Oxidative and antioxidative properties of medicinal flora of the Chechen Republic

The oxidative and antioxidative properties of medicinal infusions of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) and Wormwood (Artemísia absínthium) were studied on luminescent strains of Escherichia coli. The studied plants grow in the mountains of the Nozhai-Yurt and Shatoi regions of the Chechen Republic. Various concentrations of infusions showed a pronounced bactericidal effect. Wormwood suspension reduced the level of oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide. Concentrations of chamomile (0.0625, 0.125 and 0.25 g/10 ml) together with hydrogen peroxide on the pKatG-lux strain increased oxidative stress within acceptable limits. However, all concentrations of chamomile had an antioxidant effect

Blood Chemistry Value Assesment in Hypodermatosis of Cattle in the Chechen Republic

This article is devoted to the problem of cattle hypodermatosis caused by Hypoderma bovis De Geer and Hypoderma lineatum De Villers hypoderma flies. The results of studies of blood chemistry value of cattle diseased with hypodermatosis in the Chechen Republic are revealed in the article. The examination of ten blood samples taken from cattle diseased with animals hypodermatosis showed an increase in the activity of creatinine parameters above normal by 60 % or more, a significant decrease in carotene indicators (within 50 % or more), a relative decrease in crude protein, a decrease in glucose levels, an increase in alkaline phosphatase and alanine-aminotransferase, reduction of the studied reserve alkalinity index vol. % CO2 from 2 to 5 units (12 %) is lower, in six samples an increase in the activity of immunoglobulin IgA. All this is connected with the complex of pathomorphological changes expressed in the mechanical impact – traumatization, intoxication and hypersusceptibility of the organism of the infested animal with the development of inflammatory and dystrophic manifestations associated with injuries of muscle cells and tissues, intoxication, and an acid-alkali balance of the body shift in the acidic side (acidosis), pathological liver abnormality or diseases, with the defeat of organs and body systems, edema in different parts of the body, defect of immunoreaction and homeostasis in the body. Information obtained from biochemical screen provide an opportunity to conduct a deeper assessment of homeostasis and the body’s ability to self-regulate, promptly and comprehensively diagnosing diseases, study the dynamics of the development of pathological processes and conditions in the body, determine the clinical course and justifiably prescribe a complex of effective household and medical-preventive activities aimed at reducing the economic damage to livestock [8, 10]

Scaling up business plans in Tajikistan: a qualitative study of the history, barriers, facilitators and lessons learnt

BACKGROUND: To improve health planning at primary health care (PHC) level, Business Plans were introduced in Tajikistan by the Enhancing Primary Health Care (EPHC) Services Project. OBJECTIVE: To describe the history and process of implementation of Business Plans and to identify barriers, facilitators and lessons learnt from scaling up Business Plans. METHODS: Set in a qualitative research design, we conducted a desk review of project and official documents and seventeen semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders at national and sub-national levels between May and July 2020. We used an interview guide informed by the ExpandNet/WHO framework and analyzed the data following a content analysis approach facilitated by MAXQDA. RESULTS: With the participation of various user organizations and resource teams and through a variety of strategic scale-up choices, Business Plans have been scaled up from a vertical pilot project to institutionalized health management tools covering 45% of Tajikistan's PHC facilities. The most prominent facilitators for scaling up Business Plans were the institutionalization and integration of the tool into the Tajik health system, the close collaboration with Community Health Teams (CHTs), the high acceptance of the tool among the users, the advocacy through champions and policy-makers and the large dissemination network. The most outstanding barriers to scaling up Business Plans were insufficient financial or human resources, general weaknesses in health governance, the lack of a strategic scale-up plan and strategic decisions, the lack of motivation or overall vision to implement Business Plans at a large scale and difficulties in donor coordination. CONCLUSION: To ensure the continuity of scaling up Business Plans, developing a scale-up strategy, strengthening cross-sectoral collaboration and participation during scaling up, and capacitating the user organizations of Business Plans are important next steps to ensure the sustainability and effectiveness of Business Plans in the future

Solid dispersion complex triclabendazole preparations with succinic acid and their fasciolocidal activity

