Neutrino interaction vertex reconstruction in DUNE with Pandora deep learning

The Pandora Software Development Kit and algorithm libraries perform reconstruction of neutrino interactions in liquid argon time projection chamber detectors. Pandora is the primary event reconstruction software used at the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment, which will operate four large-scale liquid argon time projection chambers at the far detector site in South Dakota, producing high-resolution images of charged particles emerging from neutrino interactions. While these high-resolution images provide excellent opportunities for physics, the complex topologies require sophisticated pattern recognition capabilities to interpret signals from the detectors as physically meaningful objects that form the inputs to physics analyses. A critical component is the identification of the neutrino interaction vertex. Subsequent reconstruction algorithms use this location to identify the individual primary particles and ensure they each result in a separate reconstructed particle. A new vertex-finding procedure described in this article integrates a U-ResNet neural network performing hit-level classification into the multi-algorithm approach used by Pandora to identify the neutrino interaction vertex. The machine learning solution is seamlessly integrated into a chain of pattern-recognition algorithms. The technique substantially outperforms the previous BDT-based solution, with a more than 20% increase in the efficiency of sub-1 cm vertex reconstruction across all neutrino flavours

The Threshold Value For Insulin Resistance (homa-ir) In An Admixtured Population. Ir In The Brazilian Metabolic Syndrome Study

[No abstract available]722219220Reaven, G.M., Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease (1988) Diabetes, 37, pp. 1595-1607Matthews, D.R., Hosker, J.P., Rudenski, A.S., Naylor, B.A., Treacher, D.F., Turner, R.C., Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man (1985) Diabetologia, 28, pp. 412-419Bonora, E., Kiechi, S., Williet, J., Oberhollenzer, F., Egger, G., Targher, G., Prevalence of insulin resistance in metabolic disorders. The Bruneck study (1998) Diabetes, 47, pp. 1643-1649Matsumoto, K., Miyake, S., Yano, M., Ueki, Y., Yamaguchi, Y., Akazawa, S., Glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity in non-obese and obese Japanese subjects (1997) Diabetes Care, 20, pp. 1562-1568Stern, S.E., Williams, K., Ferrannini, E., DeFronzo, R.A., Bogardus, C., Stern, M.P., Identification of individuals with insulin resistance using routine clinical measurements (2005) Diabetes, 54, pp. 333-339Parra, F.C., Amado, R.C., Lambertucci, J.R., Rocha, J., Antunes, C.M., Pena, S.D., Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 100, pp. 177-182Callegari-Jacques, S.M., Grattapaglia, D., Salzano, F.M., Salamoni, S.P., Crossetti, S.G., Ferreira, M.E., Historical genetics: spatiotemporal analysis of the formation of the Brazilian population (2003) Am. J. Hum. Biol., 15, pp. 824-83

