Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi Keluarga Buruh Pemecah Batu Desa Tambahrejo Pringsewu

This study was aimed to examine the socio-economic conditions of families of stone breaker in Tambahrejo Village. The method of this research was descriptive with population of 68 people. The data collection techniques were questionnaire and documentation. After collecting the data, the researcher analyzed the data by spatial or spatial approach. The results of this study indicate that: (1) 64.70% of respondents had hours of working ≥ 40 hours / week with rest <40 hours / week (2) 14.71% of respondents had income ≥ other UMP <UMP. (3) 41.17% of respondents had dependents of family members ≥ 5 people had more than <5 people. (4) 1,36% of respondents stated to live in abundance with the expenditure of rice 481-960 Kg/year and the rest declared almost poor and poor. (5) A total of 5.28% of respondent\u27s children are able to continue to Unversity from the total number of respondent\u27s children.Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang kondisi sosial dan ekonomi buruh pemecah batu di Desa Tambahrejo Pringsewu. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan jumlah populasi 68 orang. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu kuesioner dan dokumentasi. Data yang terkumpul kemudian dianalisis dalam pendekatan spasial atau keruangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) sebanyak 64,70 % responden memiliki jam kerja ≥ 40 jam/minggu. (2) Ada 14,71 % responden memiliki pendapatan ≥ UMP. (3) Ada 41,17% responden memiliki tanggungan keluarga ≥ 5 orang. (4) Ada 1,36% responden dikatakan berkehidupan cukup dengan pengeluaran beras 481-960 Kg/Tahun dan sisanya dinyatakan nyaris miskin dan miskin. (5) Ada 5,28% anak responden mampu yang melanjutkan ke Perguruan Tinggi

Biomass extraction using non-chlorinated solvents for biocompatibility improvement of polyhydroxyalkanoates

An economically viable method to extract polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from cells is desirable for this biodegradable polymer of potential biomedical applications. In this work, two non-chlorinated solvents, cyclohexanone and -butyrolactone, were examined for extracting PHA produced by the bacterial strain Cupriavidus necator H16 cultivated on vegetable oil as a sole carbon source. The PHA produced was determined as a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) homopolyester. The extraction kinetics of the two solvents was determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). When cyclohexanone was used as the extraction solvent at 120 C in 3 min, 95% of the PHB was recovered from the cells with a similar purity to that extracted using chloroform. With a decrease in temperature, the recovery yield decreased. At the same temperatures, the recovery yield of -butyrolactone was significantly lower. The effect of the two solvents on the quality of the extracted PHB was also examined using GPC and elemental analysis. The molar mass and dispersity of the obtained polymer were similar to that extracted using chloroform, while the nitrogen content of the PHB extracted using the two new solvents was slightly higher. In a nutshell, cyclohexanone in particular was identified as an expedient candidate to efficiently drive novel, sustainable PHA extraction processes

Northern hemisphere stratospheric pathway of different El Niño Flavors in stratosphere-resolving CMIP5 models

AbstractThe Northern Hemisphere (NH) stratospheric signals of eastern Pacific (EP) and central Pacific (CP) El Niño events are investigated in stratosphere-resolving historical simulations from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), together with the role of the stratosphere in driving tropospheric El Niño teleconnections in NH climate. The large number of events in each composite addresses some of the previously reported concerns related to the short observational record. The results shown here highlight the importance of the seasonal evolution of the NH stratospheric signals for understanding the EP and CP surface impacts. CMIP5 models show a significantly warmer and weaker polar vortex during EP El Niño. No significant polar stratospheric response is found during CP El Niño. This is a result of differences in the timing of the intensification of the climatological wavenumber 1 through constructive interference, which occurs earlier in EP than CP events, related to the anomalous enhancement and earlier development of the Pacific–North American pattern in EP events. The northward extension of the Aleutian low and the stronger and eastward location of the high over eastern Canada during EP events are key in explaining the differences in upward wave propagation between the two types of El Niño. The influence of the polar stratosphere in driving tropospheric anomalies in the North Atlantic European region is clearly shown during EP El Niño events, facilitated by the occurrence of stratospheric summer warmings, the frequency of which is significantly higher in this case. In contrast, CMIP5 results do not support a stratospheric pathway for a remote influence of CP events on NH teleconnections

Cosmological gas accretion history onto the stellar discs of Milky Way-like galaxies in the Auriga simulations -- (I) Temporal dependency

We use the 30 simulations of the Auriga Project to estimate the temporal dependency of the inflow, outflow and net accretion rates onto the discs of Milky Way-like galaxies. The net accretion rates are found to be similar for all galaxies at early times, increasing rapidly up to $\sim 10~\mathrm{M}_\odot \, \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$. After $\sim 6~\mathrm{Gyr}$ of evolution, however, the net accretion rates are diverse: in most galaxies, these exhibit an exponential-like decay, but some systems instead present increasing or approximately constant levels up to the present time. An exponential fit to the net accretion rates averaged over the MW analogues yields typical decay time-scale of $7.2~\mathrm{Gyr}$. The analysis of the time-evolution of the inflow and outflow rates, and their relation to the star formation rate (SFR) in the discs, confirms the close connection between these quantities. First, the inflow$/$outflow ratio stays approximately constant, with typical values of $\dot{M}_\mathrm{out}/ \dot{M}_\mathrm{in} \sim 0.75$, indicating that the gas mass involved in outflows is of the order of 25% lower compared to that involved in inflows. A similar behaviour is found for the SFR$/$inflow rate ratio, with typical values between 0.1 and 0.3, and for the outflow rate$/$SFR which varies in the range $3.5$--$5.5$. Our results show that continuous inflow is key to the SFR levels in disc galaxies, and that the star formation activity and the subsequent feedback in the discs is able to produce mass-loaded galaxy winds in the disc-halo interface.Comment: 21 pages, 15 figure

