Effect of a commercial root growth enhancer on the turfgrass species "Lolium perenne" and the weed "Poa annua"

Se pretende comprobar si la aplicación de un enraizante durante la resiembra otoñal de la cespitosa “Lolium perenne” sobre las calles de los campos de golf conformados por “Cynodon dactylon”, favoreciese la competencia de “L. perenne” frente a Poa annua, mala hierba que germina precisamente en esta época. Se realizaron 2 ensayos iguales en cámara de crecimiento aplicando 10 dosis distintas del enraizante en ambas especies y se determinó al final del ensayo, tanto el crecimiento como el peso seco de la parte aérea y radical de ambas especies. Tan sólo en uno de los 2 ensayos el enraizante parece favorecer a la cespitosa frente a “P. annua” por lo que no puede concluirse categóricamente que el enraizante pueda ser un medio de control efectivo frente a la mala hierba.It is intended to check the performance of a root growth enhancer in order to promote “Lolium perenne” competiveness over “Poa annua”, during the overseeding cultural practice on “Cynodon dactylon” golf course fairway, as “P. annua” naturally germinates at the same time. Two equal laboratory experiments were conducted testing 10 doses of the root enhancer in both species. At the end of the experiments seedling growth and root and leaf dry weight were determined for both species. The tested product only promotes “L. perenne” competiveness in one experiment, therefore it cannot be concluded the root enhancer could be an effective weed control method

The involvement of tau in nucleolar transcription and the stress response

Tau is known for its pathological role in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other tauopathies. Tau is found in many subcellular compartments such as the cytosol and the nucleus. Although its normal role in microtubule binding is well established, its nuclear role is still unclear. Here, we reveal that tau localises to the nucleolus in undifferentiated and differentiated neuroblastoma cells (SHSY5Y), where it associates with TIP5, a key player in heterochromatin stability and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcriptional repression. Immunogold labelling on human brain sample confirms the physiological relevance of this finding by showing tau within the nucleolus colocalises with TIP5. Depletion of tau results in an increase in rDNA transcription with an associated decrease in heterochromatin and DNA methylation, suggesting that under normal conditions tau is involved in silencing of the rDNA. Cellular stress induced by glutamate causes nucleolar stress associated with the redistribution of nucleolar non-phosphorylated tau, in a similar manner to fibrillarin, and nuclear upsurge of phosphorylated tau (Thr231) which doesn’t colocalise with fibrillarin or nucleolar tau. This suggests that stress may impact on different nuclear tau species. In addition to involvement in rDNA transcription, nucleolar non-phosphorylated tau also undergoes stress-induced redistribution similar to many nucleolar protein

Spectral Characteristics of Beached Sargassum in Response to Drying and Decay over Time

The bloom of pelagic Sargassum in the Atlantic Ocean has become increasingly problematic, especially when the algae have beached. A build-up of decaying beached material has damaging effects on coastal ecosystems and tourism industries. While remote sensing offers an effective tool to assess the spatial and temporal patterns of Sargassum over large spatial extents, its use so far has been limited to a broad discrimination of Sargassum species from other macroalgae and floating vegetation. Knowledge on the spatial distribution of decayed material will help to support management strategies and inform targeted removal. In this study, we aim to characterise the spectral response of fresh and decayed Sargassum and identify regions of the spectra that offer the greatest separability for the detection and classification of decayed material. We assessed the spectral response of fresh and decayed Sargassum (1) in situ on the beach and (2) in mesocosm experiments where Sargassum samples were allowed to decay over time. We found a decrease in the magnitude of reflectance, noticeably in the visible region (400–700 nm), for decayed, in contrast to fresh, Sargassum. Separability analyses also showed that most spectral bands with a wavelength > ~540 nm will be capable of discriminating between fresh and decayed material, although the near-infrared region offers the greatest degree of separability. We demonstrate, for the first time, that there are clear differences in the spectral reflectance of fresh and decayed Sargassum with potential application for remote sensing approaches

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Seedling Tolerance of Cool-Season Turfgrasses to Metamifop

