Bio-Equivalence of Doxycycline in Two Preparations in Broiler Chickens

The present study was designed to investigate the bio-equivalence of doxycycline in Dolistin® and Colidox® at a dose rate of 10 mg doxycycline/kg of body weight in 48 clinically normal broiler chickens. After oral administration, plasma levels of doxycycline peaked after 2 hours post-dosing without significant differences between the two products and it could be detected therapeutically and exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for most micro-organisms sensitive to doxycycline for 12 hours. The disposition kinetics of doxycycline in the two products following oral administration revealed that the maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax.) were 22.65 and 21.80 µg/ml and attained at (Tmax.) 2.10 and 2.20 hours, respectively. Doxycycline in both of the products was eliminated with half- lives (t0.5α) equal to 7.70 and 6.93 hours, respectively. The mean systemic bio availabilities of doxycycline in both of the products after oral administration in chickens were 80.60 and 79.70%, respectively. It was concluded that doxycycline in the form of Dolistin® and Colidox® needs a dose equivalent to 20 mg doxycycline/kg of body weight a day is better to keep the plasma concentration higher than the MIC

Bio-Equivalence of Doxycycline in Two Preparations in Broiler Chickens

The present study was designed to investigate the bio-equivalence of doxycycline in Dolistin® and Colidox® at a dose rate of 10 mg doxycycline/kg of body weight in 48 clinically normal broiler chickens. After oral administration, plasma levels of doxycycline peaked after 2 hours post-dosing without significant differences between the two products and it could be detected therapeutically and exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for most micro-organisms sensitive to doxycycline for 12 hours. The disposition kinetics of doxycycline in the two products following oral administration revealed that the maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax.) were 22.65 and 21.80 µg/ml and attained at (Tmax.) 2.10 and 2.20 hours, respectively. Doxycycline in both of the products was eliminated with half- lives (t0.5α) equal to 7.70 and 6.93 hours, respectively. The mean systemic bio availabilities of doxycycline in both of the products after oral administration in chickens were 80.60 and 79.70%, respectively. It was concluded that doxycycline in the form of Dolistin® and Colidox® needs a dose equivalent to 20 mg doxycycline/kg of body weight a day is better to keep the plasma concentration higher than the MIC

Simulations of a modified micro-scale electrophoretron

This paper presents theoretical analysis and numerical simulations of a modified micro-scale electrophoretron adapted for cycling reaction applications (PCR, LDR...). The electrophoretron consists of a closed-loop microchannel. If one part of the length of the channel has an electroosmotic mobility of an opposite sign than the remaining part, a continuous cyclic motion of the fluid can be sustained if a potential difference is applied on two electrodes strategically placed along the channel. Conservation of mass leads to the formation of a pressure gradient and a related hydrodynamic flow. Under appropriate combination of design parameters, the combined Electroosmotic -hydrodynamic flow contributes to the generation of continuous circular motion of the bulk of the fluid along the closed-loop channel. The benefits of this technology for application to thermal cycling reactors are considerable. For example it eliminates long channel lengths required for a specified number of reaction cycles in a continuous flow device; this eliminates the associated high pressure drop in pressure driven continuous flow cycling reactors, and the associated high-voltage requirement in electrokinetically driven flow cycling reactors. It can also minimize thermal transition and cycling times because it allows the use of steady normal zones and provides the option of controlling the number of cycles necessary to obtain results without changing the architecture of the chip

Studies Of Various Strains Of Echinococcus Granulosus In Livestock In Libya: Prevlence, Ultra-Structure, And Genotypes Of Hydatid Cysts.

Hydatidosis of livestock is a widespread parasitic infection; Libya is not an exception. A total number of 32,971 livestock from different regions in Libya was examined for the prevalence rate. Morphological and molecular characterizations of E. granulosus isolates were also examined. the total prevalence rate in all study areas was 10.97%: 19.2% from sheep, 12.5% in the camels and 10.6% from cattle. The seasonal variations in the prevalence rates were almost similar in all three animals. Typically, the infection rates of hydatid cysts increased with age. Livers and lungs were the most commonly infected organs (43.1% and 42.1% respectively). The viability rates of fertile hydatid cysts in sheep and camels were 76.1% and 75.2% respectively with significant differences (P≤ 001) between them. The largest cyst size was found in the liver of camels (12.4 cm). The large and small hooks of protoscoleces were measured for their total, blade, and handle lengths as well as the width. From sheep, significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) between total lengths from different organs were seen. But based on the Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA), the differentiation in the liver and lung was low, but some lengths on spleen and mesentery with slightly high differentiation. For camels, significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) were seen between different organs. based on the DFA. The differences in the liver and lung were strong, but in the spleen it was low with most of them were distributed in the lungs. Tiny hooks were seen, denoting a possible presence of complete or incomplete third rostellar hooks

