Agallas Inducidas por Insectos en Especies de Artemisia (Asteraceae)en España, con Especial Referencia a la Comunidad de Madrid

12 páginas, 4 figuras et al..[EN] The galls induced by insects on species of Artemisia (Asteraceae) in Spain are studied. Literature data have been compiled and sampling in the centre and the south of peninsular Spain was carried out, mainly on Artemisia campestris and Artemisia herba-alba. The gall inducer entomofauna associated to species of Artemisia in Spain consist of 19 species of eight gall-inducer genera of the families Cecidomyiidae and Tephritidae (Diptera), Tortricidae (Lepidoptera), Aphididae (Hemiptera) and Apionidae (Coleoptera). Thirteen species were found on Artemisia campestris, five on A. herba-alba and one on A. vulgaris. Eight galls were affecting the vegetative or reproductive buds, whereas ten galls were on the stems of the plants. The gall of Oxyna parietina (L. 1758) is recorded for the first time in Spain. A key for the identification of the studied galls is provided.[ES] Se estudian las agallas inducidas por especies de insectos en plantas del género Artemisia L. (Asteraceae) en España. Se han recopilado las citas publicadas existentes y se han efectuado muestreos en el centro y sur de España peninsular, principalmente sobre Artemisia campestris L. y Artemisia herba-alba Asso. La entomofauna cecidógena asociada a especies de Artemisia en España está integrada al menos por 19 especies de ocho géneros gallícolas de las familias Cecidomyiidae y Tephritidae (Diptera), Tortricidae (Lepidoptera), Aphididae (Hemiptera) y Apionidae (Coleoptera). Trece especies fueron encontradas sobre Artemisia campestris, cinco sobre A. herba-alba y una en A. vulgaris L. Ocho agallas se encontraron afectando las yemas vegetativas o reproductivas, mientras que diez agallas se encontraron en los tallos de las plantas. Se cita la agalla de Oxyna parietina (L., 1758) por primera vez para España. Se aporta una clave de identificación de las agallas de la comunidad gallícola estudiada.El trabajo ha sido realizado con fondos del proyecto de investigación del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia CGL2005-01922/BOS concedido a José Luis Nieves Aldrey. Enrique Medianero se benefició de una beca concedida por el Gobierno de Panamá (IFARHU-SENACYT) para la realización de estudios predoctorales en España.Peer reviewe

Primera cita del género Neuroterus Hartig (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) para América Central, con descripción de tres especies nuevas de Panamá y Costa Rica

Three new species of Neuroterus Hartig, 1840 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) are described from Panama and Costa Rica: Neuroterus elvisi sp. n., Neuroterus pulchrigalla sp. n., and Neuroterus glandiphilus sp. n. The new species are the first of the genus Neuroterus recorded from Central America and the Neotropical region. The new species induce galls on Quercus bumelioides Liebm. (Fagaceae, sect. Quercus, White Oaks). Additional evidence of the presence of other unidentified species of Neuroterus in the sampled area is presented. Diagnostic morphological characters, gall descriptions, distributions, host plant and other biological data of the new species are given and discussed. http://urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:48D0C1E1-1D0C-40D8-B890-FFC85AE7A213Se describen tres nuevas especies del género Neuroterus Hartig, 1840 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) de Panamá y Costa Rica: Neuroterus elvisi sp. n., Neuroterus pulchrigalla sp. n. y Neuroterus glandiphilus sp. n.. Las nuevas especies representan el primer registro del género Neuroterus para América Central y la región neotropical. Se presenta también evidencia adicional de la presencia de otras especies de Neuroterus no identificadas. Las nuevas especies inducen agallas en Quercus bumelioides Liebm. (Fagaceae, sect. Quercus , robles blancos). Se aportan caracteres diagnósticos, descripciones de las agallas, datos de su distribución, de las plantas hospedadoras y otros datos de biología de las nuevas especies

