Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and plant immunity to fungal pathogens:do the risks outweigh the benefits?

Anthropogenic emissions have caused atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations to double since the industrial revolution. Although this could benefit plant growth from the 'CO2 fertilisation' effect, recent studies report conflicting impacts of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on plant-pathogen interactions. Fungal pathogens are the leading cause of plant disease. Since climate change has been shown to affect the distribution and virulence of these pathogens, it is important to understand how their plant hosts may also respond. This review assesses existing reports of positive, negative, and neutral effects of eCO2 on plant immune responses to fungal pathogen infection. The interaction between eCO2 and immunity appears specific to individual pathosystems, dependent on environmental context and driven by the interactions between plant defence mechanisms, suggesting no universal effect can be predicted for the future. This research is vital for assessing how plants may become more at risk under climate change and could help to guide biotechnological efforts to enhance resistance in vulnerable species. Despite the importance of understanding the effects of eCO2 on plant immunity for protecting global food security, biodiversity, and forests in a changing climate, many plant-pathogen interactions are yet to be investigated. In addition, further research into the effects of eCO2 in combination with other environmental factors associated with climate change is needed. In this review, we highlight the risks of eCO2 to plants and point to the research required to address current unknowns.</p

Diálogo intercultural e integração social – competências necessárias no trabalho dos jovens com os media

O objetivo deste projeto é criar uma proposta de alfabetização mediática, informacional e de integração social, com jovens de um meio multicultural em situação de exclusão social para implementar em ambientes de aprendizagem não formais. Partiu-se de atividades de diálogo, expressão e comunicação, as quais consistiram na criação de vídeos, entrevistas com a comunidade, notícias, reportagens, cartografias, dinâmicas de grupo, animações digitais, revistas e debates. Sempre esteve presente a temática do eu e do outro para compreender, aprender e respeitar em conjunto as diferenças multiculturais, falar sobre os problemas de exclusão ou de integração que existem, criar diálogo e, assim, promover a interculturalidade para poder ser a base de mudanças sociais. Através da abordagem metodológica de Investigação Ação Participativa e com base na Teoria da Atividade como referencial teórico, o campo empírico do estudo foram 20 jovens entre os 14 e os 18 anos de idade da cidade da Amadora em Portugal, provenientes de famílias de Portugal, Brasil, Angola, Cabo Verde e Guiné. Ao ser um estudo qualitativo, para a recolha e análise de dados foram utilizadas entrevistas individuais e de focus group, produtos produzidos pelos jovens, sessões de debates, notas de campo e relatórios pelos mediadores. Este estudo visa uma aprendizagem coletiva e significativa dos jovens, para os ajudar no desenvolvimento de habilidades necessárias para o século XXI e a ter sempre presente a ética, a sociedade e o uso e criação dos media com diálogo

El libro de artista y una propuesta pedagógica: una aproximación metodológica entre arte y educación

[EN] Is art essential todays in education?, Are necesary new artistic-educational dynamics in this era of transformations?, The construction of an artist’s book can serve as an educational tool? From these questions, is built the research of this project. The major changes through history, have forced that in the education produce more active proposals. Current generations need attractive activities to capture their attention and art is the way. In this research develop the creation of an artist’s book as a learning strategy, not only considered in the artistic field, but used in any specialty discipline. The approach discussed in this project, part of the social concerns of the whole potential that has the collaborative and community work, taking as case studies the parallel activities with the development and cooperation. The most important is not our final result, is the creative procedures that made together to get a new idea, knowledge and constructive learning for each student. The educational artistic actions are key to the growth of children, youth, students, artists and educators themselves; actions that are necessary for a better educational development present and future.[ES] ¿Es indispensable el arte hoy en día en la educación?, ¿son necesarias nuevas dinámicas artístico-educativas en esta era de transformaciones?, ¿la construcción de un libro de artista puede funcionar como una herramienta educativa? A partir de estas preguntas se construye la investigación del Trabajo Final de Máster. Las grandes transformaciones a través de la historia, han obligado que en la educación se produzcan propuestas más activas. Las generaciones actuales necesitan de actividades atractivas para captar su atención y las artes son la vía para lograrlo. En esta investigación se plantea la elaboración de un libro de artista como estrategia de aprendizaje, no solo considerada dentro del área artística, sino empleada en cualquier especialidad disciplinar. El planteamiento que se hace en este TFM, parte de las preocupaciones sociales en conjunto de la potencialidad que tiene el trabajo colaborativo y comunitario, teniendo como estudios de caso la elaboración de actividades paralelas con la cooperación y al desarrollo. Lo más importante no es el resultado final, sino los procedimientos creativos que se realizan en conjunto para llegar a una idea, conocimiento o aprendizaje construido por cada alumno. Las acciones artístico educativas son clave para el crecimiento de los niños, jóvenes, estudiantes, artistas y de los mismos educadores; acciones que son necesarias para un mejor desarrollo educativo actual y futuro.Luna Muñoz, E. (2015). El libro de artista y una propuesta pedagógica: una aproximación metodológica entre arte y educación. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/62612.Archivo delegad

Programa musicanta y la expresión oral en niños de 4 años del nivel inicial de la IE, Lurín – 2022