Cosmological gas accretion history on to the stellar discs of Milky Way-like galaxies in the Auriga simulations – II. The inside–out growth of discs

We investigate the growth of stellar discs in Milky Way-mass galaxies using the magnetohydrodynamical simulations of the Auriga Project in a full cosmological context. We focus on the gas accretion process along the discs, calculating the net, infall and outflow rates as a function of galactocentric distance, and investigate the relation between them and the star formation activity. The stellar distributions of around 70 per cent of the simulated galaxies exhibit an ‘inside–out’ pattern, with older (younger) stellar populations preferentially located in the inner (outer) disc regions. In all cases, we find a very tight correlation between the infall, outflow, and net accretion rates, as well as between these three quantities and the star formation rate. This is because the amount of gas which is ultimately available for star formation in each radial ring depends not only on the infall rates, but also on the amount of gas leaving the disc in outflows, which directly relates to the local star formation level. Therefore, any of these rates can be used to identify galaxies with inside–out growth. For these galaxies, the correlation between the dominant times of accretion/star formation and disc radius is well fitted by a linear function. We also find that, when averaged over galaxies with formation histories similar to the Milky Way, the simulated accretion rates show a similar evolution (both temporally and radially integrated) to the usual accretion prescriptions used in chemical evolution models, although some major differences arise at early times and in the inner disc regions

Efficiency Droop Of InGaN/GaN Led With Different Indium Composition

III-nitride light emitting diodes (LEDs) have attracted considerable attraction due to their various applications in displays and illumination lighting. Nevertheless, the majority of InGaN/GaN LEDs suffer from the efficiency droop. This droop would limit the potential of the LEDs in high current applications. As widely reported, high indium content in InGaN/GaN multiquantum well active region of the LED promotes indium fluctuation that degrades the efficiency of the LED. In this work, we will present results of the efficiency droop for InGaN/GaN LED with indium content of 18% and 8%, respectively. The efficiency droop of the LED with 18% of indium shows higher efficiency droop than the LED with 8% of indium content

Design by simulation of a Fuzzy control and MPC for a level process

El artículo presenta la evaluación de un control Fuzzy y MPC para un proceso de nivel utilizando la herramienta Simulink de Matlab. El problema más frecuente en la industria de procesos es el control de nivel en tanques ya que presenta un modelo matemático no lineal. Comúnmente se utiliza controladores tradicionales como PID para la regulación del nivel en estos sistemas. Para la investigación se considera un tanque cilíndrico caracterizado por una función matemática no lineal. La salida del sistema está definida por que es el nivel del líquido, que cambia con la apertura de la válvula de entrada , esta válvula cambia de posición de 0 a 1 (0 a 100 %) y &nbsp;representa la válvula de perturbación. Se implementa en Simulink un control en lazo abierto con el fin de verificar la dinámica de la planta para obtener el modelo matemático en espacio de estados, luego se diseña el control Fuzzy y el control basado en modelo MPC. Finalmente se contrastan los resultados de los controladores diseñados Fuzzy y MPC con el control tradicional PID, siendo el control Fuzzy: PD difuso con acción integral, presento un mejor rendimiento para el proceso de nivel implementado, ya que, el tiempo de establecimiento es de 119.407 segundos y ante una perturbación se estabiliza en un tiempo de 82.414 segundos y no presenta un sobre impulso.The paper presents the evaluation of a Fuzzy and MPC control for a level process using the Matlab tool Simulink. The most frequent problem in the process industry is the level control in tanks since it presents a nonlinear mathematical model. Traditional controllers such as PID are commonly used for level control in these systems. For the investigation, a cylindrical tank characterized by a nonlinear mathematical function is considered. The output of the system is defined by &nbsp;which is the liquid level, which changes with the opening of the inlet valve , this valve changes position from 0 to 1 (0 to 100 %) and &nbsp;represents the disturbance valve. An open loop control is implemented in Simulink in order to verify the dynamics of the plant to obtain the mathematical model in state space, then the Fuzzy control and the control based on MPC model are designed. Finally, the results of the designed Fuzzy and MPC controllers are contrasted with the traditional PID control, being the Fuzzy control: Fuzzy PD with integral action, presented a better performance for the implemented level process, since, the establishment time is 119.407 seconds and before a disturbance it stabilizes in a time of 82.414 seconds and it does not present an over impulse

Open science in archaeology

No abstract available

Effect Of Nucleation Time With TMAl Preflow Assistance On Reducing Dislocation Density Of Aln Layer For

AlGaN-based UVC LEDs have now received numerous attentions due to their ability to eliminate coronaviruses which cause COVID-19 disease. It is therefore essential to improve the efficiency of the LEDs to make them compatible for large scale applications. One of the major challenges to improve the efficiency is to reduce the dislocation density in AlN layer; the base layer for the LEDs, to be below 109 cm-2. Thus far, many works have been proposed to reduce the dislocation in the AlN layer. However, by properly adjusting the AlN nucleation time in the growth of the AlN layer, the dislocation can be reduced. The effect might be more significant with TMAl preflow assistance, which is applied after the growth of the nucleation. In this work, we will present the effect of the nucleation time with the assistance of TMAl preflow on reducing the dislocation density in the overgrown AlN layer. With 60 seconds of nucleation, the density of the dislocation in the AlN layer can be as low as 9.0 x 108 cm-2. In addition. the role of the TMAl preflow assistance will be justified. The AlN layer was subsequently used to grow a 255 nm UVC LED. The diode characteristic and CL emission of the LED will be discussed towards the endof the presentation