A secret marriage and denied rights: A critique from an Islamic law perspective

Today, secret marriages are a known problem among Muslims, but discussions and debates are avoided. People who are unwilling to take on the responsibilities of marriage yet do not want to commit adultery, one of the major sins in Islam, practice secret marriages. However, this leads to the deprivation of rights for parties and children born in these unions. Some claim that the legal justification for secret marriages is provided by the view that the presence of witnesses and the parties to be married is sufficient for a marriage contract. Therefore, this article aims to critically examine the views of the four Sunnī legal schools on testimony (shahada) or proclamation (i’lan) in relation to marriage, and how these conditions align with the requirement for protecting the rights of all parties involved in the marriage. Upon examination, this article also will delve into unregistered marriages and illustrate how both types of marriages do not adequately establish the rights of those involved. In order to accomplish this objective, the article will use a descriptive methodology that directly refers to primary texts and certain fatwa institutions, such as the Diyanet

An analysis of the legal provisions of entering the mosque for menstruated women

There are some main prohibitions placed upon the menstruating woman in Islamic Law. One of these prohibitions mentioned in classical books is known that women cannot enter the mosque while they are menstruating. However, there are many fatwas given that women can enter the mosque when they are menstruating, especially today. In this paper, we investigate the question of the permissibility of entering a mosque for menstruating women according to Islamic law. Our paper consists of three main chapters. After establishing a general framework, in the second chapter, we will shortly discuss the positions of all four Sunni schools of law on this issue. Also in the second chapter, we will especially present the related opinions of the members of the Shafii school of law, as they include detailed issues in this regard and gave the basis for the fatwas given in the modern period. Finally, we will elaborate on the general framework and revisit contamporary positions with their supporting proofs and arguments. Thereby we will offer a systematic examination of the juristic ruling of entering a mosque for menstruating women.WOS:00082266620000

A novel similarity based unsupervised technique for training convolutional filters

Achieving satisfactory results with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) depends on how effectively the filters are trained. Conventionally, an appropriate number of filters is carefully selected, the filters are initialized with a proper initialization method and trained with backpropagation over several epochs. This training scheme requires a large labeled dataset, which is costly and time-consuming to obtain. In this study, we propose an unsupervised approach that extracts convolutional filters from a given dataset in a self-organized manner by processing the training set only once without using backpropagation training. The proposed method allows for the extraction of filters from a given dataset in the absence of labels. In contrast to previous studies, we no longer need to select the best number of filters and a suitable filter weight initialization scheme. Applying this method to the MNIST, EMNIST-Digits, Kuzushiji-MNIST, and Fashion-MNIST datasets yields high test performances of 99.19%, 99.39%, 95.03%, and 90.11%, respectively, without applying backpropagation training or using any preprocessed and augmented data.Publisher's Versio

Molecular-dynamics simulations of nickel clusters

Structural stability and energetics of nickel clusters, Nih (N = 3 - 459), have been inves tigated by molecular-dynamics simulations, A size-dependent empirical model potential energy function has been used in the simulations. Stable structures of the microclusters with sizes N = 3 - 55 and clusters generated from fee crystal structure with sizes N = 79 - 459 have been determined by molecular-dynamics simulations. It has been found that the fivefold symmetry appears on the surface of the spherical clusters. The average coordination number shows a size-dependent characteristic, on the other hand the average nearest-neighbor distance does not show a size-dependence

Evaluation of Risks by L-Type (5x5) Matrix Method in an Ore Concentration Structure%253A A Case Study

Workplaces are places with a dynamic structure. This situation often leaves employees vulnerable to certain risks. Occupational accidents in the workplace are caused by various reasons such as production methods, human presence and environmental factors. For this reason, the most important element of a sustainable production is to ensure occupational health and safety. Creating a safe working environment in a workplace can only be achieved with a risk assessment prepared with the participation of people with high levels of competence (employer%252Fdeputy, occupational safety specialist, workplace doctor and other persons). Risk assessment begins during the establishment or design process of a workplace. This process consists of various processes such as identifying hazards, identifying and analyzing risks, deciding on risk control measures, and documentation. The most important point to be considered while making a risk assessment is to determine the most appropriate risk assessment method for the exploitation or plant. Factors such as production method, sector, type of risks and interaction with each other are among the main determining factors in determining the hazard class of workplaces. In this study, risks were evaluated in an ore beneficiation plant. The ore beneficiation facility is an area where the conversion of the ore extracted from the underground into the final product takes place. The work area is located in a very hazard class. Considering these issues, risks were evaluated using the L Type Matrix (5x5) method in the study. The L-Type Matrix method is more advantageous than many methods in that it is easy to understand and can be applied to many processes. A total of 72 risks were identified in the study. These risks are scored%253B 18 low risk, 30 medium risk, 24 high risk were identified. Considering the result of the study, some solution suggestions are presented in order to provide a safer working environment in the conclusion and suggestions section of the study

