Explicações teleológicas no ensino de evolução

O presente estudo tem como finalidade investigar o pensamento teleológico e suas implicações para o ensino e a formação de professores de Biologia. Particularmente, visa a compreender como os professores utilizam os argumentos teleológicos na elaboração das explicações sobre temáticas de evolução no ensino de Biologia. O trabalho empírico focaliza as soluções apresentadas por docentes às diversas situações em que o pensamento teleológico assume em aula, nas quais predominam uma visão linear e progressista sobre evolução. Tomando como referência a análise realizada, argumenta-se que a complexidade do pensamento teleológico não se restringe ao ensino Biologia e, portanto, os usos dados didáticos devem ser analisados em relação às finalidades educativas e não unicamente aos critérios científicos. Apontamos para seu uso consciente e em situações específicas

OARSI year in review 2023:Rehabilitation and outcomes

Objective: We systematically reviewed the literature to identify comparative studies of core treatments (exercise, education, or weight management), adjunct treatments (e.g. electrotherapeutical modalities, bracing), or multimodal treatments (core plus other treatments), for treating osteoarthritis (OA) complaints, published between 1 March 2022 and 1 March 2023. Design: We searched three electronic databases for peer-reviewed comparative studies evaluating core treatments, adjunct treatments, or multimodal treatments for OA affecting any joint, in comparison to other OA treatments. Two authors independently screened records. Methodological quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. A narrative synthesis focusing on pain and function outcomes was performed in studies with a mean sample size of at least 46 participants per treatment arm. Results: 33 publications (28 studies), 82% with PEDro ratings of good or excellent, were eligible for narrative synthesis: 23 studies evaluated knee OA; one knee OA or chronic low back pain; two knee or hip OA; one hip OA only; and one thumb OA. No studies identified a dose, duration or type of exercise that resulted in better pain or function outcomes. Core treatments generally showed modest benefits compared to no or minimal intervention controls. Conclusions: Rehabilitation research continues to be focused on the knee. Most studies are not adequately powered to assess pain efficacy. Further work is needed to better account for contextual effects, identify treatment responder characteristics, understand treatment mechanisms, and implement guideline care.</p

Petrogenesis of shield volcanism from the Juan Fernández Ridge, Southeast Pacific: Melting of a low-temperature pyroxenite-bearing mantle plume

The Juan Fernández Ridge (JFR) is an age-progressive volcanic chain (∼800 km long) related to a fixed mantle plume in the Southeast Pacific offshore central Chile. The high 3He/4He ratio (up to 18 times higher than that of the atmosphere) and spatiotemporal 40Ar/39Ar geochronology suggest that the source material of the JFR is derived from the lower mantle and transferred to the surface by a relatively stationary plume. We used new whole-rock geochemical data (major-element, trace-element, and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data) for representative samples from the shield-stage of volcanism in the JFR (from O’Higgins Guyot, Alpha Seamount, Robinson Crusoe Island, and Alejandro Selkirk Island) to develop a petrogenetic model with the goal of understanding the temporal and spatial evolution of magmatism along the JFR. The shield-building lavas of JFR consist primarily of tholeiitic to alkalic basalts. Their compositional differences are explained by the fractional crystallization of olivine and clinopyroxene ± plagioclase, magmatic recharge, melt mixing, and olivine accumulation. Radiogenic Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes show a narrow field within the compositional range of the common FOZO mantle. The 206Pb/204Pb and 207Pb/204Pb ratios of JFR lavas are similar to those of other islands on the Nazca Plate (e.g., San Félix and San Ambrosio). However, the JFR lavas are more radiogenic and show a narrower compositional range compared to the Easter Seamount Chain. The low CaO content at a given MgO content, moderate Ti–Ta–Nb ‘TITAN' anomaly, fractionated heavy rare earth element values, and isotopic composition of JFR lavas are consistent with the presence of pyroxenite (recycled oceanic crust) in the mantle source. To estimate source parameters, we used OBS1 software (Kimura and Kawabata, 2015) to calculate the potential temperature (1316°C–1412°C), total degree of melting (3.4–19.2 wt%), and pyroxenite fraction (0.6–18.4 wt%) of the mantle beneath JFR. The temporal changes in the thermal, compositional, and lithologic characteristics of the source material can explain the chemical differences observed between different JFR volcanoes. We propose that shield-stage volcanism in JFR is largely generated by the melting of pyroxenite in a relatively low-temperature mantle plume. As a result, this weak plume containing low mantle He is difficult to image using seismic tomography

Efecto de diferentes regimenes de riego sobre la carga frutal, tama\uf1o de fruta y rendimiento del olivo cv. Sevillana