Effects of amoxicillin repeated administration on the hemogram and biogram of sheep

Background: The object of the present study was to investigate the possible alterations in hematological and biochemical parameters of sheep that may occur following intramuscular injection of amoxicillin.Methods: Amoxicillin was injected to 10 sheep at a dosage regimen of 7 mg/kg of body weight for 5 successive days. Two types of blood samples (with and without ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as an anticoagulant) were collected from the jugular vein before and after the antibiotic course.Results: Amoxicillin significantly (p<0.001) increased total leukocyte count and (p<0.05) absolute eosinophilic count when compared with those of the control samples. Aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol, were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the corresponding control values. In addition, amoxicillin significantly (p<0.05) increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine but decreased phosphorus level when compared with those of prior-administration samples.Conclusions: These data may suggest that although the side changes caused by amoxicillin are minor in sheep, yet the liver and kidney functions should be monitored during its usage in therapy and it should be used with care for treatment of sheep with renal and/or hepatic impairments; its dosage regimen should be adjusted to avoid its hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects

МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯ КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ ШТАММОВ ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS ОТ КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА В ЛИВИИ

This study demonstrates the distribution of various E. granulosus strains in sheep, cattle and camel. The common sheep strain G1 is mainly found in sheep and cattle, but also parasitized camels. In contrast, the camel strain G6 is found mainly in camels and rarely in sheep and cattle. However, the study also revealed the possible presence of cryptic species that are closely related to both genotypes in livestock of Libya as evident by high mutations in several specimens. Based on the occurrence of overlapping hosts of E. granulosus in Libya, more research on the transmission cycles and genotypes of E. granulosus in Libya is required. In addition, it is suggested that surveys on potential intermediate hosts, including in humans with dogs as the major final host in Libya using higher resolution molecular tools such as microsatellite markers is recommended.В данном исследовании представлено распространение различных штаммов E. granulosus овцы, крупного рогатого скота и верблюда. Обычный вид овечьего штамма G1 обнаруживают, в основном, у овец и крупного рогатого скота, однако верблюды также могут быть заражены этим штаммом.Напротив, верблюжий штамм G6, чаще всего, находили у верблюдов и реже у овец и крупного рогатого скота.Однако, в ходе исследований установлена вероятность наличия криптических видов, тесно связанных с обоими генотипами крупного рогатого скота в Ливии, что является подтверждением высокого уровня мутаций у некоторых видов.Исходя из того, что на территории Ливии отмечается преобладание хозяев штамма E. granulosus, необходимо провести дополнительные исследования циклов передачи инвазии и генотипов E. granulosus. Кроме того, рекомендуется провести обследование потенциальных промежуточных хозяев, включая частных владельцев собак, являющихся дефинитивными хозяевами, используя при этом молекулярные устройства высокого разрешения, такие как микросателлитные маркеры

Anti-inflammatory potential of Agaricus in carrageenan-induced model of local inflammation in rats

Background: The concept of effects of Agaricus on inflammatory responses is still controversial. This study, therefore, was designed to assess the potential of the anti-inflammatory effect of Agaricus 100% extract on acute inflammation using the model of carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats.Methods: Four groups among five (six rats each) have been injected with carrageenan (0.1 mL of 3% solution), intra-plantar in the right hind paw; the first group was injected with saline instead in the same manner and kept as control. An hour earlier, rats received different treatments, either saline (inflamed control), or diclofenac (inflamed, standard-treated), or Agaricus extract (5 mL/kg as small dose or 10 mL/kg as a large dose). The volume of the developed paw edema has been measured at an hour interval fashion (1~6 hrs) and at 24 hrs.Results: Agaricus extract showed inhibitory effects on the carrageenan-induced edema in time- and dose-dependent manner, at the late phase (2~ hrs) of the inflammatory response (small dose) and at both early (~2 hrs) and late phases (large dose). The effects were comparable to those of diclofenac being 11.74, 08.46, 08.99, 09.72 and 09.89% at 2-6 hrs (small dose); 14.04, 23.91, 21.92, 17.99, 15.63 and 16.96% at 1-6 hrs (large dose); 16.85, 31.30, 35.38, 35.97, 34.72 and 34.63% (diclofenac). The anti-inflammatory effect of Agaricus could be attributed to its phytochemical content which may inhibit the inducible inflammatory mediators (as prostaglandins and nitric oxide) in the late phase (small dose) and/or inhibiting both early (histamine and oxygen free radicals) and late mediators (large dose).Conclusions: These data may indicate that Agaricus extract has the potential of anti-inflammatory activity that could be applied in acute inflammatory disorders