Shia mufessir Tabatabai's approach to the exchange of the Qur'an

MakaleKur'ân-ı Kerîm’de kişi, olay, yer, zaman ve mekân isimlerinden genel geçer olarak bahsedilmiş, teferruata evrensellik gereği girilmemiştir. Ancak Kur'ân-ı Kerîm’in muhatapları mübhem ayetleri aydınlatmak için günlerce, yıllarca uğraş vermiştir. İlk zamanlarda merakla başlayan bu çabalar zamanla şahsi görüş belirtmeye, israiliyyât vasıtasıyla kapalılığı gidermeye kadar vardırılmış, daha da ileri gidilerek siyasî fırkaların kendi meşruiyetlerini sağlama zeminine dönüştürülmüştür. Mübhemâtı farklı yorumlayan Tabâtabâî, bir filozof olmasının yanı sıra, Şiî geleneği temsil eden çağdaş bir müfessirdir. On dört asırlık Şî’a geleneği ile İslâmî bilimler ve modern bilimleri; kelâm, fıkıh, tasavvuf vb. ile felsefe, tarih, psikoloji, sosyolojiyi vb. bir araya getirmeyi tahlil-terkipteki yüksek muvaffakiyetiyle başarmış, farklı düşünce ve yaklaşımlar arasında köprüler kurabilmiştir. Tefsiri, el-Mîzân, birçok ilim dalında açıklamalar yapması sebebiyle ansiklopedik özellik taşıyan bir tefsirdir. el-Mîzân’ın en önemli özelliği Kur’ân’ı Kur’ân ile tefsir etme metoduyla yazılmış olmasıdır. el-Mîzân’da İmâmiyye - İsnâ Aşeriyye inanç esaslarını savunan Tabâtabâî, tefsirinde bazı ayetleri siyak-sibakından kopararak Ehl-i Beyt’le alakalandırmıştır. Kur'ân’ı, mübhem ayetleri tefsir ederken akidesini Kur'ân’a onaylatma yoluna gitmiştir. Tabâtabâî’nin, mübhemât hususunda genel olarak mezhebi ile benzer görüşleri paylaşmakta olduğu, ayetleri tarihsel ve metinsel bağlamından kopararak birçok kapalı bırakılan hususu, mezhebî akideleri doğrultusunda Hz. Ali, Ehl-i Beyt, imâmet ile yorumladığı görülmektedirIn the Quran, thenames of person, event, place, time and place are generally mentioned, and details, that is to say the amusement, are not entered due to universality. But the interlocutors of the Qur'an have worked for days and years to illuminate the exchange verses.These efforts, which began with curiosity in the early times, eventually reached to express personal views, to eliminate the closure through israeliyyat, and were further turned into a basis for ensuring the legitimacy of the political factions. Tabātabāi,who interprets mubhemāt differently, is a contemporary commentator representing the Shiite tradition, as well as being a philosopher. In his tafsir he succeeded in bringing Islamic Sciences Kalam, Fiqh, Sufism, etc. and Modern Sciences Philosophy, Sociology, History, Psychology together with fourteen centuries old Shia tradition and he was able to build bridges between different thoughts and approaches. His tafsir is an encyclopedic tafsir because of making explanations in many science fields. The most important feature of al-Mizan is that it is written with the method of exegesis of the Qur'an with the Qur'an. Imamiyya-İsnâ Aşeriyye belief principles were defended in al-Mîzân. In his exegesis Tabâtabâî correlated some ayat with Ehlibeyt removing them from his siyak-sibak. While interpreting the Qur'an and ambiguous verses, he sought to have his creed approved by the Qur'an. Tabatabâî's general view of the mubhemât is similar to his sect, and many of the issues that were left off by detaching the verses fromtheir historical and textual context, in line with their sectarian creeds. It is seen that he explained it with Ali, Ehl-i Beyt, imâmet

