Loss of p27/Kip1 promotes metaplasia in the pancreas via the regulation of Sox9 expression.

p27Kip1 (p27) is a negative regulator of proliferation and a tumor suppressor via the inhibition of cyclin-CDK activity in the nucleus. p27 is also involved in the regulation of other cellular processes, including transcription by acting as a transcriptional co-repressor. Loss of p27 expression is frequently observed in pancreatic adenocarcinomas in human and is associated with decreased patient survival. Similarly, in a mouse model of K-Ras-driven pancreatic cancer, loss of p27 accelerates tumor development and shortens survival, suggesting an important role for p27 in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Here, we sought to determine how p27 might contribute to early events leading to tumor development in the pancreas. We found that K-Ras activation in the pancreas causes p27 mislocalization at pre-neoplastic stages. Moreover, loss of p27 or expression of a mutant p27 that does not bind cyclin-CDKs causes the mislocalization of several acinar polarity markers associated with metaplasia and induces the nuclear expression of Sox9 and Pdx1 two transcription factors involved in acinar-to-ductal metaplasia. Finally, we found that p27 directly represses transcription of Sox9, but not that of Pdx1. Thus, our results suggest that K-Ras activation, the earliest known event in pancreatic carcinogenesis, may cause loss of nuclear p27 expression which results in derepression of Sox9, triggering reprogramming of acinar cells and metaplasia

Functional and cardioprotective effects of simultaneous and individual activation of protein kinase A and Epac

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Myocardial cAMP elevation confers cardioprotection against ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. cAMP activates two independent signalling pathways, PKA and Epac. This study investigated the cardiac effects of activating PKA and/or Epac and their involvement in cardioprotection against I/R. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Hearts from male rats were used either for determination of PKA and PKC activation or perfused in the Langendorff mode for either cardiomyocyte isolation or used to monitor functional activity at basal levels and after 30 min global ischaemia and 2 h reperfusion. Functional recovery and myocardial injury during reperfusion (LDH release and infarct size) were evaluated. Activation of PKA and/or Epac in perfused hearts was induced using cell permeable cAMP analogues in the presence or absence of inhibitors of PKA, Epac and PKC. H9C2 cells and cardiomyocytes were used to assess activation of Epac and effect on Ca(2+) transients. KEY RESULTS: Selective activation of either PKA or Epac was found to trigger a positive inotropic effect, which was considerably enhanced when both pathways were simultaneously activated. Only combined activation of PKA and Epac induced marked cardioprotection against I/R injury. This was accompanied by PKCε activation and repressed by inhibitors of PKA, Epac or PKC. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Simultaneous activation of both PKA and Epac induces an additive inotropic effect and confers optimal and marked cardioprotection against I/R injury. The latter effect is mediated by PKCε activation. This work has introduced a new therapeutic approach and targets to protect the heart against cardiac insults

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases and Compartmentation in Normal and Diseased Heart

International audienceCyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) degrade the second messengers cAMP and cGMP, thereby regulating multiple aspects of cardiac function. This highly diverse class of enzymes encoded by 21 genes encompasses 11 families which are not only responsible for the termination of cyclic nucleotide signalling, but are also involved in the generation of dynamic microdomains of cAMP and cGMP controlling specific cell functions in response to various neurohormonal stimuli. In myocardium, the PDE3 and PDE4 families are predominant to degrade cAMP and thereby regulate cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. PDE3 inhibitors are positive inotropes and vasodilators in human, but their use is limited to acute heart failure and intermittent claudication. PDE5 is particularly important to degrade cGMP in vascular smooth muscle, and PDE5 inhibitors are used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. However, these drugs do not seem efficient in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. There is experimental evidence that these PDEs as well as other PDE families including PDE1, PDE2 and PDE9 may play important roles in cardiac diseases such as hypertrophy and heart failure. After a brief presentation of the cyclic nucleotide pathways in cardiac cells and the major characteristics of the PDE superfamily, this chapter will present their role in cyclic nucleotide compartmentation and the current use of PDE inhibitors in cardiac diseases together with the recent research progresses that could lead to a better exploitation of the therapeutic potential of these enzymes in the future

