A REVIEW ON CLASSIFICATION, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, AND PHARMACOTHERAPY OF HEADACHE

Headache disorders, characterized by recurrent headache, are among the most common disorders of the nervous system. Headache disorder is classified mainly into two major types, primary headache and secondary headache by the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Most types of headache are diagnosed by the clinical history and from headache classification committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). A number of intrinsic or extrinsic factors can trigger headache attack which release neurotransmitters and activate trigeminal vascular system. The grading of headache intensity is done by headache severity scale of IHS. Headache management includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment

Recent advances in the production of γ-valerolactone from biomass-derived feedstocks via heterogeneous catalytic transfer hydrogenation

γ-valerolactone (GVL) is an important intermediate chemical with a wide range of applications as fuel, fuel additive and as a green solvent which has received a great deal of attentions from both academia and industry. This review aims to summarise the advances in conversion of renewable feedstocks into GVL through heterogeneous catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) with a strong emphasis on discussing preparation, characterisation and performance of the catalysts in order to provide a better understanding of various catalytic systems and also to compare them in terms of catalytic performance

Advances in nanocatalysts design for biofuels production

The exploitation of nanocatalysts, at the boundary between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, is tracking new efficient ways to produce renewable biofuels in environmentally friendly conditions. Their solid state makes them recyclable, and their nanomateric particle size enables high activities approaching those offered by homogeneous catalysts, as well as novel and unique catalytic behaviors not accessible to solids above the nanometer range. Furthermore, the use of magnetically active materials has led to the development of nanocatalysts easily recoverable through the application of magnetic fields. In this mini-review, latest achievements in the production of advanced biofuels using stable, highly active, cheap and reusable nanocatalysts are described. Specifically, biodiesel and high density fuels have been chosen as major topics of research for the design of catalytic nanomaterials

Gallic Acid Improved Amytryptiline Effect in Neuropathic Pain Induced by Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation (PSNL) in Rats

Aim and Backround: Amytriptiline (AMY), an antidepressant, is used in the treatment of neuropathic pain. However, with limited therapeutic benefits and side effects of AMY, it is not helpful to the majority of the neuropathic pain patients. Gallic acid (GA) is a polyphenolic product with potential antioxidant effects, useful in neuropathic pain. Objective: The purpose of the study was to investigate the improved neuropathic pain relief with GA in combination with AMY in rats. Methods: Partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) method is used for neuropathic pain induction in rats. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 8), and treated with drugs or vehicle once daily for 15 days after the pain induction. The first group served as Normal control and received normal saline (p.o), the second group served as Sham Control and received Normal Saline (p.o), the third group served as Surgery Control and received normal saline (p.o), the fourth group received AMY (25mg/kg, p.o), while the fifth group received GA (100mg/kg,p.o), and the sixth group received both AMY and GA. Further behavioural studies for pain were carried out on days 1,4,7,10,13,16,19 and 22. Histological studies of sciatic nerves were carried out on days 1, 15 and 22, and on the 22nd day, all the remaining animals were sacrificed for the biochemical estimations of the sciatic nerve tissues. Results: GA attenuates neuropathic pain better in combination with AMY by ameliorating the behavioral, biochemical and histopathological signs and symptoms. This resultant effect is due to its antioxidant, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions. It also potentiates AMY antinociceptive and antioxidant effects when given in combination in a continuous treatment. Conclusion: The results suggest that GA in combination with AMYattenuated the neuropathic pain. Hence, the use of GA as an adjunctive with AMY in the neuropathic pain will be more therapeutically beneficial; further studies on patients to confirm the results are warranted. </jats:sec

A REVIEW ON CLASSIFICATION, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, AND PHARMACOTHERAPY OF HEADACHE

Headache disorders, characterized by recurrent headache, are among the most common disorders of the nervous system. Headache disorder is classified mainly into two major types, primary headache and secondary headache by the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Most types of headache are diagnosed by the clinical history and from headache classification committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). A number of intrinsic or extrinsic factors can trigger headache attack which release neurotransmitters and activate trigeminal vascular system. The grading of headache intensity is done by headache severity scale of IHS. Headache management includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.</jats:p

DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED WEIGHED QUANTUM LION OPTIMIZATION FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE WITH SMOOTH SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE

Accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease(AD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment(MCI) was identified on an early stage is essential in the healthcare industry to stop degeneration. The Smooth Support Vector Machine (SSVM) model, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), feature extraction, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) image preprocessing are the components for the diagnosis of AD is proposed in this research at early stage. To assist in the classifier’s training, we proposed a novel Improved Weighed Quantum Lion Optimization (IWQLO). The SSVM parameters are specifically proposed to be optimized using a new Switching delayed Lion Optimization (SLO) algorithm.The IWQLO-SSVM approach was effectively used to classify AD and MCI utilizing MRI scans of the [Alzheimer’s disease Neuroimaging Initiative](https://adni.loni.usc.edu/)(ADNI) database and Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS) database. For six example scenarios, the classification accuracy of our proposed method is acceptable. Testing show that the proposed approach improves the performance measures such as accuracy, precision, specificity, sensitivity and recallfor detecting the early stage AD diagnosis.</jats:p