An Artist in the Making: Stephen’s Search for Self-Identity in James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

Tracing the transformation of Stephen Dedalus into an artist in the making, James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man presents the individual’s ongoing search for self-identity within the background of various notions such as religion, politics, Ireland, aesthetics, disillusionment and freedom. As an aspiring artist to be, Stephen goes through various stages and out of each stage he comes up with a new perception that enables him to broaden his horizon. While doing that, he rebels against the norms, and the codes of identity that he believes his home, his religion, and his country are trying to impose on him. As the hybrid quality of his name also testifies – bringing the religious (St. Stephen) and mythical (Deadelus) side by side – Stephen Dedalus takes the first step into a more unified vision which will enable him to see beyond the daily experience and turn it into an aesthetic inspiration. Accordingly, in addition to presenting an analysis of the thematic elements in the novel, it will also be attempted to illustrate the way in which Joyce points to an aesthetic and unified vision where the binaries give way to the encompassing vision of aesthetic unity

To one shut in from one shut out : anchoritic rules in England from the eleventh to the fourteenth century

Ankara : The Department of History, Bilkent University, 2007.Thesis (Master's) -- Bilkent University, 2007.Includes bibliographical references leaves 128-138Anchoritic treatises, or rules for anchorites, have been accepted as one of the main sources for the analysis of the solitary life in the anchorhold since the beginning of modern anchoritic studies. However, it is certain that scholarship on the solitary life has been more inclined to focus on the anchoresses’ cells as social phenomena rather than as a personal experience and therefore focused on the place of hermits and anchoresses in the Catholic Church, their functions in medieval society and the systems founded to support them financially. This thesis analyses anchoritic guides written in England from eleventh to fourteenth centuries to observe the changes in the attitudes of the authors towards their primary audiences and by this way concerns itself with the life in the anchorhold and the possible changes in the meaning and basic elements of the solitary religious pursuit for both the authors and the primary audience of the anchoritic rules. By a close analysis of the images, motifs and some highly important themes of the texts such as enclosure and virginity the thesis aims to find out the shifts in the discourses of the authors and comments on the possible reasons for these changes. The thesis in the end reaches the conclusion that the regulations for the life of an anchoress were shaped around the general tendencies and contemplative trends of the period, as well as the personal inclinations of the advisors. Therefore it rejects the idea that the anchoritic life was a static, standard one, showing no sign of change and reform over the centuries.Erkoç, SedaM.S

Clinical course and signs in patients with uveitis associated with ankylosing spondylitis

Aim: To evaluate clinical course and signs in patients withuveitis associated ankylosing spondylitis (AS).Methods: In this retrospective study we evaluated thepatients who were diagnosed as uveitis related to AS andfollowed up at the Ophthalmology Department of NecmettinErbakan University Hospital between May 2009 andJune 2012. Demographical features and clinical courseswere assessed.Results: Seventeen eyes of 13 patients were includedin the study. Nine patients (69.2%) were male and four(30.8%) were female. The mean age at presentation was38.54±9.61 years (range 28-63). Bilateral involvementwas observed in four (30.8%) patients. The mean followuptime was 17.46±11.86 months (range 3-36). The meannumber of attacks was 1.15±0.37 (range 1-2). Posteriorsegment manifestation accompanied anterior uveitis inthree eyes (17.6%). Posterior synechia developed in one(7.7%) and cataract in one patient (7.7%), cystoid macularedema in two patients (15.4%), and epiretinal membranein one patient (%7.7). The mean final visual acuitywas 0.975±0.07 (range 0.2-1.0).Conclusion: The prognosis of anterior uveitis associatedwith AS is good if the treatment is administered at theappropriate time. However, the posterior segment complicationsmay develop in these patients, treatment andfollow-up should be done in co-operation with the departmentof rheumatology.Key words: Ankylosing spondylitis, uveitis, rheumatology,clinical cours