[EN] Grassy weeds may reduce cool-season turfgrass establishment after seeding and herbicide use is often warranted. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the tolerance of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to fenoxaprop and metamifop applications at 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks after seeding (WAS). Creeping bentgrass groundcover was reduced from 34% to 71% at 8 WAS from the nontreated by fenoxaprop at 50 g a.i./ha and metamifop at 400 and 800 g a.i./ha at all application timings. Metamifop at 200 g·haL1 reduced creeping bentgrass cover 10% to 18% from the nontreated at 8 WAS when applied 1, 2, or 3 WAS, but treatments at 4 WAS did not reduce cover. Perennial ryegrass treated with fenoxaprop and metamifop at 800 g·haL1 at 1 WAS had cover reduced from the nontreated on two and one dates, respectively, whereas tall fescue cover was never reduced greater than 5% from the nontreated. Results suggest applications to creeping bentgrass should be delayed greater than 4 WAS for fenoxaprop at 50 g·haL1 , greater than 4 WAS for metamifop at 400 and 800 g·haL1 , and 3 WAS for metamifop at 200 g·haL1 . Additionally, fenoxaprop applications should be delayed 2 WAS for perennial ryegrass and tall fescue, whereas metamifop could be safely applied at all rates at 1 WAS.We thank Bill Nutt, Seth Williams, and Bob Perry for technical support with this research. We also thank the PAID-00-12, I + D Programe from the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for supporting the sabbatical work of Diego Gomez de Barreda at the University of Georgia.Gómez De Barreda, D.; Yu, J.; Mccullough, PE. (2013). Seedling Tolerance of Cool-Season Turfgrasses to Metamifop. HortScience. 48(10):1313-1316. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/73944S13131316481

Nicosulfuron Use with Foramsulfuron and Sulfentrazone for Late SummerGoosegrass (Eleusine indica) Control in Bermudagrass andSeashore Paspalum

Late summer goosegrass control is difficult in turfgrass as POST herbicide efficacy is reduced on mature plants. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate single and sequential nicosulfuron applications tank-mixed with foramsulfuron or sulfentrazone for late summer goosegrass control and safety to bermudagrass and seashore paspalum. All single-treatment applications controlled goosegrass , 62%, whereas sequential sulfentrazone, nicosulfuron, and nicosulfuron + sulfentrazone applications controlled goosegrass 52, 73, and 84%, respectively. Sequential foramsulfuron applications controlled goosegrass , 55% but nicosulfuron tank-mixtures did not improve control. Bermudagrass was injured , 20% by 1 and 3 wk after all single and sequential treatments. Sequential treatments of nicosulfuron alone or tank-mixed with sulfentrazone caused unacceptable seashore paspalum injury (. 20%) 1 and 3 wk after the second application, whereas foramsulfuron or sulfentrazone alone applied sequentially caused , 17% injury. Seashore paspalum seedhead control at 9 wk after intial treatment was poor (, 70%) from all single-application treatments and sequential sulfentrazone applications, but control was good (80 to 89%) to excellent (. 90%) from all other treatments. Overall, sequential treatments of nicosulfuron alone or tank-mixed with sulfentrazone appear to have potential for POST control of mature goosegrass in bermudagrass, but seashore paspalum injury was unacceptable.Mccullough, PE.; Gómez De Barreda, D.; Rayme, P. (2012). Nicosulfuron Use with Foramsulfuron and Sulfentrazone for Late SummerGoosegrass (Eleusine indica) Control in Bermudagrass andSeashore Paspalum. WEED TECHNOLOGY. 26:376-381. doi:10.1614/WT-D-11-00153.1S3763812

Efficacy of Preemergence Herbicides for Controlling a Dinitroaniline-Resistant Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) in Georgia

