8 research outputs found

    Catégorisation d'un corpus hétérogÚne de français médiéval

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    We have undertaken a morpho-syntactic tagging of the 2 millions words of our corpora of medieval texts. The external and internal heterogeneity of the texts make this task a difficult one. As a result, we had to resort to a double strategy.Since there is actually no tool adapted to our corpora, we had first to rely on a programmable tagger in order to categorize a first text. As a second step, and building on the results obtained with the first text, we produced a tagger based on contextal rule learning. Using this latter tool we subsequently tagged a second, quite "similar" (in terms of external criteria) text. The success rate was 95%. This two-step process was then used once again to tag additional texts.The next phase will be to evaluate the heterogeneity of texts according to internal criteria. This task involves the measurement of morpho-syntactic and semantic variation in accordance with statistical methods. It will enable us to correlate internal and external heterogeneity in order to elaborate a "fine-grained" typology of texts.Nous avons entrepris l'Ă©tiquetage morpho-syntaxique des 2 millions d'occurrences de notre base de textes mĂ©diĂ©vaux. L'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© externe et interne des textes entre eux complexifie la tĂąche, ce qui nous a conduit Ă  Ă©laborer une double stratĂ©gie.Il n'existe pas actuellement d'outil adaptĂ© Ă  notre corpus, d'oĂč le recours, pour catĂ©goriser un premier texte, Ă  un Ă©tiqueteur programmable. Dans un second temps, nous avons construit, Ă  partir de ce texte, un Ă©tiqueteur travaillant par apprentissage. Il a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© pour Ă©tiqueter un texte "proche" (critĂšres externes) du texte d'apprentissage, et nous avons obtenons un taux de rĂ©ussite de 95%. La double procĂ©dure est ensuite rĂ©appliquĂ©e pour l'Ă©tiquetage des autres textes.Par ailleurs, nous voulons dĂ©sormais Ă©valuer l'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© entre textes selon des critĂšres internes. Pour cela il s'agit de mesurer la variation morpho-syntaxique et sĂ©mantique selon des mĂ©thodes statistiques. Il s'agira ensuite de corrĂ©ler hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© externe et interne afin d'Ă©laborer une typologie fine des textes

    Un changement dans la diachronie du français : la perte de la préfixation aspectuelle en a-*

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    Dans cet article, nous analysons un changement important survenu dans le systĂšme aspectuel du moyen français : la perte de productivitĂ© de certains prĂ©fixes aspectuels. Nous exposons ensuite la dĂ©marche mĂ©thodologique nĂ©cessaire Ă  l’analyse de faits morphosyntaxiques en diachronie. Nous illustrons ce changement en analysant l’évolution du prĂ©fixe a-. Notre recherche allie le recours aux donnĂ©es de sources secondaires extraites des dictionnaires de l’ancien et du moyen français Ă  l’analyse d’un corpus catĂ©gorisĂ© Ă  l’aide d’un outil d’analyse de textes par ordinateur, SATO. Nous Ă©tayerons l’hypothĂšse selon laquelle l’aspect a Ă©voluĂ© vers une plus grande compositionnalitĂ© et rĂ©sulte de l’interaction de diffĂ©rents processus en français moderne, dont l’érosion sĂ©mantique de la prĂ©position Ă .This article proposes an analysis of an important change which took place in the aspectual system of Middle French, i.e. the loss of productivity of some aspectual prefixes. We also present the methodology that we have developed to analyze morphosyntactic facts in diachrony. We illustrate the change by an analysis of the prefix a-. Our research is based on secondary sources from dictionaries of Old and Middle French and on data from a wide corpus tagged with SATO, a computational text analyzer. We provide arguments in order to show that aspect has changed in favor of a larger compositionality and is now the result of the interaction of different processes in Modern French, one of which being the semantic erosion of the preposition Ă 

