Family-Oriented P/CVE Programs: Overview, Challenges and Future Directions

Many have pointed out families to play a crucial role, both as a risk and protective factor, in radicalization leading to violence phenomena. Over the past few years, researchers and practitioners have recognized the importance of ensuring that families are addressed as a prevention target, as well as recognizing the valuable resource that they represent in preventive efforts. Accordingly, the field of P/CVE has witnessed the burgeoning of a variety of prevention and intervention initiatives specifically addressed to families, either aiming to strengthen family resilience in the face of various fragilities or to support parents in the face of problematic situations related to radicalization and (violent) extremism. While the number of family-oriented P/CVE programs has increased over the last decade, the available literature on this topic remains scarce, with very few publications providing knowledge about the nature, objectives and different operating procedures of existing initiatives. In this article, we introduce a typology of family-oriented P/CVE programs, relying on an extensive review of existing initiatives at an international level. We aim to contribute to the current literature by providing a better understanding of the variety of prevention mechanisms for radicalization leading to violence dedicated to families, as well as to discuss the challenges and pitfalls of those initiatives designed for (and sometimes by) families. In doing so, this article provides highlights and lessons that may be useful for the design of future initiatives

«Si t’es pas antifasciste, t’es fasciste, ou tu fais rien» : comprendre l’antifascisme montréalais et son engagement militant

L’antifascisme fait l’objet de nombreuses études sous sa forme historique, mais peu s’intéressent à son expression contemporaine. Afin de comprendre l’antifascisme dans le contexte montréalais, rencontrer les militants de cette lutte, acteurs de terrain de l’action, a semblé primordial. C’est donc en réalisant des entrevues semi-dirigées avec 5 militant(e)s antifascistes montréalais et par une courte recherche documentaire dans les ressources antifascistes montréalaises, que la compréhension de cette forme d’antifascisme a pu se construire. Cette recherche met en lumière une pluralité de portraits et de parcours militants auxquels la littérature sur le sujet , alors que les participants s’expriment sur leurs différents parcours, leur cheminement personnel ainsi que sur leurs motivations à s’engager. Ces discussions permettent de contextualiser l’engagement antifasciste dans le cadre spécifique du Québec au cours des 15 dernières années, tout en soulevant les défis des engagements militants. Par la même occasion, la rencontre des militant(es) met en avant la diversité des actions antifascistes ainsi que leurs enjeux, dont celui de la violence qui fait l’objet d’un traitement médiatique important. Cette recherche démontre que ce qui est présenté dans les médias ou la littérature sur l’antifascisme n’est que la pointe de l’iceberg et que la réalité du milieu est beaucoup plus complexe.Anti-fascism is the object of many studies when it comes to its historical expression, but few focus on its modern expression. When seeking to understand modern anti-fascism in Montreal, meeting the militants of the movement, front actors of the actions, seemed to be of prime importance. The comprehension of this form of anti-fascism was achieved by conducting semi-directed interviews with 5 Montrealer anti-fascist activists and through a documentary search conducted on several Montreal anti-fascists key resources. This research highlights a plurality of portraits and militant journeys which are hardly referred to in the literature on anti-fascism, while the participants describe their different experiences, their personal journey and their motivations to get involved in the cause. These discussions help contextualizing anti-fascist engagement in Montréal, Quebec, by exploring its definitional and cultural frameworks, while addressing the challenges of militant engagement. Anti-fascist actions are explored with the activists and allow to map out their actions as well as their challenges and stakes, including the issue of violence. This research shows that what is presented in the media or literature about anti-fascism is only the tip of the iceberg and the reality of the milieu is much more complex

APPORT DE L’IMAGERIE DANS L’ABDOMEN AIGU NON FEBRILE

The non febrile abdominal pains are very frequent and their causes are multiple. The imaging is important in the diagnosis, the complete physical examination, the follow-up and the treatment of the abdominopelvic lesions. The abdominal negatives without preparation are still used for the search of intestinal occlusion, acute intestinal ischemia. The echography is indicated particularly in the abdominal traumatisms, pelvic pain in the woman and for the search of lithiasis in the case of biliary ileus. The echo-doppler is indicated mainly in the vascular pathology. The computerized tomography is still the preferable examination in the diagnosis of the non febrile acute abdomens. The angiography is necessary if there is suspicion of mesenteric ischemia, digestive hemorrhage and particularly in an interventional gesture.Les douleurs abdominales aiguës non fébriles sont très fréquentes et relèvent de causes multiples. L’imagerie prend une place importante dans le diagnostic, le bilan, le suivi et le traitement des lésions abdomino-pelviennes. Les clichés d’abdomen sans préparation gardent leur indication à la recherche d’une occlusion intestinale, d’une ischémie intestinale aiguë. L’échographie est indiquée surtout dans les traumatismes abdominaux, douleurs pelviennes chez la femme et  à la recherche de lithiase en cas d’iléus biliaire. L’écho-doppler est indiquée principalement dans la pathologie vasculaire. La TDM reste l’examen de choix dans le diagnostic des abdomens aigus non fébriles. L’angiographie est justifiée en cas de suspicion d’une ischémie mésentérique, d’une hémorragie digestive et surtout dans un geste interventionnel

