Therapeutic Mother Tongue and its Implications on the Work of Polyglot Psychotherapists

Psychodynamic psychotherapy occurs in the lingual field. At its core, the “talking cure” uses the power of words to transform the psyche. Questions arise when the psychologist using language as a central means for therapy is a foreign-language speaker. Research and personal contributions of polyglot therapists in recent years show, that practicing psychotherapy in foreign languages effects the therapist’s work on many levels; technical aspects, the therapist’s self-perception and role, the therapeutic relationship, therapist’s experience and understanding of language as an element in therapy, and more. The present study interviewed nine polyglot therapists in different stages of their career using diverse and different languages in their practice. Analysis of the data in the context of Winnicott’s construct of potential space (Winnicott, 1971) and current linguistics theories regarding language embodiment (Pavlenko, 2005) brought about the suggestion of the concept of Therapeutic Mother Tongue, that refers to the language of training. Therapists’ experience of Therapeutic Mother Tongue and other languages are explored

Foreign language and the psychotherapist: a study from a psychodynamic perspective

Starting from Freud and onwards, Language is the medium in which psychoanalysis, the talking cure, exists. Word choice and associations, dreams and sentence phrasing, make the landscape of the subject's inner world, personal story, and the unconscious. Language is also the means for psychological change through talking in all forms of analytic psychotherapy. It is the main tool in the service of therapist's interventions and the creation of insight. The present research explores the experience and the implications of doing therapeutic work in a foreign language. Data collection included interviews with nine polyglot therapists, analysis of the researcher's own experience as a polyglot therapist practicing psychotherapy in three languages, and theoretical research into psychodynamic, linguistic, and developmental aspects of polyglots. Thematic analysis of participants' contributions resulted in the following themes; 1. Polyglot Therapists' Relationship with their Different Languages. 2. Identity. 3. The Polyglot Therapist's Work, with two subthemes: 3.1. Non-verbal Elements. 3.2. Technical Issues. These themes are presented and discussed using participants' citations and theoretical literature. As a result of further, psychoanalytically-informed qualitative analysis, the concept of Therapeutic...Jak už víme od Freudových začátků, jazyk je hlavním médiem všech druhů psychoanalýzy a analytické psychoterapie, "léčby mluvením". Jazyk je jejím nástrojem pro sdělení pacienta a pro interpretaci a intervenci terapeuta. Volba slov, formulace vět, sdělené asociace a sny tvoří krajinu vnitřního světa subjektu a jeho nevědomí. Předkládaný výzkum se zaměřuje na zkušenosti a důsledky terapeutické práce v cizím jazyce. Sběr dat zahrnoval rozhovory s devíti polyglotními terapeuty, analýzu vlastní zkušenosti výzkumnice jako polyglotní terapeutky praktikující psychoterapii ve třech jazycích a také teoretický výzkum psychodynamických, lingvistických a vývojových aspektů polyglotů. Tematická analýza příspěvků účastníků vyústila v následující témata: 1. Vztah polyglotních terapeutů k jejich různým jazykům. 2. Identita. 3. Práce polyglotního terapeuta, se dvěma podtématy: 3.1. Neverbální prvky. 3.2. Technické otázky. Tato témata jsou prezentována a diskutována s využitím citací účastníků a teoretické literatury. Na základě další, psychoanalyticky podložené kvalitativní analýzy byl zaveden pojem "terapeutický mateřský jazyk", který vyjadřuje skutečnost, že vzhledem k holistické povaze výcvikového procesu terapeuta má jazyk výcviku tendenci se hluboce vtělit (anglicky: embodied) do terapeuta, ať už se jedná o...Katedra psychologiePedagogická fakultaFaculty of Educatio

Comparative metagenomic analyses reveal viral-induced shifts of host metabolism towards nucleotide biosynthesis