Ghrelin: A Gut-brain Hormone. Effect Of Gastric Bypass Surgery

Background: Ghrelin is a newly recognized gastric hormone with orexigenic and adipogenic properties, produced primarily by the stomach. Ghrelin is reduced in obesity. Weight loss is associated with an increase in fasting plasma ghrelin. We assessed the effect of massive weight loss on plasma ghrelin concentrations and its correlation with serum leptin levels and the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in severely obese patients. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 28 morbidly obese women (BMI 56.3±10.2 kg/m2) who underwent gastric bypass, divided into 2 groups: 14 non-diabetics (NGT) and 14 type 2 diabetics (DM2). Ghrelin and leptin were evaluated before silastic ring transected vertical gastric bypass, and again 12 months postoperatively. Results: Fasting plasma ghrelin concentrations were 56% lower in NGT and 59% lower in DM2 compared with a lean control group (P<0.001). There was no difference in ghrelin levels between NGT and DM2 groups before and after surgery (P>0.05). Ghrelin was negatively correlated with leptin before gastric bypass surgery (r=0.51, P<0.01). The mean plasma ghrelin concentration decreased significantly after surgery in both groups (P<0.001). Conclusion: Ghrelin was inversely related to leptin concentrations. Presence of diabetes did not affect the ghrelin pattern. Reduced production of ghrelin after gastric bypass could be partly responsible for the lack of hyperphagia and thus for the weight loss.1311722Spiegelman, B.M., Flier, J.S., Obesity and the regulation of the energy balance (2001) Cell, 104, pp. 531-543Kojima, M., Hosoda, H., Date, Y., Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach (1999) Nature, 402, pp. 656-660Tschöp, M., Smiley, D., Heiman, M.L., Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents (2000) Nature, 407, pp. 908-913Horvath, T.L., Diano, S., Sotonyi, P., Mini-review: Ghrelin and the regulation of the energy balance - A hypothalamic perspective (2001) Endocrinology, 142, pp. 4163-4169Date, Y., Murakami, N., Kojima, M., Central effects of a novel acylated peptide, ghrelin, on growth hormone release in rats (2000) Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 275, pp. 477-480Seoane, L.M., Tovar, S., Baudelli, R., Ghrelin elicits a marked stimulatory effect on GH secretion in freely-moving rats (2000) Eur J Endocrinol, 143, pp. R7-R9Arvat, E., Di Vito, L., Broglio, F., Preliminary evidence that ghrelin, the natural GH secretagogue (GHS)-receptor ligand, strongly stimulates GH secretion in humans (2000) J Endocrinol Invest, 23, pp. 493-495Paino, R., Baudelli, R., Rodriguez-Garcia, J., Ghrelin-induced growth hormone secretion in humans (2000) Eur J Endocrinol, 143, pp. R11-R14Takaya, K., Ariyasu, H., Kanamoto, N., Ghrelin strongly stimulates growth hormone release in humans (2000) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, pp. 4908-4911Arvat, E., Maccario, M., Di Vito, L., Endocrine activities of ghrelin, a natural growth hormone secretagogue (GHS), in humans: Comparison and interactions with hexarelin, a nonnatural peptidyl GHS, and GH-releasing hormone (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, pp. 1169-1174Muller, A.F., Lamberts, S.W., Janssen, J.A., Ghrelin drives GH secretion during fasting in man (2002) Eur J Endocrinol, 146, pp. 203-207Toogood, A.A., Torneth, M.O., Ghrelin, not just another growth hormone secretagogue (2001) Clin Endocrinol, 55, pp. 589-591Tschöp, M., Smiley, D.L., Helman, M.L., Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents (2000) Nature, 407, pp. 908-913Wren, A.M., Seal, L.J., Cohen, M.A., Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, pp. 5992-5995Lee, H.-M., Wang, G., Englander, E.W., Ghrelin, a new gastric intestinal endocrine peptide that stimulates insulin secretion: Enteric distribution, ontogeny, influence of endocrine, and dietary manipulations (2002) Endocrinology, 143, pp. 185-190Heiman, M.L., Tschöp, M., Ghrelin acts to provide the calories that growth hormone requires for growth and repair (2001) Proc 83rd Ann Meeting Endocrine Soc, Denver, CO, p. 33Cummings, D.E., Purnell, J.Q., Frayo, R.S., A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans (2001) Diabetes, 50, pp. 1714-1719Tschöp, M., Wawarta, R., Riepl, R.L., Post-prandial decrease of circulating human ghrelin levels (2001) J Endocrinol Invest, 24, pp. RC19-RC21Caixas, A., Bashore, C., Nash, W., Insulin, unlike food intake, does not suppress ghrelin in human subjects (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, p. 1902Tschöp, M., Weyer, C., Tataranni, P.A., Circulating ghrelin levels are decreased in human obesity (2001) Diabetes, 50, pp. 707-709Hansen, T.K., Dall, R., Hosoda, H., Weight loss increases circulating levels of ghrelin in human obesity (2002) Clin Endocrinol, 56, pp. 203-206Tanaka, M., Naruo, T., Muranaga, T., Increased fasting plasma ghrelin levels in patients with bulimia nervosa (2002) Eur J Endocrinol, 146, pp. R1-R3Otto, B., Cuntz, U., Fruehauf, E., Weight gain decreases elevated plasma ghrelin concentration of patients with anorexia nervosa (2001) Eur J Endocrinol, 145, pp. 669-673Cummings, D.E., Weigle, D.S., Frayo, R.S., Plasma ghrelin levels after diet- induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery (2002) N Engl J Med, 346, pp. 1623-1630Fobi, M.A.L., Lee, H., Flemming, A.W., The surgical technique of the Fobi-pouch operation for obesity (the transected silastic ring vertical gastric bypass (1998) Obes Surg, 8, pp. 283-288Nakazato, M., Murakami, N., Date, Y., A role of ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding (2001) Nature, 409, pp. 194-198Geloneze, B., Tambascia, M., Pareja, J.C., Serum leptin levels after bariatric surgery across a range of glucose tolerance from normal to diabetes (2001) Obes Surg, 11, pp. 693-698Halmi, K.A., Mason, E., Falk, J.R., Appetitive behavior after gastric bypass for obesity (1981) Int J Obes, 5, pp. 457-464Rand, C.S., Macgregor, A.M., Hankins, G.C., Eating behavior after gastric bypass surgery for obesity (1987) South Med J, 80, pp. 961-964Krsek, M., Rosicka, M., Halusik, M., Plasma ghrelin levels in a patient with short bowel syndrome (2002) Endocr Res, 28, pp. 27-33Shiiya, T., Nakazato, M., Mizuta, M., Plasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on ghrelin secretion (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, pp. 240-244Nakagawa, E., Nagaya, N., Okumura, H., Hyperglycaemia suppresses the secretion of ghrelin, a novel growth-hormone-releasing peptide: Responses to intravenous and oral administration of glucose (2002) Clin Sci, 103, pp. 325-328Broglio, F., Arvat, E., Benso, A., Ghrelin, a natural GH secretagogue produced by the stomach, induces hyperglycemia and reduces insulin secretion in humans (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, pp. 5083-5086Deitel, M., Diabetes and bariatric surgery (2000) Obes Surg, 10, p. 285Geloneze, B., Tambascia, M.A., Pareja, J.C., The insulin tolerance test in severely obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery (2001) Obes Res, 9, pp. 763-769Ukkola, O., Ravussin, E., Jacobson, P., Mutation in the preproghrelin/ghrelin gene associated with obesity in humans (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, pp. 3996-399

