High energy collimating fine grids for HESP program

There is a need to develop fine pitch x-ray collimator grids as an enabling technology for planned future missions. The grids consist of an array of thin parallel strips of x-ray absorbing material, such as tungsten, with pitches ranging from 34 microns to 2.036 millimeters. The grids are the key components of a new class of spaceborne instruments known as 'x-ray modulation collimators.' These instruments are the first to produce images of celestial sources in the hard x-ray and gamma-ray spectral regions

Hazardous drinking among young adults seeking outpatient mental health services

BACKGROUND: Alcohol use can have a significant negative impact on young adults in mental health treatment. This cross-sectional study examined prevalence and factors associated with hazardous drinking among young adults seeking outpatient mental health services, rate of alcohol use disorders (AUDs), and the relationship between hazardous drinking and other types of substance use. METHODS: Participants were 487 young adults ages 18–25 who completed self-administered computerized screening questions for alcohol and drug use. Alcohol use patterns were assessed and predictors of hazardous drinking (≥5 drinks on one or more occasions in the past year) were identified using logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 487 participants, 79.8 % endorsed prior-year alcohol use, 52.3 % reported one or more episodes of hazardous drinking in the prior year and 8.2 % were diagnosed with an AUD. Rates of recent and lifetime alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use were significantly greater in those with prior-year hazardous drinking. In logistic regression, prior-year hazardous drinking was associated with lifetime marijuana use (OR 3.30, p < 0.001; 95 % CI 2.05, 5.28), lifetime tobacco use (OR 1.88, p = 0.004; 95 % CI 1.22, 2.90) and older age (OR 1.18 per year, p < 0.001; 95 % CI 1.08, 1.29). CONCLUSIONS: In an outpatient mental health setting, high rates of hazardous drinking were identified, and drinking was associated with history of other substance use. Results highlight patient characteristics associated with hazardous drinking that mental health providers should be aware of in treating young adults, especially older age and greater use of tobacco and marijuana

Impact of clinical phenotypes on management and outcomes in European atrial fibrillation patients: a report from the ESC-EHRA EURObservational Research Programme in AF (EORP-AF) General Long-Term Registry

Background: Epidemiological studies in atrial fibrillation (AF) illustrate that clinical complexity increase the risk of major adverse outcomes. We aimed to describe European AF patients\u2019 clinical phenotypes and analyse the differential clinical course. Methods: We performed a hierarchical cluster analysis based on Ward\u2019s Method and Squared Euclidean Distance using 22 clinical binary variables, identifying the optimal number of clusters. We investigated differences in clinical management, use of healthcare resources and outcomes in a cohort of European AF patients from a Europe-wide observational registry. Results: A total of 9363 were available for this analysis. We identified three clusters: Cluster 1 (n = 3634; 38.8%) characterized by older patients and prevalent non-cardiac comorbidities; Cluster 2 (n = 2774; 29.6%) characterized by younger patients with low prevalence of comorbidities; Cluster 3 (n = 2955;31.6%) characterized by patients\u2019 prevalent cardiovascular risk factors/comorbidities. Over a mean follow-up of 22.5 months, Cluster 3 had the highest rate of cardiovascular events, all-cause death, and the composite outcome (combining the previous two) compared to Cluster 1 and Cluster 2 (all P &lt;.001). An adjusted Cox regression showed that compared to Cluster 2, Cluster 3 (hazard ratio (HR) 2.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.27\u20133.62; HR 3.42, 95%CI 2.72\u20134.31; HR 2.79, 95%CI 2.32\u20133.35), and Cluster 1 (HR 1.88, 95%CI 1.48\u20132.38; HR 2.50, 95%CI 1.98\u20133.15; HR 2.09, 95%CI 1.74\u20132.51) reported a higher risk for the three outcomes respectively. Conclusions: In European AF patients, three main clusters were identified, differentiated by differential presence of comorbidities. Both non-cardiac and cardiac comorbidities clusters were found to be associated with an increased risk of major adverse outcomes

Secondary analysis of APPLE study suggests atorvastatin may reduce atherosclerosis progression in pubertal lupus patients with higher C reactive protein

