Upoštevanje vrzeli: s starostjo povezane razlike v učenčevih dojemanjih učiteljev angleščine in motivacije

The present paper addresses the age issue in the context of learning English as a foreign language in instructional settings. Our attention has been directed towards the examination of potential differences in students’ perceptions of their foreign language teacher and motivation in relation to age. A total of 592 participants attending higher grades of elementary school participated in the research. The results have shown that students’ perception of English language teacher characteristics and competences varies in relation to age. Although elementary school students perceive their language teacher to be the most competent in the area of instructional competences, younger students seem to put more emphasis on teacher’s personal characteristics over professional competences. The study also indicates differences in motivation, with an accentuated decline in relation to students’ age. The study offers a valuable information for teachers and policy makers and emphasizes the need for further adjustment of teaching methodology to various age groups. (DIPF/Orig.

A Psychoanalytic Approach to Education and Raising School Children of Divorced Parents

U radu je sažeto prikazan početak razvoja psihoanalize bečkog liječnika Sigmunda Freuda. Autorica je ponajprije usmjerena na Freudovu strukturalističku teoriju psihičkoga ustrojstva: tripartitnu organizaciju ljudske psihe: id, ego i superego, kao i na teoriju psihoseksualnog razvoja. U tom se okviru obrađuje dinamika povezanosti psihoanalitičkoga učenja i pedagogijske misli, od Johna Deweya do suvremenih psihoanalitičkih pedagoga poput Tamare Bibby i Deborah Britzman. U skladu s tim razmatra se i psihoanalitički diskurs u odnosu na školsku djecu iz razvedenih obitelji, pri čemu se razvod promatra kao proces separacije-individuacije i stvaranja supstitucijskoga triangularnog odnosa školskog djeteta i nastavnika.The paper provides a summary of the initial stage of psychoanalysis development established by the Viennese physician Sigmund Freud. The author has primarily focused on Freud’s structural theory of psychological organization: a tripartite organization of the human psyche id, ego and superego and the theory of psychosexual development. Within the scope of this theory, an attempt was made to give an overview of the dynamics of the psychoanalytic relationship between learning and pedagogical thoughts, from John Dewey to contemporary psychoanalytic pedagogues like Tamara Bibby and Deborah Britzman. Accordingly, the psychoanalytic discourse in relation to school children from divorced families, where divorce is seen as a process of separation-individuation in creating substitution triangular relationship between the child and a school teacher, has been considered

Structural characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial transcription machinery

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Molecular. Fecha de lectura: 20-02-201

Balkan fra substantiv til verbum – og tilbage igen

Intet resum

Ecological interactions between grain aphids (Sitobion avenae) and Fusarium head blight pathogens (Fusarium graminearum & F. langsethiae) on wheat and their impact on disease

Fusarium head blight pathogens contribute to ear disease in cereals globally, causing yield losses, decreased grain quality, and mycotoxin accumulation in infected grain. Wheat is susceptible to head blight disease after ear emergence, during which time ears can also act as hosts for other biological agents, including insects. Grain aphids, Sitobion avenae, colonise ears preferentially over other tissues of wheat plants, and mutual attack of wheat by grain aphids and Fusarium pathogens is likely to occur in the field. Experiments were conducted to elucidate the nature of the interactions that occur between the plant host, aphid pests and Fusarium pathogens. When aphids had also attacked the host plant, exacerbated disease severity was observed for both Fusarium graminearum and F. langsethiae. Of particular interest was the finding of an increase in mycotoxin accumulation in infected grain when there was aphid herbivory of host plants. Transmission of either species by aphids was not consistently observed, although the apparent compatibility of F. langsethiae with aphid vectors was greater than for F. graminearum. F. langsethiae was transmitted by aphids when moved manually from infected host ears to susceptible healthy ears, but transmission by natural movement of both winged and wingless aphids failed to produce disease in new hosts. In contrast, deoxynivalenol-producing F. graminearum induced the production of volatile host chemicals that repelled aphids, and population dynamics of aphids that colonised wheat ears infected with F. graminearum were impacted negatively, as observed by increased mortality and decreased fecundity of aphids from diseased hosts. The role of mycotoxins in the production of host volatiles was assessed by comparing F. graminearum isolates of different chemotypes, including mycotoxin deficient mutants. In contrast to hosts infected with DON-producing F. graminearum, which produced VOCs that repelled aphids, hosts infected with a nivalenol (NIV)-producing F. graminearum isolate produced VOCs that were attractive to aphids. This response was shown to be due to the mycotoxin production of the pathogen, as a transgenic line of the same isolate deficient impaired in trichothecene production produced no such effect. The importance of timing and location of aphid herbivory relative to the infection site on the development and spread of disease was examined. It was observed that the longer the time of aphid colonisation on hosts prior to the arrival of fungal inoculum, the more severe the consequences of disease for host plants in terms of fungal biomass and visual disease severity. Aphid herbivory on host ears led to a greater increase in disease severity and spread than infestation of leaves. Systemically treated plants also became more vulnerable to elevated pathogen colonisation; however local effects were more influential on disease outcome. The current research findings show the value of considering interactions between plant pathogens and insects. These are usually studied separately but occur together in nature and in this case the insect had a major impact on disease development. This opens questions about how aphids improve host suitability which could be answered by transcriptomic approaches. The study has important practical implications because it suggests that by incorporating traits for resistance to aphids, breeding for FHB resistance could be improved in wheat. Furthermore, control of aphid populations prior to and during heading could reduce the risk of mycotoxin contamination of wheat crops