BACKGROUND: Viral genomes often contain metabolic genes that were acquired from host genomes (auxiliary genes). It is assumed that these genes are fixed in viral genomes as a result of a selective force, favoring viruses that acquire specific metabolic functions. While many individual auxiliary genes were observed in viral genomes and metagenomes, there is great importance in investigating the abundance of auxiliary genes and metabolic functions in the marine environment towards a better understanding of their role in promoting viral reproduction. RESULTS: In this study, we searched for enriched viral auxiliary genes and mapped them to metabolic pathways. To initially identify enriched auxiliary genes, we analyzed metagenomic microbial reads from the Global Ocean Survey (GOS) dataset that were characterized as viral, as well as marine virome and microbiome datasets from the Line Islands. Viral-enriched genes were mapped to a “global metabolism network” that comprises all KEGG metabolic pathways. Our analysis of the viral-enriched pathways revealed that purine and pyrimidine metabolism pathways are among the most enriched pathways. Moreover, many other viral-enriched metabolic pathways were found to be closely associated with the purine and pyrimidine metabolism pathways. Furthermore, we observed that sequential reactions are promoted in pathways having a high proportion of enriched genes. In addition, these enriched genes were found to be of modular nature, participating in several pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Our naïve metagenomic analyses strongly support the well-established notion that viral auxiliary genes promote viral replication via both degradation of host DNA and RNA as well as a shift of the host metabolism towards nucleotide biosynthesis, clearly indicating that comparative metagenomics can be used to understand different environments and systems without prior knowledge of pathways involved

Searchable encryption with decryption in the standard model

A *searchable public key encryption (PEKS) scheme* allows to generate, for any given message $W$, a trapdoor $T_W$, such that $T_W$ allows to check whether a given ciphertext is an encryption of $W$ or not. Of course, $T_W$ should not reveal any additional information about the plaintext. PEKS schemes have interesting applications: for instance, consider an email gateway that wants to prioritize or filter encrypted emails based on keywords contained in the message text. The email recipient can then enable the gateway to do so by releasing the trapdoors for the corresponding keywords. This way, the gateway can check emails for these keywords, but it learns nothing more about the email contents. PEKS schemes have first been formalized and constructed by Boneh et al.. But with one exception, no known construction of a PEKS scheme supports the decryption of ciphertexts. That is, known constructions allow to *test* for a certain message, but they do not allow to *retrieve* the message, even when having the full secret key. Besides being somewhat unnatural for an encryption scheme, this ``no-decryption\u27\u27-property also limits the applicability of a PEKS scheme. The one exception, a PEKS scheme with decryption due to Fuhr and Paillier, is formulated in the random oracle model, and inherently relies on the statistical properties of the random oracle. In fact, Fuhr and Paillier leave it as an open problem to construct a PEKS scheme with decryption in the standard model. In this paper, we construct the first PEKS scheme with decryption (PEKSD scheme) in the standard model. Our sole assumption is an anonymous IBE scheme. We explain the technical difficulties that arise with previous attempts to build a PEKS scheme with decryption and how we overcome these difficulties. Technically, we isolate a vital additional property of IBE schemes (a property we call *well-addressedness* and which states that a ciphertext is tied to an identity and will be rejected when trying to decrypt with respect to any other identity) and show how to generically achieve it. Our construction of a PEKSD scheme from an anonymous IBE scheme provides a natural example of a *non-shielding* construction (in which the decryption algorithm queries the encryption algorithm). Gertner et al. have shown that an IND-CCA secure public key encryption scheme cannot be constructed and proven from an IND-CPA secure scheme in a black-box and *shielding* way. However, our results give evidence that encryption queries in the decryption algorithm may well prove useful in a security reduction

The Influence of Ad Design and Content on Purchase Intentions of Low and High Context Cultures