ObjectiveParticipants in the Atherosclerosis Prevention in Paediatric Lupus Erythematosus (APPLE) trial were randomised to placebo or atorvastatin for 36 months. The primary endpoint, reduced carotid intima medial thickness (CIMT) progression, was not met but atorvastatin-treated participants showed a trend of slower CIMT progression. Post-hoc analyses were performed to assess subgroup benefit from atorvastatin therapy.MethodsSubgroups were prespecified and defined by age (&gt; or ≤15.5 years), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) duration (&gt; or ≤24 months), pubertal status (Tanner score≥4 as post-pubertal or &lt;4 as pre-pubertal), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) (≥ or &lt;110 mg/dl) and high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) (≥ or &lt;1.5 mg/l). A combined subgroup (post-pubertal and hsCRP≥1.5 mg/l) was compared to all others. Longitudinal linear mixed-effects models were developed using 12 CIMT and other secondary APPLE outcomes (lipids, hsCRP, disease activity and damage, and quality of life). Three way interaction effects were assessed for models.ResultsSignificant interaction effects with trends of less CIMT progression in atorvastatin-treated participants were observed in pubertal (3 CIMT segments), high hsCRP (2 CIMT segments), and the combined high hsCRP and pubertal group (5 CIMT segments). No significant treatment effect trends were observed across subgroups defined by age, SLE duration, LDL for CIMT or other outcome measures.ConclusionsPubertal status and higher hsCRP were linked to lower CIMT progression in atorvastatin-treated subjects, with most consistent decreases in CIMT progression in the combined pubertal and high hsCRP group. While secondary analyses must be interpreted cautiously, results suggest further research is needed to determine whether pubertal lupus patients with high CRP benefit from statin therapy.Trial registrationClinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT00065806

Secondary analysis of APPLE study suggests atorvastatin may reduce atherosclerosis progression in pubertal lupus patients with higher C reactive protein

OBJECTIVE: Participants in the Atherosclerosis Prevention in Paediatric Lupus Erythematosus (APPLE) trial were randomised to placebo or atorvastatin for 36 months. The primary endpoint, reduced carotid intima medial thickness (CIMT) progression, was not met but atorvastatin-treated participants showed a trend of slower CIMT progression. Post-hoc analyses were performed to assess subgroup benefit from atorvastatin therapy. METHODS: Subgroups were prespecified and defined by age (> or ≤15.5 years), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) duration (> or ≤24 months), pubertal status (Tanner score ≥4 as post-pubertal or <4 as pre-pubertal), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) (≥ or <110 mg/dl) and high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) (≥ or <1.5 mg/l). A combined subgroup (post-pubertal and hsCRP≥1.5 mg/l) was compared to all others. Longitudinal linear mixed-effects models were developed using 12 CIMT and other secondary APPLE outcomes (lipids, hsCRP, disease activity and damage, and quality of life). Three way interaction effects were assessed for models. RESULTS: Significant interaction effects with trends of less CIMT progression in atorvastatin-treated participants were observed in pubertal (3 CIMT segments), high hsCRP (2 CIMT segments), and the combined high hsCRP and pubertal group (5 CIMT segments). No significant treatment effect trends were observed across subgroups defined by age, SLE duration, LDL for CIMT or other outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: Pubertal status and higher hsCRP were linked to lower CIMT progression in atorvastatin-treated subjects, with most consistent decreases in CIMT progression in the combined pubertal and high hsCRP group. While secondary analyses must be interpreted cautiously, results suggest further research is needed to determine whether pubertal lupus patients with high CRP benefit from statin therapy. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT00065806

