A REVIEW ON CLASSIFICATION, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, AND PHARMACOTHERAPY OF HEADACHE

Headache disorders, characterized by recurrent headache, are among the most common disorders of the nervous system. Headache disorder is classified mainly into two major types, primary headache and secondary headache by the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Most types of headache are diagnosed by the clinical history and from headache classification committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). A number of intrinsic or extrinsic factors can trigger headache attack which release neurotransmitters and activate trigeminal vascular system. The grading of headache intensity is done by headache severity scale of IHS. Headache management includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment

Recent advances in the production of γ-valerolactone from biomass-derived feedstocks via heterogeneous catalytic transfer hydrogenation

γ-valerolactone (GVL) is an important intermediate chemical with a wide range of applications as fuel, fuel additive and as a green solvent which has received a great deal of attentions from both academia and industry. This review aims to summarise the advances in conversion of renewable feedstocks into GVL through heterogeneous catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) with a strong emphasis on discussing preparation, characterisation and performance of the catalysts in order to provide a better understanding of various catalytic systems and also to compare them in terms of catalytic performance

Advances in nanocatalysts design for biofuels production

The exploitation of nanocatalysts, at the boundary between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, is tracking new efficient ways to produce renewable biofuels in environmentally friendly conditions. Their solid state makes them recyclable, and their nanomateric particle size enables high activities approaching those offered by homogeneous catalysts, as well as novel and unique catalytic behaviors not accessible to solids above the nanometer range. Furthermore, the use of magnetically active materials has led to the development of nanocatalysts easily recoverable through the application of magnetic fields. In this mini-review, latest achievements in the production of advanced biofuels using stable, highly active, cheap and reusable nanocatalysts are described. Specifically, biodiesel and high density fuels have been chosen as major topics of research for the design of catalytic nanomaterials

A DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY ON MIGRAINE

Objective: The main objective was to carry out the observational study in migraine patients. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted for 6 months in 415 migraine patients with the prior approval from the Institutional Ethical committee. A predesigned pro forma was used to collect data such as socio-demographics of the patients, different types of migraine, triggering factors, and prescription pattern. Results: Among 415 patients, the female patients (n=356, 86%) outnumbered male patients (n=95, 14%). The mean age of the study population was found to be 59±54 years. In our study, we found that migraine without aura (79%) was most common, followed by probable migraine without aura (13.3%), chronic migraines (5%), and migraine with aura (0.3%). Grading is done according to International Headache Society into 0, mild, moderate, and severe. Conclusion: Compared to migraine with aura, migraine without aura is mostly seen in females than males due to fluctuating hormone levels, rural area is most effected due to exposure to triggers. Management includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological. Pharmacological therapy included nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs agents, Triptans, and prophylactic therapy, and adjunctive therapy also prescribed

3-Quinonlinecarbaldehyde thiosemicarbazones: Synthesis from N-arylacetamide, Characterization, Antibacterial and Antioxidant activities

Four different Schiff bases of 3-quinolinecarbaldehydes are synthesized from differently substituted thiosemicarbazides. The structures of compounds are established using modern analytical technique FT-IR, 1H-NMR and mass spectral data. Antimicrobial screening results are also presented against clinical isolates of pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus, and E. coli. Simultaneously, antioxidant activities also have been carried out using DPPH radical scavenging properties to understand other functional applications of compounds. Depending on the structures of four synthesized compound, the compound d showed higher free radical neutralizing abilities as well as antimicrobial activities that may be due to the presence of 6-flouro group of the quinoline which might be facilitating the flow of electrons through polarization of electron density of the quinoline ring

Numerical simulation of a hydrocarbon fuelled valveless pulsejet

Jet propulsion technology has been limited to being identified largely with turbojets and turbo-machinery driven jet engines. Of late there has been a renewed interest in pulsejet technology and it has once again caught the imagination of academia. The specific characteristics of the pulsejet, such as easy scalability, absence of moving parts, reduced combustion temperatures; lower NOX formation and the like make it possess varied capabilities for use in the field of jet propulsion and the most viable option for small-scale jet propulsion. In the current work, a numerical analysis encompassing feasibility and validation of a valveless pulsejet engine was attempted using CD-adapco׳s STAR-CCM+ CFD package. Due to lack of comprehensive established mathematical laws to govern the working of a pulsejet, most experimental work being performed is done by trial and error. This necessitates in-depth computational studies in order to shed more light on the understanding of valveless pulsejets. The results have been encouraging and in agreement with observed experimental conclusions such as, i) changes in dimensions affect the working of a pulsejet, ii) presence of a flare enhances the working of a pulsejet, and the close agreement in the frequency of operation. Through continuous study, an optimum initial condition was achieved which enabled the pulsejet to begin operation even before 0.05 s, thereby greatly reducing computational costs if a higher time-scale were to be used

Evaluation of Antiepileptic Activity of Flowers of Cocos nucifera L. Against Experimentally Induced Convulsions in Rats

The report used to be planned to analyze the antiepileptic activity of Cocos nucifera flowers against special experimentally induced convulsions in rats. In the present study, antiepileptic activity was assessed by following experimental models. Anti-convulsant in vivo models: Maximal electroshocks (MES) induced models in rats, Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced in rats. Pretreatment of animals with Cocos nucifera flowers extract has reduced by half the general continuance of tonic hind leg extension, the most commonly used endpoint in assessing clonic convulsions. MES provokes repetitive neuronal firing indicates epileptic neurons. MES is the widely accepted model to demonstrate the antiepileptic property of a drug. This property is antagonistic of the plant extract could flow from to blockade of voltage-gated sodium channel or due to effect on NMDA receptors. The Cocos nucifera flowers extract was also demonstrated potential anticonvulsant activity in PTZ induced convulsions and this may be due to its agonistic activity on the GABAA receptor. This is further supported by an elevated level of GABA by the plant extract in the PTZ model. Methanolic extract of Cocos nucifera flowers has shown significant anticonvulsant activity against MES and Pentlylenetetrazole induced convulsion models. This observed activity could also be the referable presence of flavonoids and other phytochemical constituents found in the powerful extract. Keywords: Cocos nucifera, antiepileptic activity, Maximal electroshock, Pentlylenetetrazole, Flavonoids