Protein kinase C and cardiac dysfunction: a review

Heart failure (HF) is a physiological state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the needs of the body. It is a clinical syndrome characterized by impaired ability of the left ventricle to either fill or eject blood efficiently. HF is a disease of multiple aetiologies leading to progressive cardiac dysfunction and it is the leading cause of deaths in both developed and developing countries. HF is responsible for about 73,000 deaths in the UK each year. In the USA, HF affects 5.8 million people and 550,000 new cases are diagnosed annually. Cardiac remodelling (CD), which plays an important role in pathogenesis of HF, is viewed as stress response to an index event such as myocardial ischaemia or imposition of mechanical load leading to a series of structural and functional changes in the viable myocardium. Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes are a family of serine/threonine kinases. PKC is a central enzyme in the regulation of growth, hypertrophy, and mediators of signal transduction pathways. In response to circulating hormones, activation of PKC triggers a multitude of intracellular events influencing multiple physiological processes in the heart, including heart rate, contraction, and relaxation. Recent research implicates PKC activation in the pathophysiology of a number of cardiovascular disease states. Few reports are available that examine PKC in normal and diseased human hearts. This review describes the structure, functions, and distribution of PKCs in the healthy and diseased heart with emphasis on the human heart and, also importantly, their regulation in heart failure

Differential regulation of β2-adrenoceptor and adenosine A2B receptor signalling by GRK and arrestin proteins in arterial smooth muscle

Generation of cAMP through Gs-coupled G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) [e.g. β2-adrenoceptor (β2AR), adenosine A2B receptor (A2BR)] activation, induces arterial smooth muscle relaxation, counteracting the actions of vasoconstrictors. Gs-coupled GPCR signalling is regulated by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRK) and arrestin proteins, and dysregulation of Gs/GPCR signalling is thought play a role in the development of hypertension, which may be a consequence of enhanced GRK2 and/or arrestin expression. However, despite numerous studies indicating that β2AR and A2BR can be substrates for GRK/arrestin proteins, currently little is known regarding GRK/arrestin regulation of these endogenous receptors in arterial smooth muscle. Here, endogenous GRK isoenzymes and arrestin proteins were selectively depleted using RNA-interference in rat arterial smooth muscle cells (RASM) and the consequences of this for β2AR- and A2BR-mediated adenylyl cyclase (AC) signalling were determined by assessing cAMP accumulation. GRK2 or GRK5 depletion enhanced and prolonged β2AR/AC signalling, while combined deletion of GRK2/5 has an additive effect. Conversely, activation of AC by A2BR was regulated by GRK5, but not GRK2. β2AR desensitization was attenuated following combined GRK2/GRK5 knockdown, but not by depletion of individual GRKs, arrestins, or by inhibiting PKA. Arrestin3 (but not arrestin2) depletion enhanced A2BR-AC signalling and attenuated A2BR desensitization, while β2AR-AC signalling was regulated by both arrestin isoforms. This study provides a first demonstration of how different complements of GRK and arrestin proteins contribute to the regulation of signalling and desensitization of these important receptors mediating vasodilator responses in arterial smooth muscle

Cellular signaling and protein complexes formation during neonatal rat cardiomyocytes stretch

L'étirement est un stimulus hypertrophique qui active de nombreuses voies de signalisation similaires à celles mises en évidence lors de l'étude de l'hypertrophie cellulaire. L'objectif principal de mon travail de thèse était de caractériser les évènements moléculaires impliqués dans l'activation des MAPKinases (MAPK), ERK et JNK lors de l'étirement. Nous avons étudié ces protéines par 2 approches différentes. D'une part, nous nous sommes intéressés aux rôles de protéines potentiellement nécessaires à l'activation des MAPK. D'autre part, nous avons cherché à mettre en évidence des interconnexions moléculaires entre les différentes voies de signalisation activées par l'étirement cellulaire, en montrant notamment la formation de complexes protéiques nécessaires à l'activation des différents partenaires. Nous montrons ainsi que deux protéines à activité tyrosine kinase, l'Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) et la Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), sont respectivement nécessaires à l'activation de ERK et de JNK lors de l'étirement. Ces cascades de transduction peuvent être dépendantes de la petite protéine G Ras. Bien que les voies des MAPK et de PI3K/Akt soient considérées comme indépendantes, nous montrons également que Akt participe à l'activation de ERK par l'étirement. Enfin, nous avons montré la formation d'un complexe Protein Kinase C (PKC)/Calcineurine nécessaire à l'activation et à la translocation de la PKC lors de l'étirement. Cette étude de différentes voies de signalisation et des interactions protéiques apporte une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes activés par l'étirement cellulaire et permet donc de mieux comprendre la signalisation impliquée dans l'hypertrophie ventriculaireCardiomyocyte stretch is a major determinant of ventricular hypertrophy. It stimulates numerous signalling pathways leading to the Mitogen Activated Protein kinases (MAPK) activation. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the molecular events involved in MAPK ERK and JNK activations during stretch. We studied these pathways by 2 different approaches. We analysed the role of several pivotal proteins involved in ERK and JNK activations and next we evaluated the molecular interactions between different signalling pathways by protein complexes formation induced by stretch and necessary for protein activations. We show that 2 tyrosine Kinases, the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and the Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) are necessary for ERK and JNK activations respectively during stretch with a possible involvement of the small G protein Ras. MAPK and PI3/Akt pathways are generally considered independent but we show that ERK activation is PI3K/Akt dependent during stretch. Thus, we demonstrate that 2 other pathways are associated since PKC and calcineurin form a complex necessary for PKC activation and translocation. This study of signalling pathways and protein interactions sheds a new light on intracellular pathways leading to MAPK activation and may have implications for the development of new drugs in the management of cardiac hypertrophy and failur