Reviews of Books

WANG ZHENPING. Ambassadors from the Islands of Immortals: China-Japan Relations in the Han-Tang Period. Honolulu: Association for Asian Studies and University of Hawaii Press, 2005. Pp. xiii, 387. $53.00 (US). Reviewed by Kent G. Deng PETER WHITFIELD. Cities of the World: A History in Maps. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2005. Pp. 208.$39.95 (US). Reviewed by Jeremy Black GIROLAMO ARNALDI. Italy and Its Invaders, trans. Antony Shugaar. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2005. Pp. ix, 229. $19.95 (US). Reviewed by Antonio Santosuosso WILLARD SUNDERLAND. Taming the Wild Field: Colonization and Empire on the Russian Steppe. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2004. Pp. xv, 239.$35.00 (US). Reviewed by Virginia Martin DAVID CROUGH. The Birth of Nobility: Constructing Aristocracy in England and France, 900-1300. London and New York: Pearson Longman, 2005. Pp. xiii, 361. £36.99, paper. Reviewed by Pauline Stafford ANGELO FORTE, RICHARD ORAM, and FREDERIK PEDERSEN. Viking Empires. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xiv, 447. $53.95 (US). Reviewed by Simon Maclean OLAV RISTE. Norway's Foreign Relations: A History, 2nd ed. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 2005. Pp. 306. €50.00. Reviewed by Patrick Salmon DANIEL POWER. The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xxi, 634.$140.00 (US). Reviewed by Hugh M. Thomas FRANCES STONOR SAUNDERS. The Devil's Broker: Seeking Gold, God, and Glory in 14th Century Italy. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2005. Pp. xviii, 366. $36.99 (CDN). Reviewed by Montgomery Bohna ISABEL DE MADARIAGA. Ivan the Terrible: First Tsar of Russia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2005. Pp. xxi, 484.$35.00 (US). Reviewed by Charles J. Halperin JAMES MCDERMOTT. England and the Spanish Armada: The Necessary Quarrel. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2005. Pp. xvi, 411. $40.00 (US). Reviewed by David Potter ALEXANDER MURDOCH. British Emigration, 1603-1914. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Pp. xi, 176.$65.00 (US). Reviewed by Stephen Constantine JENNY HALE PULSIPHER. Subjects Unto the Same King: Indians, English, and the Contest for Authority in Colonial New England. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. 361. $57.75 (CDN). Reviewed by Trevor Burnard GWENDOLYN MIDLO HALL. Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas: Restoring the Links. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2005. Pp. xxi, 225.$34.95 (US). Reviewed by Kenneth Morgan STEPHEN CONWAY. War, State, and Society in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. vi, 346. $165.00 (CDN). Reviewed by J.C.D. Clark MAYA JASANOFF. Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture, and Conquest in the East, 1750- 1850. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. Pp. ix, 404.$27.95 (US). Reviewed by Dane Kennedy JONATHAN R. DULL. The French Navy and the Seven Years' War. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2005. Pp. xiii, 445. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Ian K. Steele CRAIG L. SYMONDS. Decision at Sea: Five Naval Battles that Shaped American History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. xvii, 378.$39.95 (CDN). Reviewed by George Baer OLIVER MARSHALL. English, Irish, and Irish-American Pioneer Settlers in Nineteenth- Century Brazil. Oxford: Centre for Brazilian Studies, University of Oxford, 2005. Pp. xii, 323. £20.00, paper. Reviewed by Marshall C. Eakin RANDOLF G. S. COOPER. The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India: The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xvii, 437. $85.00 (US). Reviewed by Edward Ingram ROBERT MILL WARD. Private and Public Enterprise in Europe: Energy, Telecommunications, and Transport, 1830-1990. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xix, 351.$90.00 (US). Reviewed by Nicholas Crafts TAN TAI YONG. The Garrison State: The Military, Government, and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849-1947. New Delhi and Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2005. Pp. 333. $64.95 (US). Reviewed by Ian Talbot WINFRIED BAUMGART, ed. Englische Akten zur Geschichte des Krimkriegs. Ser. III: Band l: 20. November 1852 bis 10. Dezember 1853. Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2005. Pp. 750. €148.00. Reviewed by Ann Pottinger Saab ALISON FLEIG FRANK. Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2005. Pp. xx, 343.$49.95 (US). Reviewed by Lothar Höbelt JOHN M. CARROLL. Edge of Empires: Chinese Elites and British Colonials in Hong Kong. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 260. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Catherine R. Schenk PAIGE RAIBMON. Authentic Indians: Episodes of Encounter from the Late-Nineteenth- Century Northwest Coast. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2005. Pp. xv, 307.$22.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Olivia Patricia Dickason ELIZABETH BUETTNER. Empire Families: Britons and Late Imperial India.. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Pp. xii, 310. $75.