Cartografía semi-automática de terrazas de cultivo a partir de datos LiDAR

The mountain systems surrounding the Mediterranean suffered a huge transformation related with the agriculture, mainly as a consequence of the agricultural terraces construction. These structures modify the topography and soils distribution, and, as a consequence, the drainage basins hydro-erosive dynamics. The massive land abandonment especially during the second half of the 20th century conduced to an afforestation associated with the occurrence of wild fires. The combination of fires and the collapse of the terraces walls has accelerated soil erosion processes. Actual sources of topographical data –mainly the airborne LiDAR- and the image analysis tools, offers an adequate resolution to get the land surface elements patters and map landforms such terrace steps. This paper explores the possibilities of such data sources and tools and pretends mapping the terrace walls both active and abandoned for the agricultural practices. Two small catchments have been selected in Mallorca and Castelló as samples characterised by the massive presence of agricultural terraces and using airborne LiDAR data has applied a procedure that produced satisfactory results. The maps have been check by means of photointerpretation and field work, and an exploratory work has been done analysing the influence of the terraces over the erosion processes by means of the study of the structural connectivity applying to the DTMs a Connectivity Index (IC)

Hydrogeomorphological analysis and modelling for a comprehensive understanding of flash-flood damage processes: the 9 October 2018 event in northeastern Mallorca

[EN] A flash-flood event hit the northeastern part of Mallorca on 9 October 2018, causing 13 casualties. Mal- lorca is prone to catastrophic flash floods acting on a sce- nario of deep landscape transformation caused by Mediter- ranean tourist resorts. As global change may exacerbate dev- astating flash floods, analyses of catastrophic events are cru- cial to support effective prevention and mitigation measures. Field-based remote-sensing and modelling techniques were used in this study to evaluate rainfall¿runoff processes at the catchment scale linked to hydrological modelling. Continu- ous streamflow monitoring data revealed a peak discharge of 442 m³ s¿¹ with an unprecedented runoff response. This ex- ceptional behaviour triggered the natural disaster as a com- bination of heavy rainfall (249 mm in 10 h), karstic features and land cover disturbances in the Begura de Salma River catchment (23 km²). Topography-based connectivity indices and geomorphic change detection were used as rapid post- catastrophe decision-making tools, playing a key role dur- ing the rescue search. These hydrogeomorphological preci- sion techniques were combined with the Copernicus Emer- gency Management Service and ¿ground-based¿ damage as- sessment, which showed very accurately the damage-driving factors in the village of Sant Llorenç des Cardassar. The main challenges in the future are to readapt hydrological modelling to global change scenarios, implement an early flash-flood warning system and take adaptive and resilient measures on the catchment scale.This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, the Spanish Agency of Research (AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the project CGL2017-88200-R "Functional hydrological and sediment connectivity at Mediterranean catchments: global change scenarios -MEDhyCON2".Estrany, J.; Ruiz-Perez, M.; Mutzner, R.; Fortesa, J.; Nacher Rodriguez, B.; Tomas-Burguera, M.; Garcia-Comendador, J.... (2020). Hydrogeomorphological analysis and modelling for a comprehensive understanding of flash-flood damage processes: the 9 October 2018 event in northeastern Mallorca. 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Cost effectiveness of palivizumab in Spain: an analysis using observational data

Objectives: To assess the cost effectiveness of palivizumab for prevention of severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease in high-risk infants in Spain, incorporating country-specific observational hospitalisation data. Methods: An existing decision tree model, designed using data from a large international clinical trial of palivizumab versus no prophylaxis, was updated to include Spanish observational hospitalisation data. The analysis was performed for preterm children born at or before 32 weeks gestational age, who are at high risk of developing severe RSV disease requiring hospitalisation. Data sources included published literature, official price/tariff lists and national population statistics. The primary perspective of the study was that of the Spanish National Health Service in 2006. Results: The base-case analysis included the direct medical costs associated with palivizumab prophylaxis and hospital care for RSV infections. Use of palivizumab produces an undiscounted incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of €6,142 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY), and a discounted ICER of €12,814/QALY. Conclusion: Palivizumab provides a cost-effective method of prophylaxis against severe RSV disease requiring hospitalisation among preterm infants in Spain

Hydroxyapatite-filled osteoinductive and piezoelectric nanofibers for bone tissue engineering

In this study entitled “Hydroxyapatite-filled osteoinductive and piezoelectric nanofibers for bone tissue engineering”, we describe the development of novel hydroxyapatite (HAp)-filled osteoinductive piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-cotetrafluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) electrospun nanofibers as a potential strategy for supporting bone repair in delayed-union and non-union osteoporotic-related fractures, for which current clinical techniques have proven to be largely inadequate and scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches hold significant promise. While the piezoelectric properties of native bone tissue have been extensively discussed in the literature, including their key role in preserving tissue homeostasis and promoting tissue repair, they have been widely neglected in the design of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. Piezoelectric scaffolds can be used not only for mimicking the native piezoelectric features of bone but also to provide a platform for applying electrical or mechanical stimuli to damaged tissue, contributing to an accelerated regeneration process. The nanofibrous scaffolds generated in this study were capable of replicating the main electrical, structural and compositional properties of bone extracellular matrix (ECM). To the best of our knowledge, this was the first time that the combination of HAp with the piezoelectric polymer PVDF-TrFE was found to induce key shifts in the chemical structure of the polymer and promote ß phase nucleation, not only enhancing the piezoelectric features of the constructs but also improving their surface properties, including their ability to support mineralization in vitro. The HAp nanoparticles also provided meaningful bone-like biological cues (osteoinduction), enhancing the osteogenic differentiation of seeded human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs), which was confirmed by an increased ALP activity, cellderived calcium deposition and expression of important osteogenic gene markers. Overall, our findings highlight, for the first time, the potential of combining PVDFTrFE and HAp for developing electroactive and osteoinductive nanofibrous constructs with improved piezoelectric properties, surface features and osteogenic potential capable of improving bone tissue regeneration.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Risk of Early-Onset Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease With Maternal Colonization Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses.

