Trastornos de la conducta en el niño y repercusión en la atención odontopediátrica. El Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH)

El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad es un trastorno del desarrollo que presenta un patrón persistente de desatención, hiperactividad e impulsividad (TDAH). Es una enfermedad crónica, frecuente en la infancia y que vamos a encontrar en pacientes rutinarios. es imprescindible realizar una completa historia clínica para conocer a lo que nos enfetamos y saber manejar al paciente afecto de esta patología. Son bien conocidas las numerosas manifestaicones bucodentales que sufren los pacientes con TDAH, poe ello es necesrio incluirlos dentro de un programa preventivo individualizado de alto riesgo para evitar que se agraven dichas patologías

Joint association of the Mediterranean diet and smoking with all-cause mortality in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort

Objectives: Although low-quality diets and smoking are independently associated with higher mortality risk, a joint analysis of both risk factors in relation to mortality has not been sufficiently studied. The aim of this study was to explore the effect modification between level of adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern (MedDiet) and smoking status on all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality.Methods: We conducted a prospective analysis to assess the association between diet and smoking status in the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) cohort study. Deaths were confirmed by review of the National Death Index. Participants were classified into six categories according to the MedDiet (adherence/non-adherence) and their exposure to smoking (never/former/current smoker). Multivariate-adjusted Cox regression models were fitted to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality. During a mean follow-up of 11.5 y (SD 4.5), we observed 18 948 participants (mean age 38.4 y; SD 12.4) and 431 deaths (51.3% cancer deaths). Results: A higher risk for death was found among smokers with a low adherence to the MedDiet (HR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.45-3.34) compared with never smokers with high adherence to the MedDiet. The P value for supra-multiplicative effect modification was not statistically significant, meaning that the effect of both factors is multiplicative. A higher risk for premature death from cancer was found in smokers and in those nonadherent with the MedDiet.Conclusion: Smoking and poor adherence to the MedDiet exerted a multiplicative effect in increasing allcause mortality and cancer-related mortality in a Spanish population of university graduates.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

DNA methylation levels in candidate genes associated with chronological age in mammals are not conserved in a long-lived seabird

© 2017 De Paoli-Iseppi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Most seabirds do not have any outward identifiers of their chronological age, so estimation of seabird population age structure generally requires expensive, long-term banding studies. We investigated the potential to use a molecular age biomarker to estimate age in short-tailed shearwaters (Ardenna tenuirostris). We quantified DNA methylation in several A. tenuirostris genes that have shown age-related methylation changes in mammals. In birds ranging from chicks to 21 years of age, bisulphite treated blood and feather DNA was sequenced and methylation levels analysed in 67 CpG sites in 13 target gene regions. From blood samples, five of the top relationships with age were identified in KCNC3 loci (CpG66: R2 = 0.325, p = 0.019). In feather samples ELOVL2 (CpG42: R2 = 0.285, p = 0.00048) and EDARADD (CpG46: R2 = 0.168, p = 0.0067) were also weakly correlated with age. However, the majority of markers had no clear association with age (of 131 comparisons only 12 had a p-value < 0.05) and statistical analysis using a penalised lasso approach did not produce an accurate ageing model. Our data indicate that some age-related signatures identified in orthologous mammalian genes are not conserved in the long-lived short tailed shearwater. Alternative molecular approaches will be required to identify a reliable biomarker of chronological age in these seabirds

Reduced horn size in two wild trophy-hunted species of Caprinae

Factors affecting horn size in wild Caprinae are of biological and socio-economic interest because several species are selectively harvested on the basis of this heritable character. We analysed temporal trends in horn size in two mountain ungulates from south-eastern Spain, the Iberian wild goat Capra pyrenaica and the aoudad Ammotragus lervia. Trophy harvest is the main way in which these two species are exploited, although 'poor-quality' aoudads are also selectively removed. In recent years, both populations have suffered drastic decreases in number due to outbreaks of sarcoptic mange that led to the suspension of hunting for several years. Horn length in harvested male wild goats and aoudads declined during our study period. Over an 18-year period, the mean age of male goats shot as trophies rose by four years, while the age of trophy-harvested aoudads decreased by around six months over a 9-year period. Age and environmental conditions during the first few years of life explained 20% of variance in horn size in Iberian wild goat and 53% in aoudad. Population density early in life explained much of the reduction in goat horn size over time. Nevertheless, the major fall in population densities after the sarcoptic mange outbreaks did not lead to a recovery in horn size in either species. We suggest that the selective removal of large-horned animals may contribute to a decline in horn size. Other factors that may also explain the observed pattern include changes in interspecific competition, longlasting maternal effects and reduced carrying capacity due to overgrazing during high density periods. Unfortunately, our data sets did not allow us to account for the possible effects of these factors

Why do polygynous ungulates segregate in space? Testing the activity-budget hypothesis in soay sheep

