417 research outputs found

    Chemieunterricht an außerschulischen Lernorten - eine Interventionsstudie

    Get PDF
    Die Ergebnisse der internationalen Vergleichsstudien TIMSS und Pisa haben gezeigt, dass vor allem das naturwissenschaftliche Wissen der deutschen SchĂŒler weit unterdurchschnittlich ist. Eine Möglichkeit diesem Zustand entgegenzuwirken, ist der Unterricht an außerschulischen Lernorten. Dieser ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die alltagsnahe und konkrete Lernsituation bei der Problemlösung im Mittelpunkt steht. Im Gegensatz zum konventionellen Unterricht mit einer direktiven Unterrichtsform kommt an außerschulischen Lernorten das problemlösende Unterrichtsverfahren verstĂ€rkt zum Einsatz, so dass ein induktiver, vom Lernenden gesteuerter Lernprozess möglich ist. Das Lernen an außerschulischen Orten entspricht damit der Lernform des situtierten Lernens. Ziel der hier vorliegenden Arbeit war es, den Lernerfolg des Unterrichts an außerschulischen Lernorten zu untersuchen. Es sollte außerdem ĂŒberprĂŒft werden, ob sich Unterricht an verschiedenen außerschulischen Lernorten unterschiedlich auf Umweltwissen, Umweltinteresse und umweltbezogenes Verhalten bzw. Verhaltensdispositionen auswirkt. Die vorgestellte Studie wurde in der achten Jahrgangsstufe einer Realschule mit insgesamt acht Klassen im Interventions-Kontrollgruppen-Design durchgefĂŒhrt. Eine Evaluation erfolgte an Hand von Fragebögen, die den SchĂŒlern zu drei Messzeitpunkten vorgelegt wurden: vor der Intervention (Pre), direkt danach (Post) und fĂŒnf Monate nach Abschluss der Intervention (Follow up). Dabei wurde zunĂ€chst in einer Pilotstudie der Einfluss von außerschulischen Lernorten auf eine Änderung des Umweltwissens, Interesses und Verhaltens ĂŒberprĂŒft. WĂ€hrend die Interventionsgruppe beide außerschulische Lernorte „Schulnahes Umfeld“ und „Außerschulische Institutionen“ aufsuchte, erhielt die Kontrollgruppe konventionellen Unterricht im Klassenraum, d.h. Unterricht mit ArbeitsblĂ€ttern oder Filmen zum entsprechenden Thema sowie Experimenten im Klassenraum. Die Varianzanalyse der Daten der Pilotstudie attestiert der Interventionsgruppe, die beide außerschulische Lernorte (schulnahes Umfeld und Institutionen) aufgesucht hatte, einen grĂ¶ĂŸeren Erfolg hinsichtlich aller Wissensformen. Auch bezĂŒglich der Interessensvariablen und der Verhaltensvariablen schneidet diese Interventionsgruppe am besten ab. Damit wird die Forschungshypothese bestĂ€tigt, dass Unterricht an außerschulischen Lernorten zu einem grĂ¶ĂŸeren Lernerfolg fĂŒhrt als der Regelunterricht. Der Erfolg der Intervention fĂŒhrte in der Hauptstudie zu der Frage, welche Art von außerschulischen Lernorten maßgeblich an den Ergebnissen der Pilotstudie beteiligt war. Untersucht wurde der Einfluss des außerschulischen Lernortes „Schulnahes Umfeld“ oder/und „Außerschulische Institutionen“ auf die Entwicklung der oben genannten Variablen. Die Varianzanalyse der Hauptstudie belegt, dass durch den Einsatz außerschulischer Lernorte eine Verbesserung im Bereich des Wissens erzielt wird. Zwar fĂŒhrt auch der konventionelle Unterricht (ohne außerschulische Lernorte) zu einer Verbesserung des deklarativen Fachwissens, nicht aber zu einer Ausbildung von Wirksamkeitswissen. Hier ist der Einsatz von außerschulischen Lernorten erfolgreich. Einen Unterschied zwischen den beiden untersuchten außerschulischen Lernorten „Schulnahes Umfeld“ und „Außerschulische Institutionen“ liefert die Betrachtung des selbststĂ€ndig generierten Fachwissens: durch den Einsatz des schulnahen Lernortes wird ein signifikanter Wissenszuwachs