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Nupur Chaudhuri JILL H. CASID. Sowing Empire: Landscape and Colonization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005. Pp. xxiii, 281.$24.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by John M. MacKenzie MIKE HUGGINS. The Victorians and Sport. London and New York: Hambledon and London, 2004; dist. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Pp. xi, 318. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Tony Collins DAVID DILKS, with the assistance of Richard Dilks. 'The Great Dominion': Winston Churchill in Canada, 1900-1954. Toronto: Thomas Allen, 2005. Pp. xx, 472.$45.00 (CDN). Reviewed by John L. Gordon, Jr. STEFAN AUGUST LUTGENAU, ed. Paul Esterhdzy, 1901-1989: Ein Leben im Zeitalter der Extreme. Innsbruck: Studien Verlag, 2005. Pp. 196. €19.00. Reviewed by Günter Bischof MICHAEL DOORLEY. Irish-American Diaspora Nationalism: The Friends of Irish Freedom, 1916-1935. Dublin and Portland: Four Courts Press, 2005. Pp. 223. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by Andrew J. Wilson JOHN D. MEEHAN, SJ. The Dominion and the Rising Sun: Canada Encounters Japan, 1929-41. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2004. Pp. xii, 250.$29.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by John Price ELIZABETH BORGWARDT. A New Deal for the World: America's Vision for Human Rights. Cambridge, MA and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. Pp. 437. 35.00 (US). Reviewed by Warren I. Cohen JUSTUS D. DOKNKCKE and MARK A. STOLER. Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's Foreign Policies, 1933-1945. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. Pp. vi, 238. 65.00 (US), cloth; $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Wiiliam R. Keylor HENRY ASHBY TURNER, JR. General Motors and the Nazis: The Struggle for Control of Opel, Europe's Biggest Carmaker. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2005. Pp. viii, 200.$38.00 (US). Reviewed by Andrew J. Crozier RICHARD BREITMAN, NORMAN J. W. GODA, TIMOTHY NAFTALI, and ROBERT WOLFE. US Intelligence and the Nazis. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. 495. $24.99 (US), paper. Reviewed by Thomas G. Mahnken WENDY LOWER. Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005. Pp. xviii, 307.$49.95 (US). Reviewed by John-Paul Himka DOUGLAS E. DELANEY. The Soldiers' General: Bert Hoffmeister at War. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2005. Pp. xvi, 299. $29.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Tim Cook OTIS HAYS, JR. Alaska's Hidden Wars: Secret Campaigns on the North Pacific Rim. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2004. Pp. xvii, 182.$19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Terrence Cole ARIEH J. KOCHAVI. Confronting Captivity: Britain and the United States and Their POWs in Nazi Germany. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2005; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. x, 382. $69.75 (US). Reviewed by S. P. MacKenzie TSUYOSHI HASEGAWA. Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan. Cambridge, MA and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. Pp. ix, 382.$29.95 (US). Reviewed by Akira Iriye DAVID MONOD. Settling Scores: German Music, Denazification, and the Americans, 1945-1953. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2005; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. xiv, 325. $69.75 (CDN). Reviewed by Carol S. Gruber ALLAN R. MILLETT. The War for Korea, 1945-1950: A House Burning. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005. Pp. xviii, 348.$39.95 (US). Reviewed by Steve I. Levine AMY KNIGHT. How the Cold War Began: The Gouzenko Affair and the Hunt for Soviet Spies. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2005. Pp. ix, 358. $36.99 (CDN). Reviewed by Nector Mackenzie MICHAEL L. KRKNN. Fall-Out Shelters for the Human Spirit: American Art and the Cold War. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2005; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. xii, 300.$58.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Anders Stephanson KENNETH P. WERRELL. Sabres over MiG Alley: The F-86 and the Battle for Air Superiority in Korea. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2005. Pp. x, 318. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by James I. Matray BALÁZS SZALONTAI. Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era: Soviet-DPRK Relations and the Roots of North Korean Despotism, 1953-1964. Stanford: Stanford University- Press, 2006. Pp. xxiii, 343.$60.00 (US). Reviewed by Andrei Lankov CHRISTOPHER A. PREBLE. John F. Kennedy and the Missile Gap. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004. Pp. xi, 244. $32.00 (US). Reviewed by Campbell Craig MOREEN DEE, ed. Documents on Australian Foreign Policy: Australia and the Formation of Malaysia, 1961-1966. Canberra: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2005; dist. Melbourne: Melbourne Publishing Group. Pp. xlvi, 651.$49.95 (AUS), paper. Reviewed by Nicholas Tarling GARETH PORTER. Perils of Dominance: Imbalance of Power and the Road to War in Vietnam. Berkeley

High light acclimation in green microalgae in Non-Photochemical Quenching and Thermal Energy Dissipation In Plants, Algae and Cyanobacteria

International audienc