2,337 research outputs found
Atomic to continuum passage for nanotubes. Part I: a discrete Saint-Venant principle
We consider general nanotubes of atoms in where each atom interacts with all others through a two-body potential. When there are no exterior forces, a particular family of nanotubes is the set of perfect nanotubes at the equilibrium. When exterior forces are applied on the nanotube, we compare the nanotube to nanotubes of the previous family. This quantitative comparison is formulated in our main result as a Saint-Venant principle. This estimate can be derived for a large class of potentials (including Lennard-Jones potential), when the perfect nanotubes at the equilibrium are stable. The approach is designed to be applicable to general nanotubes that can be for instance carbon nanotubes or DNA. In a second paper (part II), we derive from our Saint-Venant principle, a macroscopic mechanical model for general nanotubes
Atomic to continuum passage for nanotubes. Part II: error estimates
We consider deformations in of an infinite general nanotube of atoms where each atom interacts with all the other through a two-body potential. We compute the effect of an external force applied to the nanotube. At the equilibrium, the positions of the atoms satisfy an Euler-Lagrange equation. For large classes of potentials (including Lennard-Jones potential) and under suitable stability assumptions, we prove that every solution is well approximated by the solution of a continuum model involving stretching and twisting, but no bending. We establish an error estimate between the discrete and the continuous solution based on a Saint-Venant principle that the reader can find in the companion paper (part I
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Early tumor response to intraarterial or intravenous administration of carboplatin to treat naturally occurring lower urinary tract carcinoma in dogs.
BackgroundSurvival times and tumor responses associated with malignant neoplasia of the lower urinary tract are poor despite the vast array of current treatments. Therefore, the evaluation of alternative treatments, such as intraarterial administration of chemotherapy (IAC) should be considered.ObjectiveTo describe a technique for superselective catheterization for IAC and to evaluate initial tumor response by ultrasonography after both IAC and intravenous administration of chemotherapy (IVC).AnimalsClient-owned dogs with lower urinary tract neoplasia treated with either IVC (n = 15) or IAC (n = 11).MethodsRetrospective study. An arterial approach via the carotid or femoral artery was utilized to obtain superselective access and administer chemotherapy in the IAC cases. Medical record review was performed, data were recorded, and recorded variables were evaluated statistically.ResultsIntraarterial chemotherapy was successfully administered in all cases. There was a significantly greater decrease in longest unidimensional measurement in the IAC group as compared to the IVC group (P = .013). The IAC group was also significantly more likely to have a tumor response as assessed by modified RECIST guidelines (P = .049). Dogs in the IAC group were significantly less likely to develop anemia (P = .001), lethargy (P = .010) and anorexia (P = .024).Conclusion and clinical importanceThis study demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of performing IAC for lower urinary tract neoplasia. Further investigation is necessary as the follow-up time was short and the impact on long-term outcome and survival was not determined
A Statistical View of Learning in the Centipede Game
In this article we evaluate the statistical evidence that a population of
students learn about the sub-game perfect Nash equilibrium of the centipede
game via repeated play of the game. This is done by formulating a model in
which a player's error in assessing the utility of decisions changes as they
gain experience with the game. We first estimate parameters in a statistical
model where the probabilities of choices of the players are given by a Quantal
Response Equilibrium (QRE) (McKelvey and Palfrey, 1995, 1996, 1998), but are
allowed to change with repeated play. This model gives a better fit to the data
than similar models previously considered. However, substantial correlation of
outcomes of games having a common player suggests that a statistical model that
captures within-subject correlation is more appropriate. Thus we then estimate
parameters in a model which allows for within-player correlation of decisions
and rates of learning. Through out the paper we also consider and compare the
use of randomization tests and posterior predictive tests in the context of
exploratory and confirmatory data analyses
Short-Term Exposure to Tobacco Toxins Alters Expression of Multiple Proliferation Gene Markers in Primary Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell Cultures