The purpose of the research is to test the efficacy of triclafascid and two solid dispersion complex preparations based on the triclabendazole substance against fasciolosis in cattle and sheep. Materials and methods. Complex preparations of triclabendazole (TCB) formulations: Succinic Acid (SA): Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (1: 1 : 8) and TCB: SA: Arabinogalactan (AG) (1: 1 : 8) were obtained by combined solid-stategrinding of the components in a fiber drum on an LE-101 ball mill at a roll rotation speed of 60 rpm with a process module of 1: 17 for 1 to 6 hours with sampling for analysis (HPLC) for changes in the TCB solubility. A comparative test of the efficacy of triclafascid and new solid dispersions (SD) of TCB complexes with SA against fascioliasis of sheep and cattle was conducted in the North-Eastern Federal District of the Caucasus in March-April 2023. To determine the Fasciola infection rate in animals, fecal samples were individually taken and examined by the Fülleborn methods using saturated aqueous NaCL solution and sequential washing. The drug efficacy was recorded at 25-30 days after deworming in analogy with "critical test". The results were statistically processed by the Student-Fisher method using Microsoft Excel 2007. Results and discussion. The resulting TCB and SA complexes with polymers had an increased solubility (up to 59–70 times) that depended on the polymer nature. The efficacy of new TCB dosage forms against fascioliasis in sheep at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg, i.e. 0.5 mg/kg less than the therapeutic dose as compared with oral triclafascid was 90.0 and 100%, respectively, and 85.7% in cattle at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg for the active substance

Youth Leisure in Cultural Space of Modern City: State and Prospects of Development

The relevance of this article is the need to study the leisure sphere of modern youth, since free time is one of the important means of forming a young person's personality. The use of free time by young people is a kind of indicator of culture, the range of spiritual needs and interests of a particular personality of a young person. The aim of the study is to analyze the strategy of youth leisure in the cultural space of the modern city. Research methods: as a research method, we used the questionnaire method, which allows us to analyze in detail the main forms and dynamics of the development of modern youth’s leisure practices living in an urban environment. Results of the research: the article considers the problems and prospects of leisure strategies’ development of young people living in the city. The features of organizing youth leisure in the city are described. The preferences of young people in leisure activities are revealed. The degree of satisfaction of young people with forms of leisure is analyzed. The article considers the respondents' awareness of the work of institutions of the social and cultural sphere in organizing leisure activities for young people in the city. The reasons that prevent young people from spending leisure time in accordance with their needs are identified. Alternative forms of leisure activities are considered. The novelty and originality of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the reasons why young people do not have the opportunity to build their leisure strategy in accordance with their needs are investigated: external reasons (lack of places, disinterest of organizers, certain forms of leisure are unattractive or unprofitable for entrepreneurs); internal reasons (strong employment at work, lack of energy after work, laziness). The reasons for the lack of interaction of young people with leisure and cultural organizations (lack of time; ignorance of where to address on this issue; unwillingness of the organizers to change the situation that is, ignoring the position of young people) are determined. It is revealed that young people show little interest in leisure activities organized by the authorities, since they are formal in nature and do not correspond to the leisure preferences of young people. For the first time, the main strategies for leisure activities for young people living in the city (meetings with friends, relatives, walks, computer games, viewing content, relaxing in silence, and reading) were identified. The strategies of leisure activities that are used to a lesser extent (visiting the cinema, theater; active recreation (Cycling, skating, various sports); attending concerts, exhibitions, master classes; learning foreign languages) are considered. It is revealed that young people are not satisfied with the available leisure opportunities in the city. The reasons for discontent are determined (limited material resources in the city for interesting forms of leisure; lack of cultural and leisure institutions in the city that would meet the requirements of young people; limited choice of institutions where you can spend your free time). There is a gap between the needs of young people in the field of leisure and the activities of the city's youth policy Department, which conducts events according to its own plan, without taking into account the opinion of young people. Young people's knowledge about events is examined and the problem is determined about unawareness of cultural and entertainment events that are associated with the lack of interest of young people and lack of desire of the organizers of the Department of culture to find out what interests this age group. Alternative forms of leisure that young people would like to see in the urban environment, as well as take part in them, are identified (such as cinemas, theaters, restaurants; amusement parks, attractions, water parks, bowling; master classes, courses, exhibitions; interest clubs (language, discussion, computer); Bicycle rental, roller skates, Quad bikes, go-karts; paragliding school; industrial tourism). Practical significance: the data Obtained in this work can be used in social psychology, pedagogy, age psychology, as well as for further theoretical development of this issue

Testing of the supramolecular complex of ivermectin Aniverm-2.0% against parasitosis on various types of livestock animals

