Moving performance to text : Can performance be transcribed?

In what follows I will restrict myself largely to discussion of the transcription of verbal and aural components of performance materials. This restriction is not to slight the special complexities of visual transcription but for simplicity, because encompassing the special issues of visual transcription would not add to the general points I wish to make.Issue title: Performance Literature I

Human adaptation of Ebola virus during the West African outbreak

The 2013–2016 outbreak of Ebola virus (EBOV) in West Africa was the largest recorded. It began following the cross-species transmission of EBOV from an animal reservoir, most likely bats, into humans, with phylogenetic analysis revealing the cocirculation of several viral lineages. We hypothesized that this prolonged human circulation led to genomic changes that increased viral transmissibility in humans. We generated a synthetic glycoprotein (GP) construct based on the earliest reported isolate and introduced amino acid substitutions that defined viral lineages. Mutant GPs were used to generate a panel of pseudoviruses, which were used to infect different human and bat cell lines. These data revealed that specific amino acid substitutions in the EBOV GP have increased tropism for human cells, while reducing tropism for bat cells. Such increased infectivity may have enhanced the ability of EBOV to transmit among humans and contributed to the wide geographic distribution of some viral lineages

Ebola virus epidemiology, transmission, and evolution during seven months in Sierra Leone

The 2013-2015 Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic is caused by the Makona variant of Ebola virus (EBOV). Early in the epidemic, genome sequencing provided insights into virus evolution and transmission and offered important information for outbreak response. Here, we analyze sequences from 232 patients sampled over 7 months in Sierra Leone, along with 86 previously released genomes from earlier in the epidemic. We confirm sustained human-to-human transmission within Sierra Leone and find no evidence for import or export of EBOV across national borders after its initial introduction. Using high-depth replicate sequencing, we observe both host-to-host transmission and recurrent emergence of intrahost genetic variants. We trace the increasing impact of purifying selection in suppressing the accumulation of nonsynonymous mutations over time. Finally, we note changes in the mucin-like domain of EBOV glycoprotein that merit further investigation. These findings clarify the movement of EBOV within the region and describe viral evolution during prolonged human-to-human transmission

Virus genomes reveal factors that spread and sustained the Ebola epidemic.

The 2013-2016 West African epidemic caused by the Ebola virus was of unprecedented magnitude, duration and impact. Here we reconstruct the dispersal, proliferation and decline of Ebola virus throughout the region by analysing 1,610 Ebola virus genomes, which represent over 5% of the known cases. We test the association of geography, climate and demography with viral movement among administrative regions, inferring a classic 'gravity' model, with intense dispersal between larger and closer populations. Despite attenuation of international dispersal after border closures, cross-border transmission had already sown the seeds for an international epidemic, rendering these measures ineffective at curbing the epidemic. We address why the epidemic did not spread into neighbouring countries, showing that these countries were susceptible to substantial outbreaks but at lower risk of introductions. Finally, we reveal that this large epidemic was a heterogeneous and spatially dissociated collection of transmission clusters of varying size, duration and connectivity. These insights will help to inform interventions in future epidemics

The Unseen Influence : Tranced Mediums as Historical Innovators

Cet essai montre comment les médiums kaluli des Southern Highlands, par la médiation d'événements pendant les séances, contribuent implicitement à l'interprétation et à l'innovation des circonstances historiques. Les médiums kaluli tiennent traditionnellement des séances pour guérir les malades et permettre des conversations avec les esprits. Les séances interprètent les événements en les transposant dans une vision du monde où la réalité est perçue en termes d'oppositions pouvant être mises en confrontation. La maladie ainsi que d'autres événements peuvent alors être résolus par une transaction appropriée (résolvant l'opposition). De cette façon, la vision du monde n'est pas simplement affirmée, mais engagée créativement dans la situation historique. Des exemples historiques sont donnés. Introduit récemment, le Christianisme évangélique est en train d'usurper la place des médiums dans la société kaluli, non pas tant en offrant une nouvelle vision du monde (le Christianisme kaluli apparaît essentiellement, lui aussi, comme la confrontation d'oppositions), mais en apportant un nouvel ensemble d'oppositions pertinentes qui ne peuvent être médiatisées que par les pasteurs, à l'exclusion des médiums.Schieffelin Edward L. The Unseen Influence : Tranced Mediums as Historical Innovators. In: Journal de la Société des océanistes, n°56-57, tome 33, 1977. pp. 169-178