erzielt. Die Ergebnisse des Handlungswissens untermauern die These, nach der der Einfluss des schulnahen Lernortes grĂ¶ĂŸer ist als der von außerschulischen Institutionen. Auch hier zeigen nur die beiden Interventionsgruppen, die diesen Lernort aufgesucht haben, einen signifikanten Wissenszuwachs. Im Bereich der Interessensvariablen ĂŒbt die Kombination der beiden Lernorttypen einen besonderen Einfluss aus. Vor allem das allgemeine Interesse und das Sachinteresse werden in der Gruppe, die beide außerschulische Lernorte aufgesucht hat, signifikant verbessert. Eine signifikante Änderung der Verhaltensdisposition wird vor allen durch die Kombination der beiden untersuchten Lernorttypen erreicht, wohingegen das Verhalten derjenigen Gruppen, die im schulnahen Umfeld experimentiert haben, positiv geĂ€ndert ist. Damit lĂ€sst sich bezĂŒglich der Wirksamkeit der Lernorte die folgende Rangordnung aufstellen: keine außerschulischen Lernorte < außerschulische Institutionen < schulnahes Umfeld <Kombination der beiden außerschulischen Lernorttypen. Der Vergleich leistungsschwacher und leistungsstarker SchĂŒler zeigt, dass die Leistungsschwachen, ausgehend von einem niedrigeren Niveau, bis auf wenige Ausnahmen einen höheren Wissenszuwachs aufweisen als die Leistungsstarken. Vor allem lĂ€ngerfristig ist dieser Trend zu beobachten. Es liegt die Interpretation nahe, dass gerade diese SchĂŒler besonders stark von der Unterrichtsintervention profitieren. Dies gilt auch fĂŒr den Bereich des Interesses und den Bereich der Verhaltensdisposition bzw. des Verhaltens. Die Leistungsschwachen zeigen eine Zunahme, wohingegen die Leistungsstarken fast immer einen Abfall der Werte erkennen lassen. AuffĂ€llig sind hier die Leistungsstarken der Interventionsgruppe, die beide außerschulische Lernorte aufgesucht hat. Sie zeigen als einzige Leistungsstarken einen sich auf alle Wissensbereiche erstreckenden Zuwachs auf. Auch ist bei ihnen, wie bei den Leistungsschwachen dieser Gruppe, eine positive Änderung der Verhaltensdisposition und des Verhaltens erkennbar. Damit können durch die Kombination beider Lernorttypen sowohl die Leistungsschwachen als auch die Leistungsstarken angesprochen werden. Ein Einfluss auf die zahlenmĂ€ĂŸig große Gruppe der SchĂŒler mittlerer LeistungsstĂ€rke konnte in dieser Studie nicht untersucht werden, da dann die Probandenzahl nicht ausreichend gewesen wĂ€re. FĂŒr kĂŒnftige Arbeiten sollte diese SchĂŒlergruppe mit in Betracht gezogen werden, um die Wirksamkeit der beiden Lernorttypen noch besser untersuchen zu können. Die Ergebnisse der Studie unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit, dass Unterricht an außerschulischen Lernorten, basierend auf der Theorie des situierten Lernens, im Fach Chemie und möglichst auch in anderen FĂ€chern wie Biologie, Physik vermehrt durchgefĂŒhrt werden sollte. Nach den vorliegenden Ergebnissen ist zudem davon auszugehen, dass vor allem leistungsschwĂ€chere SchĂŒler von solchem Unterricht profitieren. In weiteren Studien bleibt zu ĂŒberprĂŒfen, ob auch fĂŒr andere Themenkomplexe innerhalb des naturwissenschaftlichen Unterrichts das hier untersuchte didaktische Konzept erfolgreich einzusetzen ist. Auch ist zu untersuchen, inwieweit die hinsichtlich ihrer Leistungsstruktur anders gelagerten HauptschĂŒler, bzw. Gymnasiasten von dem Unterricht an außerschulischen Lernorten profitieren. Vor allem der Vorteil fĂŒr leistungsstarke SchĂŒler, durch die Kombination beider Lernorttypen einen sich auf alle untersuchten Wissensbereiche erstreckenden Zuwachs zu erzielen, sollte anhand von weiteren Themenkomplexen bestĂ€tigt werden