Sexual segregation is the behavior in which animals of different sex in a species live in separate groups outside the mating season. Recently a new concept, namely, the >activity-budget hypothesis,> has claimed to be the ultimate explanation of this behavior. The new hypothesis explains not only sexual segregation, but also segregation between animals of different size within sex (i.e., social segregation). The hypothesis states that the activity patterns of animals will differ when big differences in body mass exist between them, because of the associated difficulties of the synchronization in behavior making it costly to form groups, leading to segregation by size. Here we tested the assumptions and predictions of the activity-budget hypothesis using 40 Soay sheep (Ovis aries) as the model species in a 2.3-ha experimental arena. Sheep were divided into treatment groups to test the effect of sex, body mass, and food supplementation in their activity budgets, behavioral synchronization, diet composition, intake, food digestibility, and spatial segregation. Our animals segregated by sex but not by size, and food supplementation did not affect the spatial distribution of any sex, which is all against the predictions of the hypothesis. We also found sexual differences in dry-matter digestibility independent of body mass, which questions the Jarman-Bell principle at the intra-specific level, which is the foundation for some other hypotheses of sexual segregation. Increasing behavioral synchronization led to segregation, but at the same time forming groups facilitates synchronization, so it is unclear which (i.e., synchronization or segregation) is the cause and which the consequence. Our results do not support the activity-budget hypothesis and clearly indicate that there is no strong association between behavioral synchronization and segregation. © 2007 by the Ecological Society of America.Peer Reviewe

Preferences of sheep and goats for straw pellets treated with different food-flavouring agents

In order to assess differences in preferences for flavours between ruminant species, two-choice tests were conducted on sheep (Scottish Blackface, Ovis aries) and goats (feral hybrids, Capra hircus). Feed pellets (nutritionally improved barley straw) were treated with synthetic human food-flavouring agents representing: strawberry (ST), apple (AP), orange (OR), maple (MA), caramel (CA), truffle (TR), garlic (GA) and onion (ON) flavours. Animals were first exposed to each of the flavours and then presented with each, paired with an untreated (control) feed, and the consumption of individual feeds recorded. Preference values (PV) were calculated from the proportion of the total feed consumption derived from the flavour-treated feed. Differences in PV were found between species (P = 0.01) and between flavours (P < 0.005). Although sheep showed stronger preference for flavoured feeds than did goats, both sheep and goats showed a similar pattern of preference across the flavours offered. In general, sheep exhibited significant preference for TR, GA, ON, AP, CA, MA and OR relative to the unflavoured feeds, whereas goats showed significant preference for TR, ON, AP and GA. The findings of this research suggest that it would be of practical use to evaluate feeds flavoured with compounds representing truffle, garlic and onion as intake enhancers in goats and sheep. Only if flavouring agents are successful in enhancing intake could we recommend flavouring as a means of masking undesirable feed flavours, production of a more uniform feed from variable ingredients or in prompting feed consumption

The development of an intraruminal nylon bag technique using non-fistulated animals to assess the rumen degradability of dietary plant materials

Although the conventional in situ ruminal degradability method is a relevant tool to describe the nutritional value of ruminant feeds, its need for rumen-fistulated animals may impose a restriction on its use when considering animal welfare issues and cost. The aim of the present work was to develop a ruminal degradability technique which avoids using surgically prepared animals. The concept was to orally dose a series of porous bags containing the test feeds at different times before slaughter, when the bags would be removed from the rumen for degradation measurement. Bags, smaller than those used in the conventional nylon bag technique, were made from woven nylon fabric, following two shape designs (rectangular flat shape, tetrahedral shape) and were fitted with one of three types of device for preventing their regurgitation. These bags were used in two experiments with individually housed non-pregnant, non-lactating sheep, as host animals for the in situ ruminal incubation of forage substrates. The bags were closed at the top edge by machine stitching and wrapped in tissue paper before oral dosing. Standard times for ruminal incubation of substrates in all of the tests were 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h before slaughter. The purpose of the first experiment was to compare the effectiveness of the three anti-regurgitation device designs, constructed from nylon cable ties ('Z-shaped', ARD1; 'double Z-shaped', ARD2; 'umbrella-shaped', ARD3), and to observe whether viable degradation curves could be generated using grass hay as the substrate. In the second experiment, three other substrates (perennial ryegrass, red clover and barley straw) were compared using flat and tetrahedral bags fitted with type ARD1 anti-regurgitation devices. Non-linear mixed-effect regression models were used to fit asymptotic exponential curves of the percentage dry matter loss of the four substrates against time of incubation in the reticulorumen, and the effect of type of anti-regurgitation device and the shape of nylon bag. All three devices were highly successful at preventing regurgitation with 93% to 100% of dosed bags being recovered in the reticulorumen at slaughter. Ruminal degradation data obtained for tested forages were in accordance with those expected from the conventional degradability technique using fistulated animals, with no significant differences in the asymptotic values of degradation curves between bag shape or anti-regurgitation device. The results of this research demonstrate the potential for using a small bag technique with intact sheep to characterise the in situ ruminal degradability of roughages.JHP thanks the Stapledon Memorial Trust, Exeter, England, UK for the award of a travelling fellowship and the Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Argentina for conceding a postdoctoral sabbatical leave. RWM and FJP-B were funded by the Scottish Government Rural and Environment Research and Analysis Directorate (RERAD), and The European Union Lifelong learning programme (Leonardo da Vinci) and Global Learning supported post-graduate students that assisted some laboratory analyses. FJP-B was granted with a visiting professor fellowship by the University of Cordoba.Peer Reviewe