Purpose:Empirical evidence is supportive of the influence of lowcontext (LC) and high context(HC) cultures on advertising design and execution (focused on text or context) and the content of the appeal (what utilities are highlightened). Specifically,functional, and socially conspicuous content appeals that stress those utilities are suggested to be more effective in LC cultures while emotional appeals in HC cultures. While the text focused ads are suggested to be more effective in LC cultures, where context focused ads in HC cultures. The objective of this research is to examine the effect of ad content and context in different cultures. This will clarify whetherdifferent marketing adaptation in content and context of the message is required for each culture. Methodology:Data were collected using an online experiment in two cultures considering LC and HC cultures (N of LC culture=97; N of HC culture=111) for two different product categories, cars and refrigerators. Findings:Some claims are consistently better with text or structure, beyond the HC and LC cultures, hedonic claim is better with the ad's structure than the text for both LC and HC in the car category and functional claim is better with the text than the structure for both categories. social claim yielded Higher PI (Purchase Intention) from HC and LC cultures in both categories and the functional claim in the refrigerator category yield higher PI in LC than HC. Unexpectedly, the text claims were rated higher for HC than LC in the car category. Especially the social claim focusing on text yield higher PI from HC individuals. Practical implications:Stereotypical cultural targeting is examined if it is justified when trying to encourage products purchase intention. Finding suggest that adapting the message or the context of the ad to the culture might be necessary to increase purchase intention, the practical suggestions should be designed based on the category examined. For technical products it seems text is more preferred among HC participants. While functional content was the most preferred for both cultures. Originality:This is the first study that examines cultural differences in the interactive effect of two crucial elements of the ad on purchase intention. This examination is important both theoretically (are different cultures are different in this context?) and practically (knowing if and what changes are needed when creating ads for each culture)

Convection-enhanced delivery of methotrexate-loaded maghemite nanoparticles

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a novel approach for delivering drugs directly into brain tumors by intracranial infusion, enabling the distribution of high drug concentrations over large tissue volumes. This study was designed to present a method for binding methotrexate (MTX) to unique crystalline, highly ordered and superparamagnetic maghemite nanoparticles via human serum albumin (HSA) coating, optimized for CED treatments of gliomas. Naked nanoparticles and HSA- or polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated nanoparticles with/without MTX were studied. In vitro results showed no toxicity and a similar cell-kill efficacy of the MTX-loaded particles via HSA coating to that of free MTX, while MTX-loaded particles via PEG coating showed low efficacy. In vivo, the PEG-coated nanoparticles provided the largest distributions in normal rat brain and long clearance times, but due to their low efficacy in vitro, were not considered optimal. The naked nanoparticles provided the smallest distributions and shortest clearance times. The HSA-coated nanoparticles (with/without MTX) provided good distributions and long clearance times (nearly 50% of the distribution volume remained in the brain 3 weeks post treatment). No MTX-related toxicity was noted. These results suggest that the formulation in which HSA was bound to our nanoparticles via a unique precipitation method, and MTX was bound covalently to the HSA, could enable efficient and stable drug loading with no apparent toxicity. The cell-kill efficacy of the bound MTX remained similar to that of free MTX, and the nanoparticles presented efficient distribution volumes and slow clearance times in vivo, suggesting that these particles are optimal for CED

Dispensing mifepristone for medical abortion in Canada: Pharmacists' experiences of the first year.

