Falta de imigrantes: um aspecto do atraso nordestino

Estudos recentes sobre as origens das desigualdades entre as re-giões brasileiras tem focalizado sobretudo a segunda metade do sé culo dezenove (1). Nesta época transpiraram o crescimento rápido de uma forte economia cafeeira no centro-sul, e a estagnação de uma economia açucareira outrora saudável no Nordeste .

Ficando livre: as alforrias em Campinas no século XIX

Através da análise de 2.093 cartas de alforria levantadas em Campinas, para o período de 1798 a 1888, pretende-se estudar o alforriado "padrão", tal como apresentado pela historiografia sobre o tema. Analisam-se as caracterÍsticas do alforriado (sexo, cor etc.) e da alforria (onerosa ou gratuita). Conclui-se que enquanto a maioria da população escrava era masculina, negra, crioula, em idade produtiva e sem profissão qualificada, as alforrias registradas eram na maior parte de escravas mulatas, crioulas, muito jovens ou muito velhas e empregadas no serviço doméstico. Esse quadro modificou-se nas últimas décadas da escravidão, aproximando-se o padrão do alforriado ao da população escrava.The purpose of this work is to study the "standard" freedman as he is presented by the historiography, through the analysis of 2.093 cartas de alforria found in Campinas in the 1798-1888 period. The characteristics of the freedman are studied (sex, colour etc), as well as the characteristics of the manumissions (freely given or purchased). The conclusions are that while most slaves were male, black, creole, adults of working age and unskilled, the manumissions registered were mostly of female, mulatto, Creole slaves, very young or very old and working in domestic services. This picture changed in the last decades of slavery, when the characteristics of the freedmen became similar to those of the slave population

A abolição da escravatura - o processo nas fazendas de açúcar em Pernambuco

O objetivo desta pesquisa é discutir o problema da mão-de-obra na região açucareira nordestina durante o século XIX. Após uma investigação cuidadosa, o autor estabelece a variação na composição do trabalho nas plantações e seu custo, através de uma estimativa dos salários reais no período. Sua conclusão básica é que a transição do trabalho escravo para o livre foi bem mais estável e suave do que antes se supunha. Além disso, as possibilidades de substituição e os arranjos institucionais (tipo parceria) garantiram que continuasse baixo o custo do trabalho c assim, não alterado o próprio controle dos fazendeiros sobre a estrutura da produção

Falta de imigrantes: um aspecto do atraso nordestino

Estudos recentes sobre as origens das desigualdades entre as re-giões brasileiras tem focalizado sobretudo a segunda metade do sé culo dezenove (1). Nesta época transpiraram o crescimento rápido de uma forte economia cafeeira no centro-sul, e a estagnação de uma economia açucareira outrora saudável no Nordeste

The extinct, giant giraffid Sivatherium giganteum: skeletal reconstruction and body mass estimation

Sivatherium giganteum is an extinct giraffid from the Plio–Pleistocene boundary of the Himalayan foothills. To date, there has been no rigorous skeletal reconstruction of this unusual mammal. Historical and contemporary accounts anecdotally state that Sivatherium rivalled the African elephant in terms of its body mass, but this statement has never been tested. Here, we present a three-dimensional composite skeletal reconstruction and calculate a representative body mass estimate for this species using a volumetric method. We find that the estimated adult body mass of 1246 kg (857—1812 kg range) does not approach that of an African elephant, but confirms that Sivatherium was certainly a large giraffid, and may have been the largest ruminant mammal that has ever existed. We contrast this volumetric estimate with a bivariate scaling estimate derived from Sivatherium's humeral circumference and find that there is a discrepancy between the two. The difference implies that the humeral circumference of Sivatherium is greater than expected for an animal of this size, and we speculate this may be linked to a cranial shift in centre of mass