El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo general determinar la mejora del programa musicanta en el desarrollo de la expresión oral en los niños de 4 años del nivel inicial de la IE, Lurín – 2022. La investigación fue de tipo aplicada y el diseño fue cuasi experimental. La población estuvo conformada por 81 estudiantes de nivel inicial y la muestra estuvo conformada por 30 estudiantes. Para la recolección de datos se usó la encuesta y el instrumento fue el cuestionario. Los resultados mostraron que el pretest el grupo de control 38,5% de niños presentaron un nivel bajo, 38,5% un nivel promedio y 23,1% un nivel alto y en el post test 46,2% de niños presentaron un nivel bajo, 38,5% un nivel promedio y 15,4% un nivel alto. En tanto que, en el pretest del grupo de los individuos experimentales, 35,3% de niños presentaron un nivel bajo, 35,4% un nivel promedio y 29,4% un nivel alto y en el post test del grupo experimental el 23,5% mostró un nivel promedio y el 76,5% un rango alto de expresión oral. Se concluye que el uso del programa musicanta mejora el desarrollo de la expresión oral

Metodología para evaluar los impactos de interconectar generación en los sistemas de distribución

Este trabajo propone una metodología para identificar y evaluar los impactos de interconectar generación en los sistemas de distribución, utilizando técnicas de Monte Carlo. Dicha metodología está compuesta por dos esquemas de análisis: uno técnico que evalúa las condiciones de calidad del servicio con las que cuenta el sistema de distribución, y por otro lado, un análisis económico que evalúa el impacto financiero sobre el operador de red y sus clientes, de acuerdo con el nivel de calidad del servicio del sistema. La metodología propuesta fue aplicada a un sistema de distribución de prueba IEEE, considerando diferentes esquemas de operación para la interconexión de generación distribuida. La aplicación de cada uno de estos esquemas, trajo consigo mejoras significativas en la calidad del servicio suministrado e importantes beneficios económicos para el operador de red. Sin embargo, dichos esquemas implicaron niveles de rentabilidad negativa para ciertos clientes, por lo tanto, se propusieron medidas de carácter regulatorio y contratos bilaterales, que permitirían dar solución a este tipo de problemas. Palabras claves: Generación distribuida, calidad del servicio, técnicas de Monte Carlo.This paper proposes a methodology for identifying and assessing the impact of distributed generation interconnection on distribution systems using Monte Carlo techniques. This methodology consists of two analysis schemes: a technical analysis, which evaluates the reliability conditions of the distribution system; on the other hand, an economic analysis that evaluates the financial impacts on the electric utility and its customers, according to the system reliability level. The proposed methodology was applied to an IEEE test distribution system, considering different operation schemes for the distributed generation interconnection. The application of each one of these schemes provided significant improvements regarding the reliability and important economic benefits for the electric utility. However, such schemes resulted in negative profitability levels for certain customers, therefore, regulatory measures and bilateral contracts were proposed which would provide a solution for this kind of problem

Data science approaches provide a roadmap to understanding the role of abscisic acid in defence

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone well known to regulate abiotic stress responses. ABA is also recognised for its role in biotic defence, but there is currently a lack of consensus on whether it plays a positive or negative role. Here, we used supervised machine learning to analyse experimental observations on the defensive role of ABA to identify the most influential factors determining disease phenotypes. ABA concentration, plant age and pathogen lifestyle were identified as important modulators of defence behaviour in our computational predictions. We explored these predictions with new experiments in tomato, demonstrating that phenotypes after ABA treatment were indeed highly dependent on plant age and pathogen lifestyle. Integration of these new results into the statistical analysis refined the quantitative model of ABA influence, suggesting a framework for proposing and exploiting further research to make more progress on this complex question. Our approach provides a unifying road map to guide future studies involving the role of ABA in defence

Fruit Decay to Diseases: Can Induced Resistance and Priming Help?

Humanity faces the challenge of having to increase food production to feed an exponentially growing world population, while crop diseases reduce yields to levels that we can no longer afford. Besides, a significant amount of waste is produced after fruit harvest. Fruit decay due to diseases at a post-harvest level can claim up to 50% of the total production worldwide. Currently, the most effective means of disease control is the use of pesticides. However, their use post-harvest is extremely limited due to toxicity. The last few decades have witnessed the development of safer methods of disease control post-harvest. They have all been included in programs with the aim of achieving integrated pest (and disease) management (IPM) to reduce pesticide use to a minimum. Unfortunately, these approaches have failed to provide robust solutions. Therefore, it is necessary to develop alternative strategies that would result in effective control. Exploiting the immune capacity of plants has been described as a plausible route to prevent diseases post-harvest. Post-harvest-induced resistance (IR) through the use of safer chemicals from biological origin, biocontrol, and physical means has also been reported. In this review, we summarize the successful activity of these different strategies and explore the mechanisms behind. We further explore the concept of priming, and how its long-lasting and broad-spectrum nature could contribute to fruit resistance.This work was funded by the BBSRC Future Leader Fellowship BB/P00556X/1 to E.L., by Bordeaux University and INRA, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility and MetaboHUB (ANR-11-INBS-0010 project) to P.P., and by the H2020-MSCA-IF-2016-EPILIPIN-746136 to A.L.Peer reviewe