerdá, M., Pérez Martínez, G., & Martinez-Llorens, S. (2015). Impact of Fishmeal Replacement in Diets for Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) on the Gastrointestinal Microbiota Determined by Pyrosequencing the 16S rRNA Gene. PLOS ONE, 10(8), e0136389. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136389Estruch, G., Martínez-Llorens, S., Tomás-Vidal, A., Monge-Ortiz, R., Jover-Cerdá, M., Brown, P. B., & Peñaranda, D. S. (2020). Impact of high dietary plant protein with or without marine ingredients in gut mucosa proteome of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.). Journal of Proteomics, 216, 103672. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103672Estruch, G., Collado, M. C., Monge-Ortiz, R., Tomás-Vidal, A., Jover-Cerdá, M., Peñaranda, D. S., … Martínez-Llorens, S. (2018). Long-term feeding with high plant protein based diets in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.) leads to changes in the inflammatory and immune related gene expression at intestinal level. BMC Veterinary Research, 14(1). doi:10.1186/s12917-018-1626-6Evaluation of Prebiotic and Probiotic Effects on the Intestinal Gut Microbiota and Histology of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). (2011). Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, s1. doi:10.4172/2155-9546.s1-009Løkka, G., & Koppang, E. O. (2016). Antigen sampling in the fish intestine. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 64, 138-149. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.014Secombes, C. J., Wang, T., Hong, S., Peddie, S., Crampe, M., Laing, K. J., … Zou, J. (2001). Cytokines and innate immunity of fish. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 25(8-9), 713-723. doi:10.1016/s0145-305x(01)00032-5Gomez, D., Sunyer, J. O., & Salinas, I. (2013). The mucosal immune system of fish: The evolution of tolerating commensals while fighting pathogens. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 35(6), 1729-1739. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2013.09.032Krogdahl, Bakke-Mckellep, RØed, & Baeverfjord. (2000). Feeding Atlantic salmonSalmo salarL. soybean products: effects on disease resistance (furunculosis), and lysozyme and IgM levels in the intestinal mucosa. Aquaculture Nutrition, 6(2), 77-84. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.2000.00129.xSalinas, I., Zhang, Y.-A., & Sunyer, J. O. (2011). Mucosal immunoglobulins and B cells of teleost fish. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 35(12), 1346-1365. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2011.11.009Chasiotis, H., Effendi, J. C., & Kelly, S. P. (2008). Occludin expression in goldfish held in ion-poor water. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 179(2), 145-154. doi:10.1007/s00360-008-0297-1Sánchez-Lozano, N. B., Martínez-Llorens, S., Tomás-Vidal, A., & Cerdá, M. J. (2009). 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