The biological effects of only a finite number of tobacco toxins have been studied. Here, we describe exposure of cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells to low concentrations of tobacco carcinogens: nickel sulphate, benzo(b)fluoranthene, N-nitrosodiethylamine, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). After a 24-hour exposure, EGFR was expressed in cell membrane and cytoplasm, BCL-2 was expressed only in the irregular nuclei of large atypical cells, MKI67 was expressed in nuclei with no staining in larger cells, cytoplasmic BIRC5 with stronger nuclear staining was seen in large atypical cells, and nuclear TP53 was strongly expressed in all cells. After only a 24-hour exposure, cells exhibited atypical nuclear and cytoplasmic features. After a 48-hour exposure, EGFR staining was localized to the nucleus, BCL-2 was slightly decreased in intensity, BIRC5 was localized to the cytoplasm, and TP53 staining was increased in small and large cells. BCL2L1 was expressed in both the cytoplasm and nuclei of cells at 24- and 48-hour exposures. We illustrate that short-termexposure of a bronchial epithelial cell line to smoking-equivalent concentrations of tobacco carcinogens alters the expression of key proliferation regulatory genes, EGFR, BCL-2, BCL2L1, BIRC5, TP53, and MKI67, similar to that reported in biopsy specimens of pulmonary epithelium described to be preneoplastic lesions
An enhanced MOSFET threshold voltage model for the 6–300 K temperature range
An enhanced threshold voltage model for MOSFETs operating over a wide range of temperatures (6–300K) is presented. The model takes into account the carrier freeze-out effect and the external field-assisted ionization to address the temperature dependence of MOS transistors. For simplicity, an empirical function is incorporated to predict short channel effects over the temperature range. The results from the proposed model demonstrate good agreement with NMOS and PMOS transistors measured from fabricated chips
Identification of direct residue contacts in protein-protein interaction by message passing
Understanding the molecular determinants of specificity in protein-protein
interaction is an outstanding challenge of postgenome biology. The availability
of large protein databases generated from sequences of hundreds of bacterial
genomes enables various statistical approaches to this problem. In this context
covariance-based methods have been used to identify correlation between amino
acid positions in interacting proteins. However, these methods have an
important shortcoming, in that they cannot distinguish between directly and
indirectly correlated residues. We developed a method that combines covariance
analysis with global inference analysis, adopted from use in statistical
physics. Applied to a set of >2,500 representatives of the bacterial
two-component signal transduction system, the combination of covariance with
global inference successfully and robustly identified residue pairs that are
proximal in space without resorting to ad hoc tuning parameters, both for
heterointeractions between sensor kinase (SK) and response regulator (RR)
proteins and for homointeractions between RR proteins. The spectacular success
of this approach illustrates the effectiveness of the global inference approach
in identifying direct interaction based on sequence information alone. We
expect this method to be applicable soon to interaction surfaces between
proteins present in only 1 copy per genome as the number of sequenced genomes
continues to expand. Use of this method could significantly increase the
potential targets for therapeutic intervention, shed light on the mechanism of
protein-protein interaction, and establish the foundation for the accurate
prediction of interacting protein partners.Comment: Supplementary information available on
http://www.pnas.org/content/106/1/67.abstrac
An rf Quantum Capacitance Parametric Amplifier
We demonstrate a radio-frequency parametric amplifier that exploits the
gate-tunable quantum capacitance of an ultra high mobility two dimensional
electron gas (2DEG) in a GaAs heterostructure at cryogenic temperatures. The
prototype narrowband amplifier exhibits a gain greater than 20 dB up to an
input power of - 66 dBm (1 dB compression), and a noise temperature TN of 1.3 K
at 370 MHz. In contrast to superconducting amplifiers, the quantum capacitance
parametric amplifier (QCPA) is operable at tesla-scale magnetic fields and
temperatures ranging from milli kelvin to a few kelvin. These attributes,
together with its low power (microwatt) operation when compared to conventional
transistor amplifiers, suggest the QCPA may find utility in enabling on-chip
integrated readout circuits for semiconductor qubits or in the context of space
transceivers and radio astronomy instruments
Statistical Analysis of Composite Spectra
We consider nearest neighbor spacing distributions of composite ensembles of
levels. These are obtained by combining independently unfolded sequences of
levels containing only few levels each. Two problems arise in the spectral
analysis of such data. One problem lies in fitting the nearest neighbor spacing
distribution to the histogram of level spacings obtained from the data. We show
that the method of Bayesian inference is superior to this procedure. The second
problem occurs when one unfolds such short sequences. We show that the
unfolding procedure generically leads to an overestimate of the chaoticity
parameter. This trend is absent in the presence of long-range level
correlations. Thus, composite ensembles of levels from a system with long-range
spectral stiffness yield reliable information about the chaotic behavior of the
system.Comment: 26 pages, 3 figures; v3: changed conclusions, appendix adde
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