    The PhINEST study - Pharyngeal ICU Novel Electrical Stimulation Therapy Study protocol of a prospective, multi-site, randomized, sham-controlled, single-blind (outcome assessor-blinded) study

    Get PDF
    Introduction: Post-extubation dysphagia is commonly observed in ICU patients and associated with increased aspiration rates, delayed resumption of oral intake/ malnutrition, prolonged ICU and hospital length of stay, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality. Conventional therapeutic approaches are limited. Pharyngeal electrical stimulation (PES) was previously shown to improve swallowing function and airway safety in severely dysphagic tracheostomised stroke patients. Methods: In a multi-center, single-blind, 1:1 randomized controlled study, up to 400 (360 evaluable) mixed emergency adult ICU patients with recent extubation following mechanical ventilation and confirmed oropharyngeal dysphagia will be enrolled at investigational academic ICUs. Primary objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of PES in reducing the severity of unsafe swallows. Patients will be randomized to receive PES (or sham) treatment on 3 consecutive days in addition to best supportive care. Primary endpoint is a composite of 2 endpoints with hierarchy based on clinical priorities: 1) Swallowing safety based on worst penetration-aspiration-scale (PAS) score in series of up to 4 boli using thin stimuli approx. From 24 to 60 hours after treatment completion, converted to a trichotomized ordinal response of safe (PAS 1-3), penetration (PAS 4-5), or aspiration (PAS 6-8). 2) Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale scores determined by bedside assessment 7 +/- 1 days after treatment completion. Oropharyngeal dysphagia will be assessed by Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing by blinded study staff. Patients will be followed-up for a maximum of 90 days. Discussion: This study will evaluate the effects of PES on swallowing safety in critically ill ICU patients post mechanical ventilation with oropharyngeal dysphagia.Peer reviewe

    Painful Horner Syndrome as a Harbinger of Silent Carotid Dissection

    Get PDF
    A painful Horner's syndrome should alert clinicians to the possibilty of a silent carotid dissectio

    Late Onset Postpartum Eclampsia: It is Really Never Too Late—A Case of Eclampsia 8 Weeks after Delivery

    Get PDF
    Introduction. Eclampsia is the combination of preeclampsia and seizures. Approximately one-half of all cases of eclampsia occur postpartum. Thereby late onset postpartum eclampsia is defined by its onset more than 48 hours after delivery. Summary of Case. We report a postpartum eclampsia occurring 8 weeks after delivery, which is the latest onset ever described. The course was complicated by an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Conclusion. A late onset postpartum eclampsia even several weeks after delivery should be considered as possible diagnosis, since early treatment initiation with magnesium sulphate and antihypertensive medication prevents severe complications and reduces mortality

    Tactile thermal oral stimulation increases the cortical representation of swallowing

    Get PDF
    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Dysphagia is a leading complication in stroke patients causing aspiration pneumonia, malnutrition and increased mortality. Current strategies of swallowing therapy involve on the one hand modification of eating behaviour or swallowing technique and on the other hand facilitation of swallowing with the use of pharyngeal sensory stimulation. Thermal tactile oral stimulation (TTOS) is an established method to treat patients with neurogenic dysphagia especially if caused by sensory deficits. Little is known about the possible mechanisms by which this interventional therapy may work. We employed whole-head MEG to study changes in cortical activation during self-paced volitional swallowing in fifteen healthy subjects with and without TTOS. Data were analyzed by means of synthetic aperture magnetometry (SAM) and the group analysis of individual SAM data was performed using a permutation test.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Compared to the normal swallowing task a significantly increased bilateral cortical activation was seen after oropharyngeal stimulation. Analysis of the chronological changes during swallowing suggests facilitation of both the oral and the pharyngeal phase of deglutition.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In the present study functional cortical changes elicited by oral sensory stimulation could be demonstrated. We suggest that these results reflect short-term cortical plasticity of sensory swallowing areas. These findings facilitate our understanding of the role of cortical reorganization in dysphagia treatment and recovery.</p

