¿Por qué los pequeños productores de jitomate de San Pablo Güilá trabajan de manera individual?

The objective of this study was to identify the intrinsic causes that guide the behavior of small-scale producers in relation to their resistance to being part of an organization. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the second agricultural product of greatest export in Mexico, with presence in 291 of the 570 municipalities of the state of Oaxaca. In particular, in San Pablo Güilá there are 42.8 ha of greenhouses with tomato for export; of this surface, 52% belongs to 27 producers organized into a cooperative while the remaining 48% is the property of 153 producers who work independently. The study was conducted using a qualitative approach, with exploratory and descriptive reach. The technique used was a survey, adapting the Schwartz Portrait Values Questionnaire and applied to producers who work individually. It was found that the values of Tradition, Compliance and Power are high; Achievement, Stimulation, Self-direction and Benevolence are low; and Security, Hedonism and Universalism are very low. The conclusion is that farmers have an individualistic orientation focused on personal success achieved by their own abilities, as well as on control and dominion over people and resources.El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los motivos intrínsecos que guían el comportamiento de los pequeños productores en relación con su resistencia a ser parte de alguna organización. El jitomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) es el segundo producto agropecuario de mayor exportación de México, con presencia en 291 de los 570 municipios del estado de Oaxaca. Particularmente, en San Pablo Güilá existen 42.8 ha de invernaderos con jitomate para exportación; de esta superficie; 52% pertenece a 27 productores organizados en una cooperativa mientras que 48% restante es propiedad de 153 productores que trabajan independientemente. La investigación se llevó a cabo desde un enfoque cualitativo, con alcance exploratorio y descriptivo. La técnica utilizada fue la encuesta, adaptando el Cuestionario a la Descripción de Valores de Schwartz y se aplicó a productores que trabajan individualmente. Se encontró que los valores Tradición, Conformidad y Poder, son altos; Logro, Estimulación, Autodirección y Benevolencia son bajos; y Seguridad, Hedonismo y Universalismo son muy bajos. Se concluye que los agricultores tienen una orientación individualista enfocada en el éxito personal logrado por habilidades propias; así como en el control y en el dominio sobre personas y recursos

Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Impacto de los aranceles a las importaciones mexicanas de maíz sobre el mercado del producto

El total de las importaciones de maíz en México son provenientes de Estados Unidos, sin embargo, las exportaciones de México hacia Estados Unidos no son importantes. Un modelo tipo Armington (modelo basado en porcentajes y elasticidades) fue utilizado con el objetivo de cuantificar el impacto de los aranceles impuestos por México a Estados Unidos sobre el mercado del maíz en los últimos 5 años de vigencia del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte. La producción y consumo mundial fue dividida en tres regiones: México, Estados Unidos y el resto del mundo. Los resultados indican que la imposición de un arancel por parte de México afecta fuertemente su mercado doméstico y en menor escala al mercado de Estados Unidos y del Resto del Mundo._______The total imports of corn in Mexico are from the United States; however, exports from Mexico to the United States are unimportant. An Armington model, based on percentages and elasticities, was used with the aim to quantify the impact of tariffs imposed on the corn international trade by Mexico to the United States during the last 5 year-period\ua0 of\ua0 the\ua0 North\ua0 American\ua0 Free\ua0 Trade\ua0 Agreement.\ua0 The\ua0 world’s\ua0 production and consumption was divided into three regions: Mexico, United States and the rest of the world. The results indicate that the imposition of that tariff affects strongly\ua0Mexico’s\ua0domestic\ua0market\ua0and\ua0to\ua0a\ua0lesser\ua0extent\ua0the\ua0United\ua0States\ua0market\ua0 and the rest of the World market.Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias, especialista en Economía).- Colegio de Postgraduados, 2008.CONACY

Competencias laborales para el sector de ferreterías y materiales de construcción en Ocotlán de Morelos, Oaxaca

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar el proceso de reclutamiento y selección en em-presas del sector de ferreterías y materiales para la construcción, ubicadas en el municipio de Ocotlán de Morelos, Oaxaca. Con el diagnóstico y el análisis de puestos, se propuso un perfil de los puestos por competencias laborales. Para lograrlo, se aplicaron 7 cuestionarios en igual número de empresas. Se encontró que no existe un proceso formal para el reclutamiento y selección del personal. Se identifi-caron los conocimientos, habilidades, actitudes, formación y experiencia del personal que actualmente laboran en las organizaciones analizadas; y se propuso el perfil de los puestos con el enfoque de competencias.The objective of this research was to analyze the recruitment and selection process in companies of hardware and construction materials sector, located in the municipality of Ocotlán de Morelos, Oaxaca. With the diagnosis and analysis of the working places, a profile of the positions was proposed for labor skills. For that purpose, 7 questionnaires were applied in the same number of companies. We found that there is no formal process for the recruitment and selection. The knowledge, skills, attitudes, training and experience of the personnel that currently work in the analyzed organizations were identified; and the profile of the positions under the competence approach was proposed

Estrategias de supervivencia y desempeño de mipymes en un ambiente de incertidumbre

Esta investigación analiza el efecto del ambiente de incertidumbre originado por cambios en la política comercial estadounidense sobre el desempeño de las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas (mipymes) exportadoras de mezcal de la región de los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca, en México. Particularmente, se enfoca en conocer las estrategias que los directivos de esas empresas implementaron para hacer frente a dicha situación. Para tal fin, se recabó información de 48 mipymes productoras de mezcal mediante un cuestionario estructurado, misma que es procesada a través del Paquete Estadístico para Ciencias Sociales. Según los resultados, el impacto del ambiente de incertidumbre en el desempeño de las mipymes es directo y negativo, aunque poco significativo. No obstante, la implementación de estrategias para disminuir la incertidumbre y adaptarse al ambiente intensifica ese efecto; particularmente las estrategias de estabilidad, en cuya presencia se manifiesta una asociación negativa entre la incertidumbre política-regulatoria y el desempeño empresarial

Dinámica del retorno de los migrantes y reinserción laboral en el municipio de Taniche, Oaxaca

The main objective of this work was to know the labour reinsertion and factors that explain this process. The study was performed in Taniche Oaxaca, a rural community with a high migration intensity index and with return migration records. It’s a descriptive and cross-sectional study, with qualitative methodology. Migrants who returned to Taniche during the period 2015 to 2017 were considered. The results of this research show that returned migrants are reinserted into precarious work, thus reproducing the same conditions that motivated their emigration.El objetivo del presente trabajo fue conocer la reinserción laboral y los factores que explican su proceso. El estudio se realizó en Taniche, Oaxaca, una comunidad rural con un índice de intensidad migratoria alta y con registros de migración de retorno. Es un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, con metodología cualitativa. Se consideraron a los migrantes que retornaron a Taniche durante el periodo 2015 a 2017. Los resultados de esta investigación muestran que los migrantes retornados se reinsertan en empleos precarios reproduciendo así las mismas condiciones que motivaron su emigración

Remittances, inequality and poverty: A case study in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico

This article analyzes the remittances effect on the inequality and income poverty, in the municipality of Santa Ines Yatzeche, in the State of Oaxaca. To achieve the objective, in 2011 we conducted a survey of 117 questionnaires covering 54.9% of heads of households in the community. With the information derived from the structure of household income, the Gini and Foster- Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) coefficients were calculated for total income. Results indicate values of 63.3%, 72.7% and 88.9% for the incidence of food poverty, capability and patrimony, respectively.</span