Kvinnor i IT-Branschen

Kvinnor är och har alltid varit underrepresenterade inom IT-branschen, speciellt inom tekniska roller. Orsakerna till underrepresentationen och till att kvinnor tenderar att vara i mindre tekniska roller sägs vara såväl biologiska som sociala. I denna uppsats undersöker vi i vilka roller kvinnliga IT-konsulter befinner sig och vad anledningarna är till att de antingen sökt till eller placerats där. Vi utförde en enkätundersökning som riktade sig kvinnliga IT-konsulter på fyra olika företag. Enkätundersökningen behandlade de olika faktorer som i litteraturgenomgången presenteras som bidragande till i vilka roller kvinnor befinner sig. Resultatet av undersökningen blev att vi kunde dela in kvinnorna i tre övergripande roller; Mjuka/Inåtriktade, Hybrida/Utåtriktade och Tekniska. Flest kvinnor återfinns i de mjuka/inåtriktade rollerna även om delar av vårt resultat tyder på att kvinnorna skulle passa bäst i de hybrida rollerna. Anledningen till att kvinnorna är i en specifik roll grundar sig i ett antal olika faktorer; Hennes bakgrund, hennes personliga egenskaper, viktiga egenskaper för hennes yrkesroll samt samhällets syn på kvinnor och IT. Tillsammans bidrar faktorerna till att forma kvinnornas inställning till teknik och IT. Faktorerna har olika stor inverkan för respektive roll men bör alltid ses som en helhet för att förstå varför kvinnor placeras i eller söker sig till en viss roll

Diagnosinflation inom Barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin

Syftet med studien var att undersöka skillnader i val av diagnos och behandling inom Barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin (BUP) beroende på vilken bedömningsmetod som används vid det första kartläggande nybesöket. Metod: Samtliga bedömningssamtal (234) som genomförts på en BUP-mottagning i Sverige under 2018. 98 av samtalen utfördes med MINI-KID medan 136 av samtalen var kliniska samtal. Barnen slumpades till vilken metod som användes, men då några behandlare på enheten saknar MINI-KID utbildning så är de kliniska samtalen fler. Resultat: Intervjuerna med MINI-KID ledde i högre utsträckning i att en psykiatrisk diagnos ställdes och förespråkade oftare kognitiv beteendeterapi. De kliniska intervjuerna förespråkade i större omfattning familjeterapi baserat på att de oftare uppfattade källan till barnets symtombild i kontexten snarare än i barnet självt. Några könsskillnader avseende ställd diagnos eller föreslagen behandlingsinsats kunde inte påvisas.The purpose of the study was to investigate differences in the choice of diagnosis and treatment in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (BUP) depending on the assessment method used in the first mapping new visit. Method: All assessment interviews (234) conducted at a BUP clinic in Sweden in 2018. 98 of the interviews were conducted with MINI-KID while 136 of the interviews were clinical interviews. The children were randomized to the method used, but since some therapists at the unit lack MINI-KID training, the clinical conversations are more numerous. Results: The interviews with MINI-KID led to a greater extent in that a psychiatric diagnosis was made and more often advocated cognitive behavioral therapy. The clinical interviews to a greater extent advocated family therapy based on the fact that they more often perceived the source of the child's symptoms in the context rather than in the child himself. No gender differences regarding the diagnosis or proposed treatment intervention could be demonstrated.publishedVersio

Genetic contributions to visuospatial cognition in Williams syndrome: insights from two contrasting partial deletion patients

Background Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder arising from a hemizygotic deletion of approximately 27 genes on chromosome 7, at locus 7q11.23. WS is characterised by an uneven cognitive profile, with serious deficits in visuospatial tasks in comparison to relatively proficient performance in some other cognitive domains such as language and face processing. Individuals with partial genetic deletions within the WS critical region (WSCR) have provided insights into the contribution of specific genes to this complex phenotype. However, the combinatorial effects of different genes remain elusive. Methods We report on visuospatial cognition in two individuals with contrasting partial deletions in the WSCR: one female (HR), aged 11 years 9 months, with haploinsufficiency for 24 of the WS genes (up to GTF2IRD1), and one male (JB), aged 14 years 2 months, with the three most telomeric genes within the WSCR deleted, or partially deleted. Results Our in-depth phenotyping of the visuospatial domain from table-top psychometric, and small- and large-scale experimental tasks reveal a profile in HR in line with typically developing controls, albeit with some atypical features. These data are contrasted with patient JB’s atypical profile of strengths and weaknesses across the visuospatial domain, as well as with more substantial visuospatial deficits in individuals with the full WS deletion. Conclusions Our findings point to the contribution of specific genes to spatial processing difficulties associated with WS, highlighting the multifaceted nature of spatial cognition and the divergent effects of genetic deletions within the WSCR on different components of visuospatial ability. The importance of general transcription factors at the telomeric end of the WSCR, and their combinatorial effects on the WS visuospatial phenotype are also discussed

Anthropometric indices of Gambian children after one or three annual rounds of mass drug administration with azithromycin for trachoma control.