Structure-based inhibitors of amyloid beta core suggest a common interface with tau.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is characterized by plaques of amyloid beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles of tau. Aβ aggregation is thought to occur at early stages of the disease, and ultimately gives way to the formation of tau tangles which track with cognitive decline in humans. Here, we report the crystal structure of an Aβ core segment determined by MicroED and in it, note characteristics of both fibrillar and oligomeric structure. Using this structure, we designed peptide-based inhibitors that reduce Aβ aggregation and toxicity of already-aggregated species. Unexpectedly, we also found that these inhibitors reduce the efficiency of Aβ-mediated tau aggregation, and moreover reduce aggregation and self-seeding of tau fibrils. The ability of these inhibitors to interfere with both Aβ and tau seeds suggests these fibrils share a common epitope, and supports the hypothesis that cross-seeding is one mechanism by which amyloid is linked to tau aggregation and could promote cognitive decline

The longitudinal development of emotion regulation capacities in children at risk for externalizing disorders

The development of emotional regulation capacities in children at high versus low risk for externalizing disorder was examined in a longitudinal study investigating: a) whether disturbances in emotion regulation precede and predict the emergence of externalizing symptoms; and b) whether sensitive maternal behavior is a significant influence on the development of child emotion regulation. Families experiencing high (n=58) and low (n=63) levels of psychosocial adversity were recruited to the study during pregnancy. Direct observational assessments of child emotion regulation capacities and maternal sensitivity were completed in early infancy, at 12 and 18-months, and at 5-years. Key findings were as follows. First, high risk children showed poorer emotion regulation capacities than their low risk counterparts at every stage of assessment. Second, from 12-months onwards, emotion regulation capacities showed a degree of stability, and were associated with behavioral problems, both concurrently and prospectively. Third, maternal sensitivity was related to child emotion regulation capacities throughout development, with poorer emotion regulation in the high risk group being associated with lower maternal sensitivity. The results are consistent with a causal role for problems in the regulation of negative emotions in the etiology of externalizing psychopathology, and highlight insensitive parenting as a potentially key developmental influence

Isoscalar short-range current in the deuteron induced by an intermediate dibaryon

A new model for short-range isoscalar currents in the deuteron and in the NN system is developed; it is based on the generation of an intermediate dibaryon which is the basic ingredient for the medium- and short-range NN interaction which was proposed recently by the present authors.This new current model can very well describe the experimental data for the three basic deuteron observables of isoscalar magnetic type, viz. the magnetic moment, the circular polarization of the photon in the $np\to d\gamma$ process at thermal neutron energies and the structure function B up to Q$^2$=60 fm$^{-2}$.Comment: LaTex, 22 pages with 8 figure

The sero-epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) across livestock species and herding contexts in Laikipia County, Kenya

Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Query fever (Q fever), is among the most highly infectious zoonotic pathogens transmitted among livestock, with chronic effects challenging to veterinary and medical detection and care systems. Transmission among domestic livestock species can vary regionally due to herd management practices that determine which livestock species are raised, whether or not livestock are in contact with wildlife, and the susceptibility of these livestock to infection. To explore how different livestock management practices are associated with the risk of infection in multispecies environments, we carried out a comparative study of three types of herd management systems in the central Kenyan county of Laikipia: agro‐commercial, mixed conservancy/commercial, and smallholder ranches. We tested C. burnetii antibody seroprevalence in four common livestock species. Across all management types, the highest seroprevalence was in camels (20%), followed by goats (18%), sheep (13%), and cattle (6%). We observed a lower odds of testing seropositive for young compared to adult animals (adjusted OR = 0.44 [95% CI 0.24, 0.76]), and for males compared to females (adjusted OR = 0.52 [95% CI 0.33, 0.80]). Animals from mixed conservancy/commercial and smallholder operations had a higher odds of testing seropositive compared to animals from agro‐commercial ranches (adjusted OR = 5.17 [95% CI 2.71, 10.44] and adjusted OR = 2.21 [95% CI 1.17, 4.43] respectively). These data suggest that herd management practices might affect the transmission dynamics of C. burnetiiin arid African ecosystems like those seen in Kenya where several transmission modes are possible, risk of drought has promoted new livestock species such as camels, and multiple wildlife species may co‐occur with livestock on the landscape. Further longitudinal studies are needed to disentangle the mechanisms underlying these patterns, and further explore transmission patterns between wildlife, domestic animal, and human populations