Sex differences in insulin resistance in GABAB1 knockout mice

We have previously demonstrated that the absence of functional GABA B receptors (GABABRs) disturbs glucose homeostasis in GABAB1KO mice. The aim of this work was to extend our studies of these alterations in GABAB1KO mice and investigate the sexual differences therein.; Male and female, GABAB1KO and WT mice were used. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests (GTT and ITT), and insulin and glucagon secretion tests (IST and GST) were performed. Blood glucose, serum insulin and hyperglycemic hormones were determined, and HOMA-IR calculated. Skeletal muscle insulin receptor β subunit (IRβ), insulin receptor substrates 1/2 (IRS1, IRS2) and hexokinase-II levels were determined by Western blot. Skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity was assessed by in vivo insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation (Western blot). Food intake and hypothalamic NPY mRNA expression (by qPCR) were also evaluated.; Fasted insulin and HOMA-IR were augmented in GABAB1KO males, with no alterations in females. Areas under the curve (AUC) for GTT and ITT were increased in GABAB1KO mice of both genders, indicating compromised insulin sensitivity. No genotype differences were observed in IST, GST or in IRβ, IRS1, IRS2 and hexokinase-II expression. Akt activation was severely impaired in GABAB1KO males while no alterations were observed in females. GABAB1KO mice showed increased food intake and NPY expression.; Glucose metabolism and energy balance disruptions were more pronounced in GABAB1KO males, which develop peripheral insulin resistance probably due to augmented insulin secretion. Metabolic alterations in females were milder and possibly due to previously described reproductive disorders, such as persistent estrus