BACKGROUND: Mifepristone for medical abortion was first dispensed by community pharmacists in Canada directly to patients in January 2017. We asked about pharmacists' experiences over their first year dispensing mifepristone in order to evaluate the frequency of the new practice and assess availability in urban/rural pharmacies. METHODS: From August to December 2019, we invited 433 community pharmacists who had completed a baseline survey at least 1 year prior to participate in a follow-up online survey. We summarized categorical data using counts and proportions and conducted a qualitative thematic analysis of open-ended responses. RESULTS: Among 122 participants, 67.2% had dispensed the product, and 48.4% routinely stocked mifepristone. Pharmacists reported a mean of 26 and median of 3 (interquartile range, 1, 8) mifepristone prescriptions filled in their pharmacies in the previous year. Participants perceived that the benefits of making mifepristone available in pharmacies included increased abortion access for patients (n = 115; 94.3%), reduced pressure on the health care system (n = 104; 85.3%), increased rural and remote abortion access (n = 103; 84.4%) and increased interprofessional collaborations (n = 48; 39.3%). Few participants reported challenges to maintaining adequate stock of mifepristone, but these challenges included low demand (n = 24; 19.7%), short expiry dating (n = 12; 9.8%) and drug shortages (n = 8; 6.6%). The overwhelming majority, 96.7%, reported that their communities did not resist the provision of mifepristone by their pharmacy. INTERPRETATION: Participating pharmacists reported many benefits and very few barriers to stocking and dispensing mifepristone. Both urban and rural communities responded positively to enhanced access to mifepristone in their community. CONCLUSIONS: Mifepristone is well accepted by pharmacists within the primary care system in Canada

Genomes of marine cyanopodoviruses reveal multiple origins of diversity

The marine cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are highly abundant in the global oceans, as are the cyanophage with which they co-evolve. While genomic analyses have been relatively extensive for cyanomyoviruses, only three cyanopodoviruses isolated on marine cyanobacteria have been sequenced. Here we present nine new cyanopodovirus genomes, and analyse them in the context of the broader group. The genomes range from 42.2 to 47.7 kb, with G+C contents consistent with those of their hosts. They share 12 core genes, and the pan-genome is not close to being fully sampled. The genomes contain three variable island regions, with the most hypervariable genes concentrated at one end of the genome. Concatenated core-gene phylogeny clusters all but one of the phage into three distinct groups (MPP-A and two discrete clades within MPP-B). The outlier, P-RSP2, has the smallest genome and lacks RNA polymerase, a hallmark of the Autographivirinae subfamily. The phage in group MPP-B contain photosynthesis and carbon metabolism associated genes, while group MPP-A and the outlier P-RSP2 do not, suggesting different constraints on their lytic cycles. Four of the phage encode integrases and three have a host integration signature. Metagenomic analyses reveal that cyanopodoviruses may be more abundant in the oceans than previously thought.National Science Foundation (U.S.). Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (Grant OCE-042560)National Science Foundation (U.S.). Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (Grant EF 0424599

Transcriptome dynamics of a broad host-range cyanophage and its hosts

Cyanobacteria are highly abundant in the oceans and are constantly exposed to lytic viruses. The T4-like cyanomyoviruses are abundant in the marine environment and have broad host-ranges relative to other cyanophages. It is currently unknown whether broad host-range phages specifically tailor their infection program for each host, or employ the same program irrespective of the host infected. Also unknown is how different hosts respond to infection by the same phage. Here we used microarray and RNA-seq analyses to investigate the interaction between the Syn9 T4-like cyanophage and three phylogenetically, ecologically and genomically distinct marine Synechococcus strains: WH7803, WH8102 and WH8109. Strikingly, Syn9 led a nearly identical infection and transcriptional program in all three hosts. Different to previous assumptions for T4-like cyanophages, three temporally regulated gene expression classes were observed. Furthermore, a novel regulatory element controlled early-gene transcription, and host-like promoters drove middle gene transcription, different to the regulatory paradigm for T4. Similar results were found for the P-TIM40 phage during infection of Prochlorococcus NATL2A. Moreover, genomic and metagenomic analyses indicate that these regulatory elements are abundant and conserved among T4-like cyanophages. In contrast to the near-identical transcriptional program employed by Syn9, host responses to infection involved host-specific genes primarily located in hypervariable genomic islands, substantiating islands as a major axis of phage-cyanobacteria interactions. Our findings suggest that the ability of broad host-range phages to infect multiple hosts is more likely dependent on the effectiveness of host defense strategies than on differential tailoring of the infection process by the phage