    Expiratory Muscle Strength Training for Therapy of Pharyngeal Dysphagia in Parkinson's Disease

    Get PDF
    Background Pharyngeal dysphagia in Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common and clinically relevant symptom associated with poor nutrition intake, reduced quality of life, and aspiration pneumonia. Despite this, effective behavioral treatment approaches are rare. Objective The objective of this study was to verify if 4 week of expiratory muscle strength training can improve pharyngeal dysphagia in the short and long term and is able to induce neuroplastic changes in cortical swallowing processing. Methods In this double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, 50 patients with hypokinetic pharyngeal dysphagia, as confirmed by flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing, performed a 4-week expiratory muscle strength training. Twenty-five participants used a calibrated (“active”) device, 25 used a sham handheld device. Swallowing function was evaluated directly before and after the training period, as well as after a period of 3 month using flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. Swallowing-related cortical activation was measured in 22 participants (active:sham; 11:11) using whole-head magnetencephalography. Results The active group showed significant improvement in the flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing–based dysphagia score after 4 weeks and after 3 months, whereas in the sham group no significant changes from baseline were observed. Especially, clear reduction in pharyngeal residues was found. Regarding the cortical swallowing network before and after training, no statistically significant differences were found by magnetencephalography examination. Conclusions Four-week expiratory muscle strength training significantly reduces overall dysphagia severity in PD patients, with a sustained effect after 3 months compared with sham training. This was mainly achieved by improving swallowing efficiency. The treatment effect is probably caused by peripheral mechanisms, as no changes in the cortical swallowing network were identified. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Societ

    Psychometric assessment and validation of the dysphagia severity rating scale in stroke patients

    Get PDF
    Post stroke dysphagia (PSD) is common and associated with poor outcome. The Dysphagia Severity Rating Scale (DSRS), which grades how severe dysphagia is based on fluid and diet modification and supervision requirements for feeding, is used for clinical research but has limited published validation information. Multiple approaches were taken to validate the DSRS, including concurrent- and predictive criterion validity, internal consistency, inter- and intra-rater reliability and sensitivity to change. This was done using data from four studies involving pharyngeal electrical stimulation in acute stroke patients with dysphagia, an individual patient data meta-analysis and unpublished studies (NCT03499574, NCT03700853). In addition, consensual- and content validity and the Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) were assessed using anonymous surveys sent to UK-based Speech and Language Therapists (SLTs). Scores for consensual validity were mostly moderate (62.5–78%) to high or excellent (89–100%) for most scenarios. All but two assessments of content validity were excellent. In concurrent criterion validity assessments, DSRS was most closely associated with measures of radiological aspiration (penetration aspiration scale, Spearman rank rs = 0.49, p [less than] 0.001) and swallowing (functional oral intake scale, FOIS, rs =−0.96, p [less than] 0.001); weaker but statistically significant associations were seen with impairment, disability and dependency. A similar pattern of relationships was seen for predictive criterion validity. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) was either “good” or “excellent”. Intra and inter-rater reliability were largely “excellent” (intraclass correlation >0.90). DSRS was sensitive to positive change during recovery (medians: 7, 4 and 1 at baseline and 2 and 13 weeks respectively) and in response to an intervention, pharyngeal electrical stimulation, in a published meta-analysis. The MCID was 1.0 and DSRS and FOIS scores may be estimated from each other. The DSRS appears to be a valid tool for grading the severity of swallowing impairment in patients with post stroke dysphagia and is appropriate for use in clinical research and clinical service deliver

