Danos Causados por Atos de Terrorismo e o Contrato de Seguros: da Possibilidade de Proteção Através da Contratação de Contrato de Seguros

DANOS CAUSADOS POR ATOS DE TERRORISMO E O CONTRATO DE SEGUROS: DA POSSIBILIDADE DE PROTEÇÃO ATRAVÉS DA CONTRATAÇÃO DE CONTRATO DE SEGUROS  DAMAGE FROM ACTS OF TERRORISM AND THE INSURANCE CONTRACT: VIA THE PROTECTION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF INSURANCE CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT  Rafael Gonçalves Mota*Eduardo Rocha Dias**  RESUMO: O presente trabalho trata do uso de contrato de seguro para mitigação de danos causados por ações terroristas. Inicialmente analisa-se o conceito de terrorismo, desde que sua origem histórica até e recente previsão legal sobre o terrorismo. A seguir, aborda-se a teoria dos seguros, indicando quais os elementos efetivos que o forma. A existência de legislação brasileira que atribui ao Estado Brasileiro a responsabilidade de danos causados em aeronaves (pessoas e objetos) é vista empós, bem como os limites dos contratos de seguro aplicáveis à espécie. A metodologia utilizada é histórica, bibliográfica, doutrinária, legislativa e jurisprudencial. Tem como objetivos esperados definir-se um conceito minimamente essencial do limite de uso dos contratos de seguros em danos causados por atos de terror. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Terrorismo. Seguros. Responsabilidade do Estado. ABSTRACT: The present work deals with the use of an insurance contract to mitigate damage caused by terrorist actions. Initially the concept of terrorism is analyzed, since its historical origin until and recent legal prediction on terrorism. Next, the insurance theory is approached, indicating the effective elements that form. The existence of Brazilian legislation that assigns to the Brazilian State the responsibility for damages caused to aircraft (people and objects) is seen as well as the limits of the insurance contracts applicable to the species. The methodology used is historical, bibliographical, doctrinal, legislative and jurisprudential. Its objectives are expected to define a minimally essential concept of the limit of use of insurance contracts in damages caused by acts of terror. KEYWORDS: Terrorism. Insurance. State responsibility.  SUMÁRIO: Introdução. 1 O Terrorismo: um termo de difícil definição. 2 Teoria dos seguros: o risco, seus limites e mensuração. 3 Da utilização do contrato de seguros em danos derivados de ações terroristas. Considerações Finais. Referências. _______________________ * Doutor em Direito pela Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal. Professor do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Ceará.  Procurador Federal.** Doutorando em Direito Constitucional pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Ceará. Professor de Direito Penal e Processual Penal da Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Ceará.

Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana e o seu Papel na Reestruturação dos Serviços de Saúde Mental

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Comparison of the biocompatibility of grey mineral trioxide aggregate and sealapex plus zinc oxide in rat subcutaneous tissue

ABSTRACT   Objectives:The aim of this study was to compare the subcutaneous tissue response to grey mineral trioxide aggregate white Sealapex plus zinc oxide.   Methods: Polyethylene tubes filled with tested material were implanted in the connective tissue of rats. Control animals received empty tubes. Tissue samples were collected after 7, 60, and 90 days and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, picrosirius-fast green, and von Kossa stain for morphological analysis. The connective tissue response to the implanted materials was evaluated descriptively and semi-quantitatively by scoring the degree of inflammation, granulation tissue formation, fibrosis, and calcification. Results: Examinations of the grey mineral trioxide aggregate group over time revealed more intense inflammation at 7 days than at 60 days (p <0.05). In the Sealapex plus zinc oxide group, granulation tissue was more abundant at 7 days than at 60 days (p <0.05). Regarding calcification, von Kossa-positive granules were observed in the grey mineral trioxide aggregate and Sealapex plus zinc oxide  groups at all time points studied. In the Sealapex/ZnO group, calcification was more apparent at 60 days than at 7 days (p <0.05). Relevance: This study demonstrates that all tested materials promote similar tissue reactions. Descriptors: Biocompatibility Testing, Endodontics, Dental Materials, Retrograde Obturation.