De l'hydruration du titane et ses alliages : impact des paramètres de mise en forme du matériau et conséquences sur sa durabilité en milieu corrosif

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Signalisation cellulaire et formation de complexes protéiques lors de l'étirement des cardiomyocytes de rats nouveaux-nés

L'étirement est un stimulus hypertrophique qui active de nombreuses voies de signalisation similaires à celles mises en évidence lors de l'étude de l'hypertrophie cellulaire. L objectif principal de mon travail de thèse était de caractériser les évènements moléculaires impliqués dans l activation des MAPKinases (MAPK), ERK et JNK lors de l étirement. Nous avons étudié ces protéines par 2 approches différentes. D une part, nous nous sommes intéressés aux rôles de protéines potentiellement nécessaires à l activation des MAPK. D autre part, nous avons cherché à mettre en évidence des interconnexions moléculaires entre les différentes voies de signalisation activées par l étirement cellulaire, en montrant notamment la formation de complexes protéiques nécessaires à l activation des différents partenaires. Nous montrons ainsi que deux protéines à activité tyrosine kinase, l Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) et la Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), sont respectivement nécessaires à l activation de ERK et de JNK lors de l étirement. Ces cascades de transduction peuvent être dépendantes de la petite protéine G Ras. Bien que les voies des MAPK et de PI3K/Akt soient considérées comme indépendantes, nous montrons également que Akt participe à l activation de ERK par l étirement. Enfin, nous avons montré la formation d un complexe Protein Kinase C (PKC)/Calcineurine nécessaire à l activation et à la translocation de la PKC lors de l étirement. Cette étude de différentes voies de signalisation et des interactions protéiques apporte une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes activés par l'étirement cellulaire et permet donc de mieux comprendre la signalisation impliquée dans l'hypertrophie ventriculaireCardiomyocyte stretch is a major determinant of ventricular hypertrophy. It stimulates numerous signalling pathways leading to the Mitogen Activated Protein kinases (MAPK) activation. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the molecular events involved in MAPK ERK and JNK activations during stretch. We studied these pathways by 2 different approaches. We analysed the role of several pivotal proteins involved in ERK and JNK activations and next we evaluated the molecular interactions between different signalling pathways by protein complexes formation induced by stretch and necessary for protein activations. We show that 2 tyrosine Kinases, the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and the Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) are necessary for ERK and JNK activations respectively during stretch with a possible involvement of the small G protein Ras. MAPK and PI3/Akt pathways are generally considered independent but we show that ERK activation is PI3K/Akt dependent during stretch. Thus, we demonstrate that 2 other pathways are associated since PKC and calcineurin form a complex necessary for PKC activation and translocation. This study of signalling pathways and protein interactions sheds a new light on intracellular pathways leading to MAPK activation and may have implications for the development of new drugs in the management of cardiac hypertrophy and failurePARIS-EST-Université (770839901) / SudocSudocFranceF

PKC-delta and PKC-epsilon: Foes of the same family or strangers?

International audienceProtein kinase C (PKC) is a family of 10 serine/threonine kinases divided into 3 subfamilies, classical, novel and atypical classes. Two PKC isozymes of the novel group, PKCε and PKCδ, have different and sometimes opposite effects. PKCε stimulates cell growth and differentiation while PKCδ is apoptotic. In the heart, they are among the most expressed PKC isozymes and they are opposed in the preconditioning process with a positive role of PKCε and an inhibiting role of PKCδ. The goal of this review is to analyze the structural differences of these 2 enzymes that may explain their different behaviors and properties