In order to determine the effects of different regulated deficit irrigation (RDC) strategies in olives ( Olea europea L.), four irrigation treatments were applied, for three seasons, in an eight-year-old orchard of cv. 'Sevillana' olives, growing in the locality of Tierras Blanca, San Felipe, V Region, Chile (32\ub047' S; 70\ub042' W; 800 m above sea level). Treatments were: T1, irrigated at 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) for the entire season; T2, 100% ETc from beginning of shoot growth until the end of fruit growth stage II and 40% ETc during stage III; T3, 100% ETc from beginning of shoot growth until the end of fruit growth stage II and 25% ETc during stage III; and T4, 60% ETc throughout the entire season. Both stem water potential and stomatal conductance were affected by RDC, especially when 40 and 25% ETc were applied. During fruit stage III, water stress did not affect the fruit-bearing load, however during this stage severe water stress affected the final fruit weight. Water stress during the whole season (60% ETc), produced a strong reduction on the fruit-bearing load of the season of high production, which seems to have its origin in the previous season. According to the results, the best strategy for RDC in olives seems to be moderate stress (application of 40% Etc) in phase III of fruit growth.Con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de diferentes estrategias de riego deficitario controlado (RDC) en olivos ( Olea europea L.), se aplicaron cuatro tratamientos de riego, en tres temporadas, a un huerto de ocho a\uf1os de edad, del cv. Sevillana, ubicado en la localidad de Tierras Blancas, San Felipe, V Regi\uf3n (32\ub047' lat. Sur, 70\ub042' long. Oeste, 800 m.s.n.m). Los tratamientos fueron: T1, regado con el equivalente al 100% de la evapotranspiraci\uf3n del cultivo (ETc) durante toda la temporada; T2, 100% de la ETc desde brotaci\uf3n hasta el t\ue9rmino de la fase II de crecimiento del fruto y 40% durante la fase III; T3, 100% de la ETc desde brotaci\uf3n hasta el t\ue9rmino de la fase II de crecimiento del fruto y 25% durante la fase III; y T4, 60% de la ETc durante toda la temporada. Tanto el potencial h\ueddrico xilem\ue1tico como la conductancia estom\ue1tica se vieron afectados por la aplicaci\uf3n de riego restringido, especialmente cuando se aplicaron 40 y 25% de la ETc. D\ue9ficit h\ueddricos durante la fase III de crecimiento de frutos no afectaron la carga frutal, sin embargo restricciones h\ueddricas severas durante esta fase tuvieron incidencia en el peso final del fruto. D\ue9ficit h\ueddricos durante toda la temporada (60% ETc), produjeron una fuerte reducci\uf3n en la carga frutal de la temporada de alta producci\uf3n, la que parece tener su origen en el a\uf1o anterior. De acuerdo a los resultados, la mejor estrategia RDC en olivo parece ser un estr\ue9s moderado (aplicaci\uf3n del 40% de la ETc) en la fase III de crecimiento del fruto

Biodisponibilidad de corticoides fluorados en preparaciones semisólidas

Trabajo presentado al II Congreso Nacional de Biofarmacia y Farmacocinética. Madrid, 16-18 mayo de 1977.En el presente trabajo se ha realizado un estudio de la biodisponibillidad de tres corticoides fluorados contenidos en diversas preparaciones semisólidas. Las sustancias medicamentosas objeto de ensayo, Flupamesona, Flupredniliden y Formocortal, se han incluido en dos excipientes usuales, el Hydrophilic Ointment y el de Polyethileneglycol, ensayándose además tres formulaciones comerciales que los contienen. Las pruebas efectuadas en todas ellas son de dos tipos: - "In vitro", según la técnica de cesión en miristato de isopropilo. - "In vivo", por el procedimiento de vasocontricción o emblanquecimiento de McKENZIE y STOUGHTON. De los resultados obtenidos se comprueba que el Hydrophilic Ointment presenta mejores características de cesión, superiores incluso a las formulaciones del mercado farmacéutico. Asimismo, de los tres corticoides ensayados, el Formocortal presenta mayor actividad vaso constrictora, siguiéndole el Fluprednyliden, y encontrándose en último lugar la Flupamesona.In the present work a study on the bioavailibity of three fluorate corticoids contained in various semisolid preparations have been carried out. The medicinal substance submítted to the assay, Flupamesona, Fluprednyliden y Formocortal, have been included in two usual excipients, the Hydrophilic Ointment and the Polyethyleneglycol. Furthermore, three commercial formulations in whích they are contained, were assayed. The test carried out in all of them are of two kinds: - "In vitro", following the technique of cession in isopropyl myristate. - "In vivo", foUowing the procedure of vasoconstricción and bleaching of McKENZIE and STOUGHTON. From the results obtained we verify that the Hydrophilic Ointment shows better properUes of cession, even better than the formulations which are available in the pharmaceutical market. Likewise, from the three corticoids assayed, the Fomocortal shows a greater vasoconstricting activity, being followed by the Fluprednyliden; the Flupamesona 1s found in the last position