Background: Early-onset group B streptococcal disease (EOGBS) occurs in neonates (days 0-6) born to pregnant women who are rectovaginally colonized with group B Streptococcus (GBS), but the risk of EOGBS from vertical transmission has not been systematically reviewed. This article, the seventh in a series on the burden of GBS disease, aims to estimate this risk and how it varies with coverage of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP), used to reduce the incidence of EOGBS. Methods: We conducted systematic reviews (Pubmed/Medline, Embase, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), World Health Organization Library Information System [WHOLIS], and Scopus) and sought unpublished data from investigator groups on maternal GBS colonization and neonatal outcomes. We included articles with ≥200 GBS colonized pregnant women that reported IAP coverage. We did meta-analyses to determine pooled estimates of risk of EOGBS, and examined the association in risk of EOGBS with IAP coverage. Results: We identified 30 articles including 20328 GBS-colonized pregnant women for inclusion. The risk of EOGBS in settings without an IAP policy was 1.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], .6%-1.5%). As IAP increased, the risk of EOGBS decreased, with a linear association. Based on linear regression, the risk of EOGBS in settings with 80% IAP coverage was predicted to be 0.3% (95% CI, 0-.9). Conclusions: The risk of EOGBS among GBS-colonized pregnant women, from this first systematic review, is consistent with previous estimates from single studies (1%-2%). Increasing IAP coverage was linearly associated with decreased risk of EOGBS disease

Respiratory syncytial virus infection is associated with an altered innate immunity and a heightened pro-inflammatory response in the lungs of preterm lambs

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Factors explaining the greater susceptibility of preterm infants to severe lower respiratory infections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remain poorly understood. Fetal/newborn lambs are increasingly appreciated as a model to study key elements of RSV infection in newborn infants due to similarities in lung alveolar development, immune response, and susceptibility to RSV. Previously, our laboratory demonstrated that preterm lambs had elevated viral antigen and developed more severe lesions compared to full-term lambs at seven days post-infection. Here, we compared the pathogenesis and immunological response to RSV infection in lungs of preterm and full-term lambs.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Lambs were delivered preterm by Caesarian section or full-term by natural birth, then inoculated with bovine RSV (bRSV) via the intratracheal route. Seven days post-infection, lungs were collected for evaluation of cytokine production, histopathology and cellular infiltration.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Compared to full-term lambs, lungs of preterm lambs had a heightened pro-inflammatory response after infection, with significantly increased MCP-1, MIP-1α, IFN-γ, TNF-α and PD-L1 mRNA. RSV infection in the preterm lung was characterized by increased epithelial thickening and periodic acid-Schiff staining, indicative of glycogen retention. Nitric oxide levels were decreased in lungs of infected preterm lambs compared to full-term lambs, indicating alternative macrophage activation. Although infection induced significant neutrophil recruitment into the lungs of preterm lambs, neutrophils produced less myeloperoxidase than those of full-term lambs, suggesting decreased functional activation.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Taken together, our data suggest that increased RSV load and inadequate immune response may contribute to the enhanced disease severity observed in the lungs of preterm lambs.</p

Respiratory hospitalizations and respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in special populations

Palivizumab utilization, compliance, and outcomes were examined in infants with preexisting medical diseases within the Canadian Registry Database (CARESS) to aid in developing guidelines for potential “at-risk” infants in the future. Infants who received ≥1 dose of palivizumab during the 2006–2010 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) seasons at 29 sites were recruited and utilization, compliance, and outcomes related to respiratory infection/illness (RI) events were collected monthly. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for premature infants ≤35 completed weeks gestational age (GA) who met standard approval criteria (group 1) compared to those with medical disorders (group 2) using Cox proportional hazards regression models with adjustment for potential confounding factors. Of 7,339 registry infants, 4,880 were in group 1 and 952 in group 2, which included those with Down syndrome (20.3%), upper airway anomalies (18.7%), pulmonary diseases (13.3%), and cystic fibrosis (12.3%). Group 2 were older at enrolment (10.2 ± 9.2 vs. 3.5 ± 3.1 months, p < 0.0005), had higher GA (35.9 ± 6.0 vs. 31.0 ± 5.4 weeks, p < 0.0005), and were less compliant with treatment intervals (69.4% vs. 72.6%, p = 0.048). A greater proportion of group 2 infants were hospitalized for RI (9.0% vs. 4.2%, p < 0.0005) and RSV (2.4% vs. 1.3%, p = 0.003) (unadjusted). Being in group 2 was associated with an increased risk of RI (HR = 2.0, 95%CI 1.5–2.5, p < 0.0005), but not RSV hospitalization (HR = 1.6, 95%CI 0.9–2.8, p = 0.106). In infants receiving palivizumab, those with underlying medical disorders, though not currently approved for prophylaxis, are at higher risk for RI events compared with preterm infants. However, risk of RSV hospitalizations is similar