Desenvolvimento e validação de um método para quantificação de norfloxacino por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e aplicação a estudo de farmacocinética comparada em voluntários humanos

The development and validation of a simple and accurate method based on HPLC with ultraviolet detection for the quantification of norfloxacin (NFX) in human plasma and its application to a bioequivalence study between two norfloxacin formulations is described. NFX and the internal standard (cyprofloxacin) were extracted from plasma using liquid-liquid extraction. Chromatographic separation of norfloxacin, cyprofloxacin and plasma interferents was achieved with a C-18 column and a mobile phase consisting of 20 mM sodium hydrogen phosphate buffer pH 3.0 and acetonitrile (88:12, v/v) and quantitation was done at 280 nm. The method was linear from 25 to 3000 ng mL-1 (r² >; 0.997578), and norfloxacin and cyprofloxacin had an average recovery from plasma of 93.9% and 91.2% respectively. The RSD of inter-day quality control samples at the lower limit of quantification was less than 15%. After a single oral dose (400 mg) of norfloxacin administered to healthy human volunteers using a randomized 2x2 crossover design, pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC0-t, AUC0-;¥;, Cmax, t1/2) were derived from the plasma concentration curves for both formulations. Pharmacokinetic analysis of the data showed that the two formulations were bioequivalent, while no adverse reactions to the drug were observed.O desenvolvimento e validação de um método simples e preciso por CLAE-UV para quantificação de norfloxacino (NFX) em plasma humano e a sua aplicação a um estudo de bioequivalência entre duas formulações são descritos. NFX e o padrão interno (ciprofloxacino, PI) foram extraídos do plasma através de extração líquido-líquido. A separação cromatográfica do NFX, do PI e dos interferentes do plasma foi realizada com uma coluna C-18 e fase móvel composta de tampão fosfato de sódio 20 mM pH 3,0 e acetonitrila (88/12, v/v) e quantificado em 280 nm. A resposta do detector aos analitos mostrou-se linear entre 25 a 3000 ng mL-1 (r² >; 0,997578) e a recuperação média de NFX e PI foi de 93,9% e 91,2% respectivamente. O desvio padrão relativo de amostras analisadas ao nível do limite inferior de quantificação foi menor que 15%. Foi administrada uma dose de NFX (400 mg) por via oral a voluntários humanos em um estudo aberto, aleatório e cruzado 2x2 entre duas formulações. Os parâmetros farmacocinéticos (AUC0-t, AUC0-;¥;, Cmáx, T1/2) foram observados a partir da curva de concentração versus tempo. A análise farmacocinética mostrou que as duas formulações são bioequivalentes entre si. Nenhum efeito adverso foi observado

Disinfection of Orthodontic Elastomers and Its Effects on Tensile Strength

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of different disinfection protocols on the mechanical properties of orthodontic elastomeric ligatures (EL), an important issue to biosafety improvement and infection control, and to avoid cross-contamination.Methods: A total of 120 EL were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups (n = 20) according to the disinfection method employed: group 1, EL were not immersed in a disinfectant solution (control group); group 2, EL were immersed in 2% glutaraldehyde; group 3, EL were immersed in 70% alcohol solution; group 4, EL were cleaned in an ultrasound washing (UW) machine by immersion in 0.5% enzyme detergent solution; group 5, UW procedure was performed, followed by immersion in 2% glutaraldehyde; Group 6, UW procedure was performed, followed by immersion in 70% alcohol. After disinfection, EL were subjected to a tensile strength test where the maximum strength, maximum elongation, and work at failure were determined. Data were statistically evaluated using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s t-test for multiple comparisons.Results:Statistically significant different (P < .05) values were found between the disinfection methods, and 70% alcohol showed negative changes in all mechanical properties of orthodontic elastomers. By contrast, 2% glutaraldehyde did not show significant alteration in mechanical properties, whereas the UW procedure showed significant alteration in maximum strength and work at failure.Conclusion:Of the tested substances for disinfection, 2% glutaraldehyde was the only substance that did not cause significant changes in the mechanical properties of orthodontic elastics and is considered as an alternative for elastic disinfection before its use

Reduction of inflammation and colon injury by a Pennyroyal phenolic extract in experimental inflammatory bowel disease in mice