BACKGROUND: Mass drug administration (MDA) with azithromycin, carried out for the control of blinding trachoma, has been linked to reduced mortality in children. While the mechanism behind this reduction is unclear, it may be due, in part, to improved nutritional status via a potential reduction in the community burden of infectious disease. To determine whether MDA with azithromycin improves anthropometric indices at the community level, we measured the heights and weights of children aged 1 to 4 years in communities where one (single MDA arm) or three annual rounds (annual MDA arm) of azithromycin had been distributed. METHODS: Data collection took place three years after treatment in the single MDA arm and one year after the final round of treatment in the annual MDA arm. Mean height-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-height z scores were compared between treatment arms. RESULTS: No significant differences in mean height-for-age, weight-for-age or weight-for-height z scores were found between the annual MDA and single MDA arms, nor was there a significant reduction in prevalence of stunting, wasting or underweight between arms. CONCLUSIONS: Our data do not provide evidence that community MDA with azithromycin improved anthropometric outcomes of children in The Gambia. This may suggest reductions in mortality associated with azithromycin MDA are due to a mechanism other than improved nutritional status

Factors Predicting and Reducing Mortality in Patients with Invasive Staphylococcus aureus Disease in a Developing Country

BACKGROUND: Invasive Staphylococcus aureus infection is increasingly recognised as an important cause of serious sepsis across the developing world, with mortality rates higher than those in the developed world. The factors determining mortality in developing countries have not been identified. METHODS: A prospective, observational study of invasive S. aureus disease was conducted at a provincial hospital in northeast Thailand over a 1-year period. All-cause and S. aureus-attributable mortality rates were determined, and the relationship was assessed between death and patient characteristics, clinical presentations, antibiotic therapy and resistance, drainage of pus and carriage of genes encoding Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A total of 270 patients with invasive S. aureus infection were recruited. The range of clinical manifestations was broad and comparable to that described in developed countries. All-cause and S. aureus-attributable mortality rates were 26% and 20%, respectively. Early antibiotic therapy and drainage of pus were associated with a survival advantage (both p<0.001) on univariate analysis. Patients infected by a PVL gene-positive isolate (122/248 tested, 49%) had a strong survival advantage compared with patients infected by a PVL gene-negative isolate (all-cause mortality 11% versus 39% respectively, p<0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis using all variables significant on univariate analysis revealed that age, underlying cardiac disease and respiratory infection were risk factors for all-cause and S. aureus-attributable mortality, while one or more abscesses as the presenting clinical feature and procedures for infectious source control were associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS: Drainage of pus and timely antibiotic therapy are key to the successful management of S. aureus infection in the developing world. Defining the presence of genes encoding PVL provides no practical bedside information and draws attention away from identifying verified clinical risk factors and those interventions that save lives

Feasibility of Modified Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines in a Resource-Restricted Setting Based on a Cohort Study of Severe S. Aureus Sepsis

[This corrects the article on p. e29858 in vol. 7.]

Is music enriching for group-housed captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)?

Many facilities that house captive primates play music for animal enrichment or for caregiver enjoyment. However, the impact on primates is unknown as previous studies have been inconclusive. We conducted three studies with zoo-housed chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and one with group-housed chimpanzees at the National Centre for Chimpanzee Care to investigate the effects of classical and pop/rock music on various variables that may be indicative of increased welfare. Study one compared the behaviour and use of space of 18 animals when silence, classical or pop/rock music was played into one of several indoor areas. Overall, chimpanzees did not actively avoid the area when music was playing but were more likely to exit the area when songs with higher beats per minute were broadcast. Chimpanzees showed significantly fewer active social behaviours when music, rather than silence, was playing. They also tended to be more active and engage in less abnormal behaviour during the music but there was no change to either self-grooming or aggression between music and silent conditions. The genre of music had no differential effects on the chimpanzees’ use of space and behaviour. In the second study, continuous focal observations were carried out on three individuals with relatively high levels of abnormal behaviour. No differences in behaviour between music and silence periods were found in any of the individuals. The final two studies used devices that allowed chimpanzees to choose if they wanted to listen to music of various types or silence. Both studies showed that there were no persistent preferences for any type of music or silence. When taken together, our results do not suggest music is enriching for group-housed captive chimpanzees, but they also do not suggest that music has a negative effect on welfare

Prediction of Depression in Individuals at High Familial Risk of Mood Disorders Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Objective Bipolar disorder is a highly heritable condition. First-degree relatives of affected individuals have a more than a ten-fold increased risk of developing bipolar disorder (BD), and a three-fold risk of developing major depressive disorder (MDD) than the general population. It is unclear however whether differences in brain activation reported in BD and MDD are present before the onset of illness. Methods We studied 98 young unaffected individuals at high familial risk of BD and 58 healthy controls using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) scans and a task involving executive and language processing. Twenty of the high-risk subjects subsequently developed MDD after the baseline fMRI scan. Results At baseline the high-risk subjects who later developed MDD demonstrated relatively increased activation in the insula cortex, compared to controls and high risk subjects who remained well. In the healthy controls and high-risk group who remained well, this region demonstrated reduced engagement with increasing task difficulty. The high risk subjects who subsequently developed MDD did not demonstrate this normal disengagement. Activation in this region correlated positively with measures of cyclothymia and neuroticism at baseline, but not with measures of depression. Conclusions These results suggest that increased activation of the insula can differentiate individuals at high-risk of bipolar disorder who later develop MDD from healthy controls and those at familial risk who remain well. These findings offer the potential of future risk stratification in individuals at risk of mood disorder for familial reasons

Surgery for fistula-in-ano in a specialist colorectal unit: a critical appraisal

ABSTRACT