Praxis de la orientación, en el ámbito educativo

Orientation plays a major role 1n the prevent1on of psychosocial conflicts that affect and 1mpede the full development of mankind’s life as a product or global fast-paced lifestyle. This article shows orientation in praxis in an educational environment, with contributions by scholars and researchers that support the activity of orientation immersed in psychological and humanistic theories that improve its advancement tenfold. The article shows a brief history of orientation, covering some periods of its evolution as a discipline; its three areas of attention, namely: Education Orientation, Personal-Social Orientation, and Profession-Vocational Orientation. Lastly, the article deals with the systematization of orientation services of Panama in elementary, junior, and high school, and it deals in a very general way with the contributions from the B.A. in Education with emphasis in Education and Professional Orientation offered in the University of Panama.La orientación juega un papel preponderante en la prevención de los conflictos psicosociales que perturban e impiden el pleno desarrollo de la vida del hombre, producto del aceleramiento global. El siguiente artículo presenta la praxis de la orientación en el entorno educativo, con aportaciones suministradas por estudiosos e investigadores que sustentan el accionar de la orientación inmersa en las teorías psicológicas/humanísticas que enriquecen notablemente su avance. Se presenta una breve historia de la orientación que comprende algunos periodos de su evolución como disciplina. Sus tres áreas de atención (Orientación Educativa, Orientación Personal-Social y Orientación Profesional-Vocacional). Por último, aborda la sistematización en de los servicios de orientación en los centros educativos de Panamá del nivel de Premedia y media, y se trata en una forma muy general los aportes que en este sentido viene haciendo la Licenciatura en Educación con Especialidad en Orientación Educativa y Profesional que ofrece la Universidad de Panamá

La tutoría en la Universidad de Panamá: Percepción de profesores y estudiantes

The current situation of Academic Tutoring at the University of Panama remains a topic that has not been discussed up to now. Although some academic units consider it from the curricular mesh in order to offer support to students, specifically at the doctoral level. Therefore, it is important to train the teaching staff in order to strengthen academic performance and minimize the failure, lag and dropout of students entering university studies.   The objective of the study was to examine the students and teachers´ perception about academic tutoring. To this end, the research question was focused on investigating whether tutoring is an innovative strategy that contributes to the quality of professional academic training of university students. To this end, the Law, Economics, Nursing, Pharmacy and Information Technology, Electronics and Communication faculties were counted as the unit of analysis. For its empirical realization, second year students were selected at random, as well as professors who work in these faculties. The research focus was exploratory, and descriptive, so the answers obtained show that a high percentage of teachers provide tutoring out of their own initiative. Students perceive tutoring as a good educational strategy that favors the improvement of the quality of teaching. In this sense, policies are required to contemplate tutoring as part of the curricula of all university degrees taught at the University of Panama.La situación actual de la Tutoría Académica en la Universidad de Panamá es un tema poco tratado hasta el momento, aunque algunas unidades académicas lo consideran desde su malla curricular con la finalidad de ofrecer apoyo a los estudiantes, específicamente a nivel de doctorado. Por ello, es importante capacitar al personal docente con el objetivo de fortalecer el rendimiento académico y minimizar el fracaso, el rezago y la deserción de los estudiantes que ingresan a los estudios universitarios.   El objetivo del estudio consistió en examinar la percepción que tienen estudiantes y profesores sobre la tutoría académica. Con este fin, la pregunta de investigación se enfocó en indagar si la Tutoría es una estrategia de innovación que contribuye a la calidad de la formación académica profesional de los estudiantes universitarios. Para ello, se contó como unidad de análisis a las facultades de Derecho, Economía, Enfermería, Farmacia e Informática, Electrónica y Comunicación. Para su realización empírica, se seleccionaron al azar estudiantes de segundo año, así como profesores que laboran en estas facultades. La investigación se enfoca en un inicio como exploratoria, descriptiva. Las respuestas obtenidas evidencian que un alto porcentaje de los profesores brindan tutoría por iniciativa propia. Los estudiantes perciben la tutoría como una buena estrategia educativa que favorece el mejoramiento de la calidad de la enseñanza. En ese sentido, se deben crear políticas que contemplen la tutoría dentro de los planes de estudios de todas las carreras universitarias que se dictan en la Universidad de Panamá

An entomocentric view of the Janzen-Connell hypothesis

In 1987, in the first issue of Conservation Biology, Edward O. Wilson wrote about the “little things that run the world” – the importance and conservation of insects (Wilson, 1987). Readers of Insect Conservation and Diversity will no doubt be very familiar with the concept. Sadly, however, this perception is not as widely shared among the rest of the scientific community as it should be, and insects are still comparatively neglected as a prime focus of scientific investigations

Raman spectroscopy analysis of Paleolithic industry from Guadalteba terrace river, Campillos (Guadalteba county, Southern of Iberian Peninsula)

Artículo sobre la aplicación de la espectroscopía ramán a los materiales de la terraza fluvial del Río Guadalteba, en Campillos

Evolution of host-plant associations and biogeographic patterns on a global scale within the oak gall wasps