    Inappropriate use of the title 'chiropractor' and term 'chiropractic manipulation' in the peer-reviewed biomedical literature

    Get PDF
    BACKGROUND: The misuse of the title 'chiropractor' and term 'chiropractic manipulation', in relation to injury associated with cervical spine manipulation, have previously been reported in the peer-reviewed literature. The objectives of this study were to - 1) Prospectively monitor the peer-reviewed literature for papers reporting an association between chiropractic, or chiropractic manipulation, and injury; 2) Contact lead authors of papers that report such an association in order to determine the basis upon which the title 'chiropractor' and/or term 'chiropractic manipulation' was used; 3) Document the outcome of submission of letters to the editors of journals wherein the title 'chiropractor', and/or term 'chiropractic manipulation', had been misused and resulted in the over-reporting of chiropractic induced injury. METHODS: One electronic database (PubMed) was monitored prospectively, via monthly PubMed searches, during a 12 month period (June 2003 to May 2004). Once relevant papers were located, they were reviewed. If the qualifications and/or profession of the care provider/s were not apparent, an attempt was made to confirm them via direct e-mail communication with the principal researcher of each respective paper. A letter was then sent to the editor of each involved journal. RESULTS: A total of twenty four different cases, spread across six separate publications, were located via the monthly PubMed searches. All twenty four cases took place in one of two European countries. The six publications consisted of four case reports, each containing one patient, one case series, involving twenty relevant cases, and a secondary report that pertained to one of the four case reports. In each of the six publications the authors suggest the care provider was a chiropractor and that each patient received chiropractic manipulation of the cervical spine prior to developing symptoms suggestive of traumatic injury. In two of the four case reports contact with the principal researcher revealed that the care provider was not a chiropractor, as defined by the World Federation of Chiropractic. The authors of the other two case reports did not respond to my communications. In the case series, which involved twenty relevant cases, the principal researcher conceded that the term chiropractor had been inappropriately used and that his case series did not relate to chiropractors who had undergone appropriate formal training. The author of the secondary report, a British Medical Journal editor, conceded that he had misused the title chiropractor. Letters to editors were accepted and published by all four journals to which they were sent. To date one of the four journals has published a correction. CONCLUSION: The results of this year-long prospective review suggests that the words 'chiropractor' and 'chiropractic manipulation' are often used inappropriately by European biomedical researchers when reporting apparent associations between cervical spine manipulation and symptoms suggestive of traumatic injury. Furthermore, in those cases reported here, the spurious use of terminology seems to have passed through the peer-review process without correction. Additionally, these findings provide further preliminary evidence, beyond that already provided by Terrett, that the inappropriate use of the title 'chiropractor' and term 'chiropractic manipulation' may be a significant source of over-reporting of the link between the care provided by chiropractors and injury. Finally, editors of peer-reviewed journals were amenable to publishing 'letters to editors', and to a lesser extent 'corrections', when authors had inappropriately used the title 'chiropractor' and/or term 'chiropractic manipulation'

    Management of swallowing disorders in ICU patients - A multinational expert opinion.

    Get PDF
    BACKGROUND Dysphagia is common in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, yet it remains underrecognized and often unmanaged despite being associated with life-threatening complications, prolonged ICU stays and hospitalization. PURPOSE To propose an expert opinion for the diagnosis and management of dysphagia developed from evidence-based clinical recommendations and practitioner insights. METHODS A multinational group of dysphagia and critical care experts conducted a literature review using a modified ACCORD methodology. Based on a fusion of the available evidence and the panel's clinical experience, an expert opinion on best practice management was developed. RESULTS The panel recommends adopting clinical algorithms intended to promote standardized, high-quality care that triggers timely systematic dysphagia screening, assessment, and treatment of extubated and tracheostomized patients in the ICU. CONCLUSIONS Given the lack of robust scientific evidence, two clinical management algorithms are proposed for use by multidisciplinary teams to improve early systematic detection and effective management of dysphagia in ICU patients. Additionally, emerging therapeutic options such as neurostimulation have the potential to improve the quality of ICU dysphagia care
    • 

    corecore