Analysis of a rapid increase of stratospheric ozone during late austral summer 2008 over Kerguelen (49.4° S, 70.3° E)

This paper reports on an increase of ozone event observed over Kerguelen (49.4° S, 70.3° E) in relationship with large-scale isentropic transport. This is evidenced by ground-based observations (co-localised radiosonde and SAOZ experiments) together with satellite global observations (Aura/MLS) assimilated into MOCAGE, a Méteo-France model. <br><br> The study is based on the analyses of the first ozonesonde experiment never recorded at the Kerguelen site within the framework of a French campaign called ROCK that took place from April to August 2008. <br><br> Comparisons and interpretations of the observed event are supported by co-localised SAOZ observations, by global mapping of tracers (O<sub>3</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O and columns of O<sub>3</sub>) from Aura/MLS and Aura/OMI experiments, and by model simulations of Ertel Potential Vorticity initialised by the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) data reanalyses. <br><br> Satellite and ground-based observational data revealed a consistent increase of ozone in the local stratosphere by mid-April 2008. Additionally, Ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) profiles obtained during January–May 2008 using the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) aboard the Aura satellite are assimilated into MOCAGE (MOdèle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Echelle), a global three-dimensional chemistry transport model of Météo-France. The assimilated total O<sub>3</sub> values are consistent with SAOZ ground observations (within ±5%), and isentropic distributions of O<sub>3</sub> match well with maps of advected potential vorticity (APV) derived from the MIMOSA model, a high-resolution advection transport model, and from the ECMWF reanalysis. <br><br> The event studied seems to be related to the isentropic transport of air masses that took place simultaneously in the lower- and middle-stratosphere, respectively from the polar region and from the tropics to the mid-latitudes. <br><br> In fact, the ozone increase observed by mid April 2008 resulted simultaneously: (1) from an equator-ward departure of polar air masses characterised with a high-ozone layer in the lower stratosphere (near the 475 K isentropic level), and (2) from a reverse isentropic transport from the tropics to mid- and high-latitudes in the upper stratosphere (nearby the 700 K level). The increase of ozone observed over Kerguelen from the 16-April ozonesonde profile is thus attributed to a concomitant isentropic transport of ozone in two stratospheric layers: the tropical air moving southward and reaching over Kerguelen in the upper stratosphere, and the polar air passing over the same area but in the lower stratosphere

The branched-chain aminotransferase proteins: Novel redox chaperones for protein disulfide isomerase-implications in Alzheimer's disease

Aims: The human branched-chain aminotransferase proteins (hBCATm and hBCATc) are regulated through oxidation and S-nitrosation. However, it remains unknown whether they share common redox characteristics to enzymes such as protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) in terms of regulating cellular repair and protein misfolding. Results: Here, similar to PDI, the hBCAT proteins showed dithiol-disulfide isomerase activity that was mediated through an S-glutathionylated mechanism. Site-directed mutagenesis of the active thiols of the CXXC motif demonstrates that they are fundamental to optimal protein folding. Far Western analysis indicated that both hBCAT proteins can associate with PDI. Co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that hBCATm directly binds to PDI in IMR-32 cells and the human brain. Electron and confocal microscopy validated the expression of PDI in mitochondria (using Mia40 as a mitochondrial control), where both PDI and Mia40 were found to be co-localized with hBCATm. Under conditions of oxidative stress, this interaction is decreased, suggesting that the proposed chaperone role for hBCATm may be perturbed. Moreover, immunohistochemistry studies show that PDI and hBCAT are expressed in the same neuronal and endothelial cells of the vasculature of the human brain, supporting a physiological role for this binding. Innovation: This study identifies a novel redox role for hBCAT and confirms that hBCATm differentially binds to PDI under cellular stress. Conclusion: These studies indicate that hBCAT may play a role in the stress response of the cell as a novel redox chaperone, which, if compromised, may result in protein misfolding, creating aggregates as a key feature in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. © 2014 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc

A geostationary thermal infrared sensor to monitor the lowermost troposphere: O₃ and CO retrieval studies