Prevalence of endo-parasites of common tree frog (Rana Saharica) from Misurata, Libya

The current study was conducted to detect the prevalence of parasitic infection among (62) common tree frogs (Rana Saharica), of different ages, with weights ranged between 1 and 25g. Results: The results revealed that 61 (98%) out of 62 examined common frogs were infected with endo-parasites. The prevalence of infection with protozoal was (86.4%) and (80%) for helminthes, while the mixed infection with both was 65%. Furthermore, the nematodes (75.5%) were the most prevalent helminthes, also helminthes mixed infection in a single host was reported. Rhabiditis spp., Ophiotaenia ranae, Glypthelmins quieta, Corynosoma spp. were Recovered from the digestive tract of common tree frogs, whereas, the Oplina ranarum and Copromonas subtillis the most prevalent protozoan species were detected from the common frogs. From the parasitic fauna seen in this study and from the statistical analysis, there were significant differences (P=0.05) between the weight of hosts and the density of infection

PREVALENCE OF PARASITIC CONTAMINATION OF LEAFY GREEN VEGETABLES IN MISURATA, LIBYA

This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of parasitic contamination in leafy green (lettuce and rocket) vegetables, samples of which were taken up from different regions of Misurata, Libya. A total of 112 raw vegetable samples randomly selected from farms and markets were subsequently examined by a concentration method and then assayed by light microscopy. It was found that 56.3% of the green vegetables were contaminated with different intestinal parasites, the parasites included cysts of Giardia spp., Enatmeaba histolytic a, Entameaba coli , Coccidia spp. oocysts, Balantidium coli and eggs of Hymenolepis nana., Ascaris lumbricoides., Toxocara spp., Strongyloides spp., Trichius trichura and Trichostronylus spp. The highest rate of contamination was detected in rocket (64.3%) while contamination was lower in green lettuce (48.2%). Toxocara spp. eggs were the highest prevalent parasite detected in green vegetables (27%) with the highest score density found in the rocket. Toxocara was followed by Entameaba coli cysts (24%), Coccidia spp. Oocysts (22%), Enatmeaba histolytica cysts (19%), Giardia spp. cysts (10%), and Hymenolepis nana eggs (8%). There were lesser rates of contamination from the parasites Strongyloides spp., Trichius trichura and Trichostronylus spp. There was no significant difference between single and mixed contamination of rocket and lettuce P>0.05. However, there was a statistical difference between protozoa and helminths contamination of rocket and lettuce (P≤0.01). We conclude these findings may have important implications for global food safety and confirm that green vegetables are a point of transmission of intestinal parasites to humans and so are a threat to public health in Misurata, Libya

Bio-Equivalence of Doxycycline in Two Preparations in Broiler Chickens

The present study was designed to investigate the bio-equivalence of doxycycline in Dolistin® and Colidox® at a dose rate of 10 mg doxycycline/kg of body weight in 48 clinically normal broiler chickens. After oral administration, plasma levels of doxycycline peaked after 2 hours post-dosing without significant differences between the two products and it could be detected therapeutically and exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for most micro-organisms sensitive to doxycycline for 12 hours. The disposition kinetics of doxycycline in the two products following oral administration revealed that the maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax.) were 22.65 and 21.80 µg/ml and attained at (Tmax.) 2.10 and 2.20 hours, respectively. Doxycycline in both of the products was eliminated with half- lives (t0.5α) equal to 7.70 and 6.93 hours, respectively. The mean systemic bio availabilities of doxycycline in both of the products after oral administration in chickens were 80.60 and 79.70%, respectively. It was concluded that doxycycline in the form of Dolistin® and Colidox® needs a dose equivalent to 20 mg doxycycline/kg of body weight a day is better to keep the plasma concentration higher than the MIC