Opettajan auktoriteetti : Ilmiön tarkastelua toisella asteella

Tämän kehityshankkeen tarkoituksena oli selvittää mitä on opettajan auktoriteetti toisella asteella, mikä on auktoriteetin nykyinen tila ja miten opettajan auktoriteettia voi kehittää. Menetelmänä käytettiin laadullista tutkimusta ja empiirisiä kokemuksia. Tutkimusta suoritettiin opetus-havainnointien yhteydessä opettajille tehdyillä ja vapaaehtoisella opiskelija kyselyillä (kyselykaavake Liite 1.) Haastattelukyselyssä tuli esille useiden opettajien mielipide, ettei opettaja tarvitse auktoriteettia! Puolet kyselyyn vastanneista opettajista oli sitä mieltä, että auktoriteetti on historiaa, mutta kun seurasi heidän opetustyötään, oli luokka selvästi opettajan hallussa. Opettajalehti on viime aikoina ottanaut auktoriteetin parantamisen ja opettajan arvovallan palauttamisen liitteen 2 mukaan vahvasti esille. Tutkimustulosten mukaan opettajan auktoriteetti on valtasuhde, joka syntyy opettajan ja opiskelijan välille. Auktoriteetti syntyy opettajan toiminnan tuloksena ja valta on ansaittava. Opettajalle on sysätty opetustyön lisäksi myös kasvatustehtävä, josta vanhemmat ovat perinteisesti huolehtineet. Opettajuus on muuttunut juuri työnkuvansa suhteen, opettaja ei enää automaattisesti ole auktoriteetti vaan auktoriteettiuskin on ansaittava. Opettaja joutuukin kuuntelemaan ja ottamaan huomioon sekä oppilaiden että hänen vanhempiensa näkökulmat. Opettaja on muuttunut tavalliseksi palkansaajaksi palkansaajien joukossa. (Korkeakivi 2012.) Opiskelijasta on tullut oikeuksistaan tietoinen ASIAKAS! Tämän kehityshankkeen tuloksia ja johtopäätöksiä voidaan hyödyntää vaikkapa toisen asteen koulutuksessa, kun opettajien kadotettua arvovaltaa ja auktoriteettia yritetään metsästää takaisin

Data from: Herbivory mediates the long-term shifts in the relative importance of microsite and propagule limitation

Microsite and propagule limitation are predicted to jointly influence plant community assembly and diversity, with shifts in their relative contributions under different ecological conditions. Mammalian herbivory can also exhibit strong impact on community assembly and diversity. However, to date few studies have considered how herbivory might interact with propagule and microsite limitation and how herbivory might alter their relative importance. Even fewer studies have examined how these processes manifest over time to influence community assembly. In fenced and grazed tundra communities that varied in soil moisture, we manipulated propagule limitation by adding seeds of 14 species, and manipulated microsite limitation through a one-time disturbance treatment which reduced resident community biomass. We then followed these communities for 11 years to assess the long-term impacts of these processes on community assembly and richness. Herbivory interacted with soil moisture to promote long-term establishment of seeded species: seed addition increased species richness and this effect persisted over 11 years but only in grazed plots, and in drier conditions. Seed addition and herbivory also interacted to drive community composition. Disturbance initially resulted in greater richness and community divergence, but the effect weakened over time, whereas the effects of herbivory in general strengthened. Synthesis: Our results show that herbivory interacts with environmental conditions to mediate the relative importance of microsite and propagule limitation on community assembly; however, its impacts may only become detectable over longer time scales. Moreover, our results suggest that herbivory may be a key biotic modulator of community assembly in low productivity ecosystems and that incorporating trophic interactions (such as herbivory) into hypotheses about community assembly may provide a better understanding of the relative importance of different assembly mechanisms

seed sowing data

seed sowing dat

Inflammatory Phenotype in Failed Metal-On-Metal Hip Arthroplasty Correlates with Blood Metal Concentrations

Introduction Hip arthroplasty is the standard treatment of a painful hip destruction. The use of modern metal-on-metal (MOM) bearing surfaces gained popularity in total hip arthroplasties during the last decade. Recently, worrisome failures due to adverse reaction to metal debris (ARMD), including pseudotumor response, have been widely reported. However, the pathogenesis of this reaction remains poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ARMD response by flow cytometry approach. Methods Sixteen patients with a failed Articular Surface Replacement (ASR) hip prosthesis were included in the study. Samples of pseudotumor tissues collected during revision surgery were degraded by enzyme digestion and cells were typed by flow cytometry. Whole blood chromium and cobalt concentrations were analyzed with mass spectrometry before revision surgery. Results Flow cytometry analysis showed that the peri-implant pseudotumor tissue expressed two principal phenotypes, namely macrophage-dominated and T-lymphocyte-dominated response; the average portions being 54% (macrophages) and 25% (T-lymphocytes) in macrophage-dominated inflammation and 20% (macrophages) and 54% (T-lymphocytes) in T-lymphocyte-dominated response. The percentages of B-lymphocytes and granulocytes were lower in both phenotypes. Interestingly, the levels of blood chromium and cobalt were significantly higher in patients with macrophage-dominated response. Conclusions The results suggest that the adverse tissue reactions induced by MOM wear particles contain heterogeneous pathogeneses and that the metal levels are an important factor in the determination of the inflammatory phenotype. The present results support the hypothesis that higher metal levels cause cytotoxicity and tissue injury and macrophages are recruited to clear the necrotic debris. On the other hand, the adverse response developed in association with lower metal levels is T-lymphocyte-dominated and is likely to reflect hypersensitivity reaction.Public Library of Science open acces

The Production of IL-6 and TNFα by Cells Derived from Pseudotumor Tissue.

<p>Samples of pseudotumor tissue were degraded by enzyme digestion and cell suspensions were cultured for 42 hours. Thereafter IL-6 (A) and TNFα (B) accumulated into the culture medium were measured by ELISA. Boxplots represent medians and interquartile ranges and whiskers indicate range of values. n = 7 in macrophage-dominated group, n = 5 in T-lymphocyte-dominated group and n = 3 in mixed group. *p<0.05.</p

The Blood Chromium and Cobalt Levels.

<p>Whole blood samples were taken preoperatively from the patients and chromium (A) and cobalt (B) concentrations were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Boxplots represent medians and interquartile ranges and whiskers indicate range of values. n = 7 in macrophage-dominated group, n = 5 in T-lymphocyte-dominated group and n = 3 in mixed group. *p<0.05, **p<0.01</p

Inflammatory Cell Distributions and Whole Blood Metal Levels.

<p>Inflammatory Cell Distributions and Whole Blood Metal Levels.</p

Flow Cytometry Analysis of CD45⁺ Cells Derived from Pseudotumor Tissue.

<p>CD45⁺ cells were gated and proportions of CD14⁺, CD3⁺, CD15⁺ and CD19⁺ cells were analyzed. The cases were divided into three groups according to CD14⁺ and CD3⁺ cell proportions, namely macrophage-dominated (B), T-lymphocyte-dominated (C) and mixed (D) groups. Average values (mean + SEM) of the proportions of different cell types in the three different phenotypes of inflammation (A) with representative flow cytometry blots (B-D) are shown. n = 7 in macrophage-dominated group, n = 6 in T-lymphocyte-dominated group and n = 3 in mixed group. ***p<0.001</p