The purpose of the research is to obtain and test a complex drug Aniverm-2.0% based on the ivermectin substance by free feeding in a mixture with concentrated feed against parasitosis of cattle, sheep, and horses.Materials and methods. Aniverm-2.0% obtained by mechanochemical technology was tested on a farm in the Shatoy Region, the Chechen Republic, on 900 sheep, 180 cattle and 156 horses in March-April 2023. To determine the infection rate, coproovoscopic examinations were conducted on 80 samples from sheep, 20 samples from young cattle and 30 samples from horses using the Fulleborn’s flotation method with a saturated sodium chloride solution. Sheep were dewormed using a group method. The drug was mixed with feed per 0.3 mg/kg for the AS or 60 mg for the drug per animal. The young cattle were kept by tie-up housing and therefore they were given Aniverm-2.0% once at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg for the AS individually in a mixture with feed. The horses were given the drug in a group method at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg for the AS or 1.5 mg/kg for the drug. Fecal samples from all animals were examined before and 2 weeks after the drug.Results and discussion. A 100% rate of infection of the sheep by gastrointestinal nematodes (Strongylata, Nematodirus spp., Trichocephalus spp.) was determined with an average number of eggs 633.3 in 1 g of feces. In 20 fecal samples from the young cattle, 16 were found to have Strongylata eggs (prevalence = 80.0%) with 222.2–280.5 specimens of Strongylata eggs found in 1 g of feces. Strongylata eggs were found in all 30 examined fecal samples from the horses, on average, 253.3 specimens/g of feces (100%). At 2 weeks after treatment, nematode eggs were found in three out of 80 examined fecal samples from the sheep, which can be explained that the sheep did not eat the appropriate dose of the drug. The drug efficacy was determined to be 99.7%. One hundred percent efficacy of the drug was obtained on young cattle and horses

Твердодисперсные комплексные препараты триклабендазола с янтарной кислотой и их фасциолоцидная активность

The purpose of the research is to test the efficacy of triclafascid and two solid dispersion complex preparations based on the triclabendazole substance against fasciolosis in cattle and sheep. Materials and methods. Complex preparations of triclabendazole (TCB) formulations: Succinic Acid (SA): Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (1: 1 : 8) and TCB: SA: Arabinogalactan (AG) (1: 1 : 8) were obtained by combined solid-stategrinding of the components in a fiber drum on an LE-101 ball mill at a roll rotation speed of 60 rpm with a process module of 1: 17 for 1 to 6 hours with sampling for analysis (HPLC) for changes in the TCB solubility. A comparative test of the efficacy of triclafascid and new solid dispersions (SD) of TCB complexes with SA against fascioliasis of sheep and cattle was conducted in the North-Eastern Federal District of the Caucasus in March-April 2023. To determine the Fasciola infection rate in animals, fecal samples were individually taken and examined by the Fülleborn methods using saturated aqueous NaCL solution and sequential washing. The drug efficacy was recorded at 25-30 days after deworming in analogy with "critical test". The results were statistically processed by the Student-Fisher method using Microsoft Excel 2007. Results and discussion. The resulting TCB and SA complexes with polymers had an increased solubility (up to 59–70 times) that depended on the polymer nature. The efficacy of new TCB dosage forms against fascioliasis in sheep at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg, i.e. 0.5 mg/kg less than the therapeutic dose as compared with oral triclafascid was 90.0 and 100%, respectively, and 85.7% in cattle at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg for the active substance.Цель исследований – испытать эффективность триклафасцида и двух твёрдодисперсных комплексных препаратов на основе субстанции триклабендазола при фасциолёзе крупного рогатого скота и овец. Материалы и методы. Комплексные препараты составов триклабендазол (ТКБ) : Янтарная кислота (ЯК) : Поливинилпирролидон (ПВП) (1 : 1 : 8) и ТКБ : ЯК : Арабиногалактан (АГ) (1 : 1 : 8) были получены путем совместного твердофазного измельчения компонентов в капролоновом барабане на шаровой мельнице LE-101 при скорости вращения валков 60 об/мин при модуле процесса 1 : 17 в течение 1–6 ч с отбором проб для проведения анализа (метод ВЭЖХ) на изменение растворимости ТКБ. Сравнительное испытание эффективности триклафасцида и новых твердых дисперсий (ТД) комплексов ТКБ с ЯК при фасциолёзе овец и крупного рогатого скота проводили в Северо-Восточном Федеральном Округе Кавказа в марте-апреле 2023 г. Для определения зараженности животных фасциолами индивидуально отбирали пробы фекалий и исследовали методами Фюллеборна с применением насыщенного водного раствора NaCL и последовательных промываний. Учёт эффективности препаратов проводили через 25–30 сут после дегельминтизации по типу «критический тест». Полученные результаты обработали статистически по методу Стьюдента-Фишера с использованием программы Microsoft Excel 2007. Результаты и обсуждение. Полученные комплексы ТКБ и ЯК с полимерами обладали повышенной растворимостью (до 59–70 раз), зависящей от природы полимеров. Эффективность новых лекарственных форм ТКБ при фасциолёзе овец в дозе 1,5 мг/кг, т.е. на 0,5 мг/кг меньше терапевтической дозы, чем у триклафасцида при пероральном применении, составила соответственно 90,0 и 100%, у крупного рогатого скота в дозе 2,0 мг/кг по ДВ – 85,7%