Growth Diagrams for Individual Finger Strength in Children Measured with the RIHM

Background: Although grip and pinch strength provide a more global measure of a large number of digits and muscles, measuring strength of individual fingers or the thumb can provide additional and more detailed information regarding hand strength. Questions/purposes: We developed growth diagrams for individual finger strength in children. Patients and Methods: We measured thumb palmar abduction, thumb opposition, and thumb flexion in the metacarpophalangeal joint, and abduction of the index and little fingers in 101 children (4-12 years old) using a myometer. We recorded hand dominance, gender, height, and weight. All measurements were performed in a randomized order by the same researcher. We developed statistical models for drawing growth diagrams using estimated percentiles for each strength measurement. Separate models for dominant and nondominant hands of boys and girls were developed, in addition to a combined model. Results: Because there was no difference in strength between boys and girls and between dominant and nondominant hands, both hands and genders were combined in one growth diagram for each measurement. The normative data were presented in a table format and in growth diagrams for each myometer measurement. Conclusions: These diagrams can be used for pediatric patients such as patients with congenital malformations or neuromuscular disorders who receive interventions or therapy aimed at function of the hand, fingers, or thumb. The growth diagrams facilitate distinguishing between the effects of growth and intervention on strength development

The difference between actual and prescribed weight bearing of total hip patients with a trochanteric osteotomy: long-term vertical force measurements inside and outside the hospital

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether patients load the operated leg at a prescribed weight-bearing target load during postoperative recovery. DESIGN: A descriptive prospective study. SETTING: Orthopedic clinic and patients' homes. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty patients who had undergone total hip arthroplasty (THA) with trochanteric osteotomy. INTERVENTION: Patients were verbally instructed by a physical therapist to perform partial weight bearing at a 10% body weight (BW) target load (n=33) or at a 50% BW target load (n=17). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean peak load (%BW) and percentage of patients and mean percentage of steps below, equal to, and above the target load. Weight bearing was measured when patients walked with (condition 1) and without (condition 2) a physical therapist in the hospital and walked at home (condition 3). RESULTS: The mean peak load was significantly higher than the target in the 10% BW group for all 3 conditions (condition 1, 19.2% BW; condition 2, 20.0% BW; condition 3, 26.8% BW). In the 50% BW group, the mean peak load was significantly lower than the target in conditions 1 (28.1% BW) and 2 (32.5% BW). No significant difference in weight bearing was found when walking with or without a physical therapist (change in 10% BW, -0.1% BW; change in 50% BW, -3.17% BW). At home, the mean peak load was significantly larger compared with walking without a physical therapist in the hospital (change in 10% BW, -7.0% BW; change in 50% BW, -11.5% BW). CONCLUSIONS: Partial weight bearing at a specific target load was not achieved by patients with a THA when given verbal instructions. Especially when using a low target load and when walking at home with no supervision of a physical therapist, patients loaded the operated leg higher and more frequently above the target load. Other training methods (eg, biofeedback) have to be evaluated to use as training tools for partial weight bearing at specific target loads

CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN POPULATIONS OF THE MARINE CRAB LIOCARCINUS DEPURATOR IN THE ATLANTO-MEDITERRANEAN TRANSITION: A FIVE YEAR SERIES

Abstract: We carried out a spatial and temporal genetic differentiation analysis using seven populations of the marine crab Liocarcinus depurator to elucidate the effect of three oceanographic discontinuities in the Atlanto-Mediterranean coast: Gibraltar Strait, Almeria-Oran Front and Ibiza Channel. To conduct this study, a 527 bp fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene was sequenced in individuals captured in the period 2014-2018 from the following Iberian coast populations: Cádiz, West Alboran, East Alboran, Alacant, Valencia, Ebro Delta and North Catalonia. Two haplogroups were detected; one characteristic of Atlantic waters and the other of Mediterranean. Their differential distribution allowed understanding the connectivity between populations. The effect of the oceanographic fronts on gene flow varied over time. Their effects were significant for the Gibraltar Strait (2014 and 2017), Almeria Oran Front (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017) and Ibiza Channel (2015). Interestingly, the joint analysis of West Alboran, East Alboran and Alacant populations allowed a more precise detection of the location of the Almeria Oran Front biological effects. Finally, significant differences were observed in connectivity between Valencia and Ebro Delta in 2015, although there is not an oceanographic discontinuity between them. The main conclusion is that the gene flow is mediated by oceanographic fronts, but their intensity and effects change over time.CTM2017-88080 AEI/FEDER, UE) (CTM2015-66400-C3-3-R MINECO/FEDER) (2017 SGR 1120)