[EN] Goosegrass is a problematic weed in turfgrass, and overuse of dinitroaniline (dna) herbicides has resulted in evolution of resistant populations. The objectives of this research were to (1) evaluate responses of a susceptible (S) goosegrass compared to a suspected resistant (R) biotype from Griffin, GA to prodiamine, and (2) evaluate efficacy of various PRE herbicides for control. Prodiamine rates required for 50 % control and 50 % shoot reductions after 6 wk for R-goosegrass measured > 13.44 and 3.2 kg ai ha(-1), respectively, whereas rates for the S-population measured 0.45 and = 90%) at 7 mo after initial treatments (MAIT) in 2012. Single and sequential applications of indaziflam provided excellent control of goosegrass in both years, and oxadiazon controlled goosegrass > 85% at 7 MAIT in 2011 and >= 90% in 2012. Single and sequential PRE sulfentrazone applications controlled goosegrass < 60% in 2011 but averaged 94% control in 2012. Overall, indaziflam and oxadiazon provided good (80 to 89%) to excellent control of dna-resistant goosegrass in both years, but dimethenamid and sulfentrazone were inconsistent. Nomenclature: Dimethenamid, dithiopyr, indaziflam, oxadiazon, prodiamine, sulfentrazone; goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.[ES] Eleusine indica es una maleza problema´tica en cespedes, y el sobreuso de herbicidas dinitroaniline (dna) ha resultado en la evolucion de poblaciones resistentes. Los objetivos de esta investigaci ´ on fueron (1) evaluar la respuesta a prodiamine de un biotipo de E. indica susceptible (S) y un biotipo supuestamente resistente (R) proveniente de Griffin, GA, y (2) evaluar la eficacia de varios herbicidas PRE para su control. Las dosis de prodiamine requeridas para alcanzar 50% de control y reducciones del 50% del tejido aereo despu ´ es de 6 semanas para ´ E. indica-R fueron .13.44 y 3.2 kg ai ha1 , respectivamente, mientras que para E. indica-S fueron 0.45 y ,0.42 kg ha1 , respectivamente. En experimentos de campo, las aplicaciones secuenciales de dithiopyr y prodiamine brindaron ,20% de control de E. indica-R durante 2 anos. ˜ Aplicaciones de solo dimethenamid-P a 1.68 kg ai ha1 brindaron ,50% de control de E. indica en 2011, pero en 2012, brindaron control excelente (90%) a 7 meses del tratamiento inicial (MAIT). Aplicaciones solas y secuenciales de indaziflam brindaron un control excelente de E. indica en ambos anos, y oxadiazon control ˜ o´ .85% a 7 MAIT en 2011 y 90% en 2012. Aplicaciones PRE solas y secuenciales de sulfentrazone controlaron ,60% en 2011, pero promediaron 94% de control en 2012. En general, indaziflam y oxadiazon brindaron un control de bueno (80 a 89%) a excelente de E. indica resistente a dna en ambos anos, mientras el control con dimethenamid y sulfentrazone fue inconsistente.Mccullough, PE.; Yu, J.; Gómez De Barreda, D. (2013). Efficacy of Preemergence Herbicides for Controlling a Dinitroaniline-Resistant Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) in Georgia. Weed Technology. 27(4):639-644. doi:10.1614/WT-D-13-00060.163964427

Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) Tolerance to Pronamide Applications for Annual Bluegrass Control

Annual bluegrass is a troublesome weed in turf management and there are currently limited POST herbicides labeled for use in seashore paspalum. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate seashore paspalum tolerance to pronamide and other herbicides for annual bluegrass control. In field experiments, turf injury never exceeded 7% from pronamide applied at dormancy, 50% green-up, or complete green-up of seashore paspalum in spring. Annual bluegrass control from pronamide was initially similar across timings and averaged 67, 90, and 98% control from 0.84, 1.68, and 3.36 kg ai ha21, respectively, after 6 wk. In greenhouse experiments, the aforementioned pronamide rates caused less than 10% injury on seashore paspalum. Seashore paspalum injury in the greenhouse was excessive (. 20%) from atrazine, bispyribac-sodium, and trifloxysulfuron and moderate (7 to 20%) from foramsulfuron, rimsulfuron, and ethofumesate. Seashore paspalum seedhead count reductions by 4 wk after treatment (WAT) were good to excellent (87 to 98%) from atrazine, bispyribac-sodium, rimsulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron and poor (# 0%) from ethofumesate, foramsulfuron, and pronamide. By 4 WAT, seashore paspalum clippings were reduced 0 to 39% from pronamide, whereas atrazine, bispyribac-sodium, and trifloxysulfuron reduced clippings by 54 to 69% from the untreated and ethofumesate, foramsulfuron, and rimsulfuron reduced clippings by 27 to 39%.The authors thank Dr. Paul Raymer, Bill Nutt, and Bob Perry for technical support at the University of Georgia and Dow Agrosciences for partial funding to support this research.Mccullough, PE.; Yu, J.; Gómez De Barreda, D. (2012). Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) Tolerance to Pronamide Applications for Annual Bluegrass Control. WEED TECHNOLOGY. 26:289-293. doi:10.1614/WT-D-11-00129.12892932