Влияние супрамолекулярного комплекса ивермектина 2%-ного в повышенных дозах на организм лошадей

The purpose of the research is to study effects of the 2.0% supramolecular complex of ivermectin in overdoses on the clinical condition of horses.Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted on 20 horses of different breeds in the Seradin Equestrian Center, the North Caucasus Federal District, the Chechen Republic, in October 2020. The horses were divided according to the principle of analogues into 3 test groups and one control group of 5 animals each. The 2.0% supramolecular complex of ivermectin was administered to the horses from group 1 at a therapeutic dose of 0.2 mg/kg; group 2 received a tripled dose of 0.6 mg/kg, and the group 3, a 5-fold increased dose of 1,0 mg/kg for the active substance. The drug was administered once individually in a mixture with compound feed. The body temperature was measured with a non-contact thermometer, and the pulse rate and the respiratory rate were measured per 1 min. Urine of the horses was examined on days 1, 7 and 14 after the drug. The urine color, transparency and consistency were determined. Multifunctional test paper was used to study pH, protein, glucose, ketone bodies, nitrites, bilirubin, and urobilinogen. Blood was taken in the morning from the horses’ jugular vein on days 1, 7 and 14 after the drug. Hematological and biochemical parameters were studied on analyzers.Results and discussion. Clinical fndings of the horses (body temperature, pulse and respiration) did not differ from those of the control animals after the 2.0% supramolecular complex of ivermectin was administered in a therapeutic, tripled and 5-fold increased doses on days 1, 7 and 14. A slight increase in ketone bodies was observed in the urine on day 1, which may indicate the drug effect on the central nervous system at a 5-fold increased dose; all parameters were within the normal range on days 7 and 14. The 2.0% supramolecular complex of ivermectin in overdoses (0.6; 1.0 mg/kg for the active substance) did not adversely affect the horses’ hematological or biochemical blood parameters.Цель исследований – изучение влияния супрамолекулярного комплекса ивермектина 2,0%-ного в повышенных дозах на клиническое состояние лошадей.Материалы и методы. Опыт проводили в октябре 2020 г. в Северокавказском Федеральном Округе Чеченской Республики в конноспортивном комплексе «Серадин» на 20 лошадях разных пород. Лошадей разделили по принципу аналогов на 3 подопытные и одну контрольную группы по 5 животных в каждой. Лошадям 1-й группы супрамолекулярный комплекс ивермектина 2%-ный назначали в терапевтической дозе 0,2 мг/кг, 2-й – в три раза увеличенной дозе 0,6 мг/кг и 3-й – в 5 раз увеличенной дозе 1,0 мг/кг по ДВ. Препарат задавали однократно индивидуально в смеси с комбикормом. Температуру тела измеряли бесконтактным термометром, частоту пульса и число дыхательных движений за 1 мин. Мочу лошадей исследовали на 1, 7 и 14-е сутки после дачи препарата. Определяли цвет, прозрачность и консистенцию мочи. Для изучения рН, белка, глюкозы, кетоновых тел, нитритов, билирубина, уробилиногена использовали универсальную индикаторную бумагу. Кровь брали утром из ярёмной вены лошадей на 1, 7 и 14-е сутки после дачи препарата. Исследования гематологических и биохимических показателей проводили на анализаторах.Результаты и обсуждение. Клинические признаки лошадей (температура тела, пульс и дыхание) после назначения супрамолекулярного комплекса ивермектина 2,0%-ного в терапевтической, 3 и 5 раз увеличенной дозах на 1, 7 и 14-е сутки не отличались от показателей животных контрольной группы. В моче отмечено небольшое повышение кетоновых тел на 1-е сутки, что может свидетельствовать о воздействии препарата в 5 раз повышенной дозе на центральную нервную систему; на 7 и 14-е сутки все показатели находились в пределах нормы. Супрамолекулярный комплекса ивермектина 2,0%-ный в повышенных дозах (0,6; 1,0 мг/кг по ДВ) не оказывал отрицательного влияния на гематологические и биохимические показатели крови лошадей