Co-evolutionary interactions between insect herbivores and their host plants underlie much contemporary biodiversity and are vital to assembly of natural ecosystems. Assemblages of galls on oaks induced by Cynipini wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) occur across much of the Northern Hemisphere, their diversity peaking in the Nearctic and on white oaks (Quercus section Quercus). However, the evolutionary history of the clade has been debated with respect to geographic origins, direction and timings of dispersal events, and shifts in host plant associations. We examined these questions using a global-scale, 6-gene phylogeny of 430 Cynipini species and a dataset of their associated host plants encompassing all eight sections within Quercus plus five Fagaceae genera. Likelihood-based ancestral state reconstructions demonstrate a Nearctic origin of the Cynipini followed by repeated colonisations of the Palearctic via both westwards and eastwards dispersal. These inferences are robust to bias in taxon sampling across continents and the inclusion of Protobalandricus as the sister lineage to Cynipini sensu stricto. Likewise, the association with white oaks is probably ancestral and has been retained by many Cynipini lineages. However, host shifts to other sections within Quercus and related Fagaceae genera are widely distributed across the cynipid phylogeny. They are associated with both global-scale range shifts and within-bioregion exploitation of alternative hosts, and their frequency typically correlates with host-plant relatedness. These findings highlight the evolutionary success of cynipids on white oak hosts and the connectedness of continental assemblages of gall wasps over evolutionary time

Unexpected high diversity of galling insects in the Amazonian upper canopy: The savanna out there

A relatively large number of studies reassert the strong relationship between galling insect diversity and extreme hydric and thermal status in some habitats, and an overall pattern of a greater number of galling species in the understory of scleromorphic vegetation. We compared galling insect diversity in the forest canopy and its relationship with tree richness among upland terra firme, várzea, and igapó floodplains in Amazonia, Brazil. The soils of these forest types have highly different hydric and nutritional status. Overall, we examined the upper layer of 1,091 tree crowns. Galling species richness and abundance were higher in terra firme forests compared to várzea and igapó forests. GLM-ANCOVA models revealed that the number of tree species sampled in each forest type was determinant in the gall-forming insect diversity. The ratio between galling insect richness and number of tree species sampled (GIR/TSS ratio) was higher in the terra firme forest and in seasonally flooded igapó, while the várzea presented the lowest GIR/TSS ratio. In this study, we recorded unprecedented values of galling species diversity and abundance per sampling point. The GIR/TSS ratio from várzea was approximately 2.5 times higher than the highest value of this ratio ever reported in the literature. Based on this fact, we ascertained that várzea and igapó floodplain forests (with lower GIA and GIR), together with the speciose terra firme galling community emerge as the gall diversity apex landscape among all biogeographic regions already investigated. Contrary to expectation, our results also support the "harsh environment hypothesis", and unveil the Amazonian upper canopy as similar to vegetation habitats, hygrothermically stressed environments with temperature at lethal limits and high levels of leaf sclerophylly. © 2014 Julião et al

Interferon-gamma ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inducing homeostatic adaptation of microglia

Compelling evidence has shown that interferon (IFN)-γ has dual effects in multiple sclerosis and in its animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), with results supporting both a pathogenic and beneficial function. However, the mechanisms whereby IFN-γ may promote neuroprotection in EAE and its effects on central nervous system (CNS)-resident cells have remained an enigma for more than 30 years. In this study, the impact of IFN-γ at the peak of EAE, its effects on CNS infiltrating myeloid cells (MC) and microglia (MG), and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms were investigated. IFN-γ administration resulted in disease amelioration and attenuation of neuroinflammation associated with significantly lower frequencies of CNS CD11b+ myeloid cells and less infiltration of inflammatory cells and demyelination. A significant reduction in activated MG and enhanced resting MG was determined by flow cytometry and immunohistrochemistry. Primary MC/MG cultures obtained from the spinal cord of IFN-γ-treated EAE mice that were ex vivo re-stimulated with a low dose (1 ng/ml) of IFN-γ and neuroantigen, promoted a significantly higher induction of CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells associated with increased transforming growth factor (TGF)-β secretion. Additionally, IFN-γ-treated primary MC/MG cultures produced significantly lower nitrite in response to LPS challenge than control MC/MG. IFN-γ-treated EAE mice had a significantly higher frequency of CX3CR1high MC/MG and expressed lower levels of program death ligand 1 (PD-L1) than PBS-treated mice. Most CX3CR1highPD-L1lowCD11b+Ly6G- cells expressed MG markers (Tmem119, Sall2, and P2ry12), indicating that they represented an enriched MG subset (CX3CR1highPD-L1low MG). Amelioration of clinical symptoms and induction of CX3CR1highPD-L1low MG by IFN-γ were dependent on STAT-1. RNA-seq analyses revealed that in vivo treatment with IFN-γ promoted the induction of homeostatic CX3CR1highPD-L1low MG, upregulating the expression of genes associated with tolerogenic and anti-inflammatory roles and down-regulating pro-inflammatory genes. These analyses highlight the master role that IFN-γ plays in regulating microglial activity and provide new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the therapeutic activity of IFN-γ in EAE