This paper describes the capabilities of a nadir thermal infrared (TIR) sensor proposed for deployment onboard a geostationary platform to monitor ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO) for air quality (AQ) purposes. To assess the capabilities of this sensor we perform idealized retrieval studies considering typical atmospheric profiles of O3 and CO over Europe with different instrument configuration (signal to noise ratio, SNR, and spectral sampling interval, SSI) using the KOPRA forward model and the KOPRA-fit retrieval scheme. We then select a configuration, referred to as GEO-TIR, optimized for providing information in the lowermost troposphere (LmT; 0–3 km in height). For the GEO-TIR configuration we obtain ~1.5 degrees of freedom for O3 and ~2 for CO at altitudes between 0 and 15 km. The error budget of GEO-TIR, calculated using the principal contributions to the error (namely, temperature, measurement error, smoothing error) shows that information in the LmT can be achieved by GEO-TIR. We also retrieve analogous profiles from another geostationary infrared instrument with SNR and SSI similar to the Meteosat Third Generation Infrared Sounder (MTG-IRS) which is dedicated to numerical weather prediction, referred to as GEO-TIR2. We quantify the added value of GEO-TIR over GEO-TIR2 for a realistic atmosphere, simulated using the chemistry transport model MOCAGE (MOd`ele de Chimie Atmospherique `a Grande Echelle). Results show that GEO-TIR is able to capture well the spatial and temporal variability in the LmT for both O3 and CO. These results also provide evidence of the significant added value in the LmT of GEO-TIR compared to GEO-TIR2 by showing GEO-TIR is closer to MOCAGE than GEO-TIR2 for various statistical parameters (correlation, bias, standard deviation)

A tailored multi-model ensemble for air traffic management: Demonstration and evaluation for the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in May 2010

High quality volcanic ash forecasts are crucial to minimize the economic impact of volcanic hazards on air traffic. Decision-making is usually based on numerical dispersion modeling with only one model realization. Given the inherent uncertainty of such approach, a multi-model multi-source term ensemble has been designed and evaluated for the Eyjafjallaj&ouml;kull eruption in May 2010. Its use for air traffic management is discussed. Two multi-model ensembles were built: the first is based on the output of four dispersion models and their own implementation of ash ejection. All a priori model source terms were constrained by observational evidence of the volcanic ash cloud top as a function of time. The second ensemble is based on the same four dispersion models, which were run with three additional source terms: (i) a source term obtained with background modeling constrained with satellite data (a posteriori source term), (ii) its lower bound estimate, and (iii) its upper bound estimate. The a priori ensemble gives valuable information about the probability of ash dispersion during the early phase of the eruption, when observational evidence is limited. However, its evaluation with observational data reveals lower quality compared to the second ensemble. While the second ensemble ash column load and ash horizontal location compare well to satellite observations, 3D ash concentrations are negatively biased. This might be caused by the vertical distribution of ash, which is too much diluted in all model runs, probably due to defaults in the a posteriori source term and vertical transport and/or diffusion processes in all models. Relevant products for the air traffic management are horizontal maps of ash concentration quantiles (median, 75 %, 99 %) at a fine-resolved flight level grid. These maps can be used for route optimization in the areas where ash does not pose a direct and urgent threat to aviation. Cost-optimized consideration of such hazards will result in much less impact on flight cancellations, reroutings, and traffic flow congestions.</p

Characterization of the Drosophila Ortholog of the Human Usher Syndrome Type 1G Protein Sans

BACKGROUND: The Usher syndrome (USH) is the most frequent deaf-blindness hereditary disease in humans. Deafness is attributed to the disorganization of stereocilia in the inner ear. USH1, the most severe subtype, is associated with mutations in genes encoding myosin VIIa, harmonin, cadherin 23, protocadherin 15, and sans. Myosin VIIa, harmonin, cadherin 23, and protocadherin 15 physically interact in vitro and localize to stereocilia tips in vivo, indicating that they form functional complexes. Sans, in contrast, localizes to vesicle-like structures beneath the apical membrane of stereocilia-displaying hair cells. How mutations in sans result in deafness and blindness is not well understood. Orthologs of myosin VIIa and protocadherin 15 have been identified in Drosophila melanogaster and their genetic analysis has identified essential roles in auditory perception and microvilli morphogenesis, respectively. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here, we have identified and characterized the Drosophila ortholog of human sans. Drosophila Sans is expressed in tubular organs of the embryo, in lens-secreting cone cells of the adult eye, and in microvilli-displaying follicle cells during oogenesis. Sans mutants are viable, fertile, and mutant follicle cells appear to form microvilli, indicating that Sans is dispensable for fly development and microvilli morphogenesis in the follicle epithelium. In follicle cells, Sans protein localizes, similar to its vertebrate ortholog, to intracellular punctate structures, which we have identified as early endosomes associated with the syntaxin Avalanche. CONCLUSIONS: Our work is consistent with an evolutionary conserved function of Sans in vesicle trafficking. Furthermore it provides a significant basis for further understanding of the role of this Usher syndrome ortholog in development and disease