Комиссионное и производственное испытание эффективности супрамолекулярного комплекса триклабендазола триклафасцид при фасциолёзе крупного рогатого скота

The purpose of the research: to conduct commission and field testing of efficacy of the supramolecular complex of triclabendazole «Triclafascid» applied at the dose of 2,5-3,0 mg/kg against cattle fasciolosis. Materials and methods. Commission and field testing of Triclafascid were carried out in the private sector of the Chechen Republic in March-April 2017 on cattle naturally infected with Fasciola. Commission testing was performed on 30 animals infected with Fasciola that were divided into two equal groups of 15 animals each. Animals from the first group received triclafascid orally at the single therapeutic dose 2,5 mg a.i./kg (therapeutic dose 25 mg/kg) in water solution. The second group of animals as well as the first group received the substance of triclabendazole at five times lower dose (2,5 mg/kg) in water suspension. In field experiment, triclafascid was given individually to 108 animals at the dose of 3,0 mg a.i./kg (therapeutic dose 30 mg/kg) with compound feed. To determine the grade of animals’ invasion with fascioles, fecal samples were examined by Fuelleborn's method using ammonium nitrate. The average number of Fasciola eggs in 1 g of feces was defined with the use of VIGIS counting chamber. Fecal samples were investigated; the efficacy of the preparation was evaluated 30 days after dehelmintization. The efficacy of triclafascid was estimated by a «critical test» according to the Manual approved by World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (1995). Results and discussion. In commission testing of triclafascid for the treatment of cattle fasciolosis individually orally in water solution at the dose of 2,5 mg /kg and in field experiment at the dose of 3,0 mg /kg with feed compound at five times lower dose, 100 % efficacy was reached (in comparison with triclabendazole).Цель исследований: комиссионное и производственное испытание эффективности отечественного антигельминтика трикла фасцида в дозе 2,5-3,0 мг/кг при фасциолёзе крупного рогатого скота. Материалы и методы. Комиссионное и производственное испытание триклафасцида проводили в частном секторе Чеченской республики в марте-апрель 2017 г. на крупном рогатом скоте, спонтанно инвазированном фасциолами. Комиссионный опыт проводили на 30 спонтанно инвазированных фасциолами животных, которых распределили по принципу аналогов на две равноценные группы по 15 голов в каждой. Животные первой группы получали триклафасцид перорально в терапевтической дозе 2,5 мг/кг по ДВ (по препарату 25 мг/кг) в форме водного раствора однократно. Второй группе животных вводили субстанцию триклабендазола в форме водной взвеси в 5 раз уменьшенной дозе (2,5 мг/кг) в качестве контроля аналогично как и животным первой группы. В производственном опыте триклафасцид задавали 108 животным в дозе 3,0 мг/кг по ДВ (по препарату 30 мг/кг) индивидуально в смеси с комбикормом. Для определения степени инвазированности животных фасциолами пробы фекалий исследовали методом Фюллеборна с использованием аммиачной селитры. Среднее число яиц фасциол в 1 г фекалий определяли с помощью камеры ВИГИС. Эффективность препарата оценивали через 30 сут после дегельминтизации путем исследования проб фекалий. Учёт эффективности триклафасцида проводили по типу «критический тест» согласно Руководству, одобренному Всемирной Ассоциацией за прогресс ветеринарной паразитологии (1995 г). Результаты и обсуждение. При комиссионном испытании триклафасцида при фасциолёзе крупного рогатого скота в дозе 2,5 мг/ кг индивидуально в форме водного раствора перорально и в производственном опыте в дозе 3,0 мг/кг в смеси с кормом в 5 раз уменьшенной дозе по сравнению с субстанцией триклабендазола, получена 100%-ная эффективность