    Un aperçu des structures inaccusatives en français médiéval

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    De nombreux travaux, dont ceux menĂ©s dans le cadre de la grammaire gĂ©nĂ©rative, reconnaissent qu’il existe deux classes structures intransitives : les inaccusatives et les inergatives. En français moderne (FrMod) les constructions inaccusatives se caractĂ©risent entre autres par l’utilisation de l’auxiliaire ĂȘtre aux temps composĂ©s et par leur capacitĂ© de former des constructions impersonnelles : Trois hommes sont arrivĂ©s. / Il est arrivĂ© trois hommes ; alors que les inergatives utilisent avoir et permettent difficilement les impersonnelles : Des Ă©tudiantes ont couru. / *Il a couru des Ă©tudiantes. Les grammairiens de l’ancien français (AFr), dont Moignet [1976] et Buridant [1999], notent que cette diffĂ©rence existe dĂ©jĂ  Ă  date ancienne. En français mĂ©diĂ©val, l’inaccusatif correspondant identifiĂ© par ce test prĂ©sente une diffĂ©rence inattendue puisque seul l'auxiliaire s'accorde avec l'explĂ©tif il alors que le participe s'accorde avec le syntagme postverbal, ou Ă©lĂ©ment associĂ©, comme en tĂ©moigne l’exemple suivant : Il m'est venue une nouvele (ARTU, 118, 07-08). Nous faisons rĂ©fĂ©rence Ă  ce phĂ©nomĂšne par le terme de d’accord distribuĂ© et pour le français moderne, il s’agit d’accord simple. Notre communication vise Ă  rendre compte du passage d'une grammaire Ă  accord distribuĂ© Ă  une grammaire Ă  accord simple. Nous proposons ici une analyse de l'inaccusativitĂ© selon laquelle la perte de l’accord distribuĂ© implique des changements majeurs dans la grammaires et suppose l'interaction de deux facteurs : perte de V2, ce qui contraint la position du sujet et le statut de l'auxiliaire

    Imperative morphology in diachrony evidence from the Romance languages

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    This book chapter is not currently available in ORA. Citation: Maiden, M., Swearingen, A. & O'Neill, P. (2009) Imperative morphology in diachrony: evidence from Romance languages. In: Dufresne, M., Dupuis, F. & Vocaj, E. (eds.) Historical Linguistics 2007. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 99-108

    Synthesis and fading of eighteenth-century Prussian blue pigments: a combined study by spectroscopic and diffractive techniques using laboratory and synchrotron radiation sources

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    International audiencePrussian blue, a hydrated iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II) complex, is a synthetic pigment discovered in Berlin in 1704. Because of both its highly intense color and its low cost, Prussian blue was widely used as a pigment in paintings until the 1970s. The early preparative methods were rapidly recognized as a contributory factor in the fading of the pigment, a fading already known by the mid-eighteenth century. Herein two typical eighteenth-century empirical recipes have been reproduced and the resulting pigment analyzed to better understand the reasons for this fading. X-ray absorption and Mossbauer spectroscopy indicated that the early syntheses lead to Prussian blue together with variable amounts of an undesirable iron(III) product. Pair distribution functional analysis confirmed the presence of nanocrystalline ferrihydrite, Fe10O14(OH)(2), and also identified the presence of alumina hydrate, Al10O14(OH)(2), with a particle size of similar to 15 angstrom. Paint layers prepared from these pigments subjected to accelerated light exposure showed a tendency to turn green, a tendency that was often reported in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century books. The presence of particles of hydrous iron(III) oxides was also observed in a genuine eighteenth-century Prussian blue sample obtained from a polychrome sculpture

    A natural experiment to assess how urban interventions in lower socioeconomic areas influence health behaviors: the UrbASanté study

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    International audienceBackgroundMechanisms underlying the associations between changes in the urban environment and changes in health-related outcomes are complex and their study requires specific approaches. We describe the protocol of the interdisciplinary UrbASantĂ© study, which aims to explore how urban interventions can modify environmental exposures (built, social, and food environments; air quality; noise), health-related behaviors, and self-reported health using a natural experiment approach. MethodsThe study is based on a natural experiment design using a before/after protocol with a control group to assess changes in environmental exposures, health-risk behaviors, and self-reported health outcomes of a resident adult population before and after the implementation of a time series of urban interventions in four contiguous neighborhoods in Paris (France). The changes in environmental exposures, health-related behaviors, and self-reported health outcomes of a resident adult population will be concurrently monitored in both intervention and control areas. We will develop a mixed-method framework combining substantial fieldwork with quantitative and qualitative analytical approaches. This study will make use of (i) data relating to exposures and health-related outcomes among all participants and in subsamples and (ii) interviews with residents regarding their perceptions of their neighborhoods and with key stakeholders regarding the urban change processing, and (iii) existing geodatabases and field observations to characterize the built, social, and food environments. The data collected will be analyzed with a focus on interrelationships between environmental exposures and health-related outcomes using appropriate approaches (e.g., interrupted time series, difference–in-differences method). DiscussionRelying on a natural experiment approach, the research will provide new insights regarding issues such as close collaboration with urban/local stakeholders, recruitment and follow-up of participants, identification of control and intervention areas, timing of the planned urban interventions, and comparison of subjective and objective measurements. Through the collaborative work of a consortium ensuring complementarity between researchers from different disciplines and stakeholders, the UrbASantĂ© study will provide evidence-based guidance for designing future urban planning and public health policies. Trial registrationThis research was registered at the ClinicalTrial.gov (NCT05743257
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