Purpose: Little is known about the pharmacological effects of the phenolic compounds of Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium). This Mediterranean aromatic plant, used as a gastronomic spice and as food preservative by the food industry has been studied mainly due to its essential oil antibacterial properties, composed primarily by monoterpenes. With this work, we aimed to evaluate the effects of a phenolic extract of pennyroyal in the impairment of inflammatory processes in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) and in the potential inhibition of progression to colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: To that purpose, we evaluated the effect of pennyroyal extract administration in a model of TNBSinduced colitis in mice and further determined its effect on human colon carcinoma cell proliferation and invasion. Results: The phenolic extract of pennyroyal exhibited antioxidant properties in in vitro assays and administration of the extract in a rat model of carrageenan-induced paw oedema led to significant anti-inflammatory effects. Further results evidenced a beneficial effect of the phenolic extract in the attenuation of experimental colitis and a potential antiproliferative effect on cultured colon cancer cells, effects not previously described, to our knowledge. A reduction in several markers of colon inflammation was observed following administration of the extract to colitis-induced mice, including functional and histological indicators. A successful inhibition of cancer cell invasion and proliferation was also observed in in vitro studies with HT-29 cells. Furthermore, the extract also led to a reduced expression of iNOS/COX-2 in the colon of colitis-induced mice, both being crucial mediators of intestinal inflammation. Conclusions: Taking into consideration the central role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of CRC and the recognised connection between inflammatory events and cancer, these results enlighten the relevance of the phenolic constituents of pennyroyal as important pharmacological sources in the investigation of new treatment options for patients with inflammatory bowel diseasesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Crescimento e produção de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) sob doses de fósforo

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of phosphorus on the growth and yield of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.). Physic nut seedlings, two months old were transplanted in February 2007. In June 2008 it was held in drastic pruning all plants in height of 80 cm of soil. The treatments consisted of P2O5 doses: 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g-1 pit. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications of eight plants, totaling 40 plants per block. The evaluation period of the experiment it was realized between October 2008 to October 2009 (corresponding to the 2nd year of assessment), and between October 2009 and October 2010 (corresponding to the 3rd year of assessment), and the evaluated variables: the number of branches prior to pruning, the number of branches after pruning, the number of branches in inflorescence, number of inflorescences plant 1, the number of branches with clusters, the number of clusters plant-1 and productivity. Pruning stimulated the growth and production of physic nut. The increase in phosphorus fertilization increased the productivity of physic nut, reaching a stable starting dose of 150 g ha-1 of P2O5. The cultivation of physic nut can be considered a species that responds to fertilization.O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência da adubação fosfatada sobre o crescimento e produção do pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.). Mudas de pinhão-manso, com dois meses de idade foram transplantadas no mês de fevereiro de 2007. No mês de junho de 2008 foi realizada poda drástica em todas as plantas na altura de 80 cm do solo. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelas doses de P2O5: 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 g cova-1.O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados,com quatro repetições de oito plantas, totalizando 40 plantas por bloco. O período de avaliação do experimento compreendeu-se entre o mês de outubro de 2008 a outubro de 2009 (correspondente ao 2° ano de avaliação), e entre o mês de outubro de 2009 a outubro de 2010 (correspondente ao 3° ano de avaliação),sendo as variáveis avaliadas:o número de ramos antes da poda, o número de ramos após a poda,o número de ramos com inflorescência,o número de inflorescência planta-1,o número de ramos com cachos,o número de cachos planta-1 e aprodutividade. A poda estimulou o crescimento e produção do pinhão-manso. O incremento na adubação fosfatada elevou a produtividade de pinhão-manso, alcançando uma estabilidade a partir da dose de 150 g ha-1 de P2O5. A cultura de Pinhão-manso pode ser considerada uma espécie que responde à adubação fosfatada

A sensitive and robust lc-ms/ms method with monolithic column and electrospray ionization for the quantitation of efavirenz in human plasma: application to a bioequivalence study

An LC-MS/MS method has been developed for the determination of efavirenz (EFZ) in human plasma using hydrochlorothiazide as internal standard (I.S.). An ESI negative mode with multiple reaction-monitoring was used monitoring the transitions m/z 313.88→69.24 (EFZ) and 296.02→204.76 (I.S.). Samples were extracted using liquid-liquid extraction. The total run time was 2.0 min. The separation was achieved with HPLC-RP using a monolithic column. The assay was linear in the concentration range of 100 - 5000 ng mL-1. The mean recovery was 83%. Intra- and inter-day precision were < 9.5% and < 8.9%, respectively and accuracy was in the range ± 8.33%. The method was successfully applied to a bioequivalence study