The molecular basis of memory. Part 3: tagging with “emotive” neurotransmitters

Many neurons of all animals that exhibit memory (snails, worms, flies, vertebrae) present arborized shapes with many varicosities and boutons. These neurons, release neurotransmitters and contain ionotropic receptors that produce and sense electrical signals (ephaptic transmission). The extended shapes maximize neural contact with the surrounding neutrix (neural extracellular matrix (nECM)+ diffusible (neurometals and neurotransmitters) as well as with other neurons. We propose a tripartite mechanism of animal memory based on the dynamic interactions of splayed neurons with the neutrix. Their interactions form cognitive units of information (cuinfo), metal-centered complexes within the nECM around the neuron. Emotive content is provided by NTs, which embody molecular links between physiologic (body) responses and psychic feelings. We propose that neurotransmitters form mixed complexes with cuinfo used for tagging emotive memory.Thus, NTs provide encoding option not available to a Turing, binary-based, device.The neurons employ combinatorially diverse options, with > 10 NMs and > 90 NTs for encoding (flavoring) cuinfo with emotive tags. The neural network efficiently encodes, decodes and consolidates related (entangled) sets of cuinfo into a coherent pattern, the basis for emotionally imbued memory, critical for determining a behavioral choice aimed at survival. The tripartite mechanism with tagging of NTs permits of a causal connection between physiology and psychology.<br/

Sphenopalatine ganglion block with botulinum toxin type A using a three-dimensional injection guide for facial pain of cancerous origin: study of a clinical case.

Objective: Sphenopalatine ganglion block remains a noninvasive therapeutic option to treat diverse facial pain syndromes. The aim of this case report was to verify the effectiveness and safety of three-dimensional (3D) injection guide for sphenopalatine ganglion block in a tongue cancer patient. Case report: A 53-year-old man presented with a large squamous cell carcinoma of the right base of the tongue, classified cT4N2M0 and exhibiting excruciatin facial pain. A botulinum toxin injection was performed following Dr. Yoshida’s method, using a 3D injection guide. Conclusions: Sphenopalatine ganglion block with 3D injection guide can be an effective treatment against cancer pain. In this case report a complete withdrawal of painkillers was obtained less than 24 hours after botulinum toxin injection.Objective: Sphenopalatine ganglion block remains a noninvasive therapeutic option to treat diverse facial pain syndromes. The aim of this case report was to verify the effectiveness and safety of three-dimensional (3D) injection guide for sphenopalatine ganglion block in a tongue cancer patient. Case report: A 53-year-old man presented with a large squamous cell carcinoma of the right base of the tongue, classified cT4N2M0 and exhibiting excruciating facial pain. A botulinum toxin injection was performed following Dr. Yoshida’s method, using a 3D injection guide. Conclusions: Sphenopalatine ganglion block with 3D injection guide can be an effective treatment against cancer pain. In this case report a complete withdrawal of painkillers was obtained less than 24 hours after botulinum toxin injection

Research study of some RAM antennas Final report, 18 Nov. 1964 - 18 Jun. 1965

Input impedance and radiation pattern determinations for cylindrical gap, waveguide excited and circular waveguide slot antenna array

The Calbindin-D28k binding site on inositol monophosphatase may allow inhibition independent of the lithium site of action

Among numerous reported biochemical effects the lithium-inhibitable enzyme inositol-monophosphatase (IMPase) remains a viable target for lithium&#x27;s therapeutic mechanism of action. Calbindin-D28k (calbindin) interacts with IMPase enhancing its activity. In the present study in silico modeling of IMPase-calbindin binding using the program MolFit indicated that the 55-66 amino acid segment of IMPase anchors calbindin via Lys59 and Lys61 with a glutamate in between (Lys-Glu-Lys motif). The model further suggested that the Lys-Glu-Lys motif interacts with residues Asp24 and Asp26 of calbindin. Indeed, we found that differently from wildtype calbindin, IMPase was not activated by mutated calbindin in which Asp24 and Asp26 were replaced by alanine. Calbindin&#x27;s effect was significantly reduced by a peptide with the sequence of amino acids 58-63 of IMPase (peptide 1) and by six amino-acid peptides including at least part of the Lys-Glu-Lys motif. The three amino-acid peptide Lys-Glu-Lys or five amino-acid peptides containing this motif were ineffective. Intracerebroventricular administration of peptide 1 resulted in a significant antidepressant-like reduced immobility in the Porsolt forced swim test (FST) compared with mice treated with a scrambled peptide or artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Based on the sequence of peptide 1, and to potentially increase the peptide&#x27;s stability, cyclic and linear pre-cyclic analog peptides were synthesized. One cyclic and one linear pre-cyclic analog peptides exhibited an inhibitory effect on calbindin-activated brain IMPase activity in vitro. These findings may lead to the development of molecules capable of inhibiting IMPase activity at an alternative site than that of lithium

Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: New Insights into Molecular Mechanisms and Cellular Therapeutic Approaches

peer reviewedIn recent years, medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) became an arising disease due to the important antiresorptive drug prescriptions to treat oncologic and osteoporotic patients, as well as the use of new antiangiogenic drugs such as VEGF antagonist. So far, MRONJ physiopathogenesis still remains unclear. Aiming to better understand MRONJ physiopathology, the first objective of this review would be to highlight major molecular mechanisms that are known to be involved in bone formation and remodeling. Recent development in MRONJ pharmacological treatments showed good results; however, those treatments are not curative and could have major side effects. In parallel to pharmacological treatments, MSC grafts appeared to be beneficial in the treatment of MRONJ, in multiple aspects: (1) recruitment and stimulation of local or regional endogenous cells to differentiate into osteoblasts and thus bone formation, (2) beneficial impact on bone remodeling, and (3) immune-modulatory properties that decrease inflammation. In this context, the second objective of this manuscript would be to summarize the molecular regulatory events controlling osteogenic differentiation, bone remodeling, and osteoimmunology and potential beneficial effects of MSC related to those aspects, in order to apprehend MRONJ and to develop new therapeutic approaches

A peptide derived from the N-terminal region of HIV-1 Vpr promotes nuclear import in permeabilized cells: elucidation of the NLS region of the Vpr

AbstractViral protein r (Vpr), a HIV-1 auxiliary protein which mediates nuclear import of the viral preintegration complex (PIC), contains two regions, N- and C-terminal, which have been proposed to function as a nuclear localization signal (NLS). We have synthesized peptides corresponding to both regions (designated as VprN and VprC), conjugated them to bovine serum albumin (BSA), and tested their ability to mediate nuclear import in permeabilized cells. Only VprN, and not VprC, functioned as an active NLS and promoted translocation of the conjugate into nuclei. Nuclear import of the conjugate was found to be energy and temperature dependent and was inhibited by wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). However, it did not require the addition of cytosolic factors and was not inhibited by the prototypic SV40 large T-antigen NLS peptide. Our results show that Vpr harbours a non-conventional negatively charged NLS and therefore suggest that Vpr may use a distinct nuclear import pathway

Sampling considerations when analyzing micrometric-sized particles in a liquid jet using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

International audiencePollution of water is a matter of concern all over the earth. Particles are known to play an important role in the transportation of pollutants in this medium. In addition, the emergence of new materials such as NOAA (Nano-Objects, their Aggregates and their Agglomerates) emphasizes the need to develop adapted instruments for their detection. Surveillance of pollutants in particulate form in waste waters in industries involved in nanopartide manufacturing and processing is a telling example of possible applications of such instrumental development. The LIBS (laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy) technique coupled with the liquid jet as sampling mode for suspensions was deemed as a potential candidate for on-line and real time monitoring. With the final aim in view to obtain the best detection limits, the interaction of nanosecond laser pulses with the liquid jet was examined. The evolution of the volume sampled by laser pulses was estimated as a function of the laser energy applying conditional analysis when analyzing a suspension of micrometric-sized particles of borosilicate glass. An estimation of the sampled depth was made. Along with the estimation of the sampled volume, the evolution of the SNR (signal to noise ratio) as a function of the laser energy was investigated as well. Eventually, the laser energy and the corresponding fluence optimizing both the sampling volume and the SNR were determined. The obtained results highlight intrinsic limitations of the liquid jet sampling mode when using 532 nm nanosecond laser pulses with suspensions

Diplomado de profundización CISCO.

En este documento encontrará el desarrollo de dos escenarios propuestos para demostrar el desarrollo de competencias y habilidades adquiridas durante el Diplomado en Profundización CCNA. Los escenarios abarcan temas básicos, pasando por intermedios y avanzados de networking, como lo son configuración inicial de los routers, seguridad y encriptación de credenciales de acceso, enrutamiento (EIGRP y OSPF), servicios DHCP, IP Helper, Telnet, creación de VLANs y seguridad con ACLs, entre otros. Por otro lado, se demuestra el uso del comandos de configuración de los dispositivos CISCO, empleando la herramienta de simulación Packet Tracer de la misma empresa.In this document you will find the development of two scenarios proposed to demonstrate the development of skills and abilities acquired during the CCNA Deepening Diploma. The scenarios cover basic topics, including intermediate and advanced networking, such as initial configuration of routers, security and encryption of access credentials, routing (EIGRP and OSPF), DHCP services, IP Helper, Telnet, creation of VLANs and security with ACLs, among others. On the other hand, the use of the configuration commands of the CISCO devices is demonstrated, using the Packet Tracer simulation tool of the same company

Shared Epitope–Antagonistic Ligands: A New Therapeutic Strategy in Mice With Erosive Arthritis

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/112271/1/art39158.pd