Psihoanalitički pristup odgoju i obrazovanju školske djece razvedenih roditelja

The paper provides a summary of the initial stage of psychoanalysis development established by the Viennese physician Sigmund Freud. The author has primarily focused on Freud’s structural theory of psychological organization: a tripartite organization of the human psyche id, ego and superego and the theory of psychosexual development. Within the scope of this theory, an attempt was made to give an overview of the dynamics of the psychoanalytic relationship between learning and pedagogical thoughts, from John Dewey to contemporary psychoanalytic pedagogues like Tamara Bibby and Deborah Britzman. Accordingly, the psychoanalytic discourse in relation to school children from divorced families, where divorce is seen as a process of separation-individuation in creating substitution triangular relationship between the child and a school teacher, has been considered.U radu je sažeto prikazan početak razvoja psihoanalize bečkog liječnika Sigmunda Freuda. Autorica je ponajprije usmjerena na Freudovu strukturalističku teoriju psihičkoga ustrojstva: tripartitnu organizaciju ljudske psihe: id, ego i superego, kao i na teoriju psihoseksualnog razvoja. U tom se okviru obrađuje dinamika povezanosti psihoanalitičkoga učenja i pedagogijske misli, od Johna Deweya do suvremenih psihoanalitičkih pedagoga poput Tamare Bibby i Deborah Britzman. U skladu s tim razmatra se i psihoanalitički diskurs u odnosu na školsku djecu iz razvedenih obitelji, pri čemu se razvod promatra kao proces separacije-individuacije i stvaranja supstitucijskoga triangularnog odnosa školskog djeteta i nastavnika

BQ-NCO: Bisimulation Quotienting for Efficient Neural Combinatorial Optimization

Despite the success of neural-based combinatorial optimization methods for end-to-end heuristic learning, out-of-distribution generalization remains a challenge. In this paper, we present a novel formulation of Combinatorial Optimization Problems (COPs) as Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) that effectively leverages common symmetries of COPs to improve out-of-distribution robustness. Starting from a direct MDP formulation of a constructive method, we introduce a generic way to reduce the state space, based on Bisimulation Quotienting (BQ) in MDPs. Then, for COPs with a recursive nature, we specialize the bisimulation and show how the reduced state exploits the symmetries of these problems and facilitates MDP solving. Our approach is principled and we prove that an optimal policy for the proposed BQ-MDP actually solves the associated COPs. We illustrate our approach on five classical problems: the Euclidean and Asymmetric Traveling Salesman, Capacitated Vehicle Routing, Orienteering and Knapsack Problems. Furthermore, for each problem, we introduce a simple attention-based policy network for the BQ-MDPs, which we train by imitation of (near) optimal solutions of small instances from a single distribution. We obtain new state-of-the-art results for the five COPs on both synthetic and realistic benchmarks. Notably, in contrast to most existing neural approaches, our learned policies show excellent generalization performance to much larger instances than seen during training, without any additional search procedure

Fatigue and depression in multiple sclerosis: Correlation with quality of life

The aim of this work was to examine the relationship between fatigue and depression, common features of multiple sclerosis (MS), and the quality of life (QOL). The study was comprised of 120 patients with clinical manifestations of definite MS. Relapsing-remitting MS was present in 76.7% patients and secondary progressive MS was present in 23.3% patients. Mean disease duration was 8.1 ± 5.6 years and the mean Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) was 3.5 ± 1.8 (range 1-8). Fatigue was measured with the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), depression was measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and QOL was assessed using the health-related quality of life questionnaire SF-36. We observed that the global FSS score was 4.6 ± 1.8 (range 1-7) and BDI was 10.7 ± 10.3 (range 0-39). The FSS significantly and positively correlated with the BDI scores (r = 0.572; p = 0.000). The severity of fatigue had a significant impact on the quality of life (r = -0.743; p = 0.000), in particular on mental health (r = -0.749; p = 0.000). We observed a significant correlation between the severity of depression and impaired quality of life (r = -0.684; p = 0.000). This study shows that fatigue and depression are associated with impaired QOL in MS

Contrasting roles of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in host-mediated interactions between Fusarium graminearum and Sitobion avenae

Fusarium graminearum is the predominant causal species of Fusarium head blight in Europe and North America. Different chemotypes of the species exist, each producing a plethora of mycotoxins. Isolates of differing chemotypes produce nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON), which differ in toxicity to mammals and plants. However, the effect of each mycotoxin on volatile emissions of plant hosts is not known. Host volatiles are interpreted by insect herbivores such as Sitobion avenae, the English grain aphid, during host selection. Previous work has shown that grain aphids are repelled by wheat infected with DON-producing F. graminearum, and this study seeks to determine the influence of pathogen mycotoxins to host volatile chemistry. Volatile collections from infected hosts and olfactometer bioassays with alate aphids were performed. Infections with isolates that produced DON and NIV were compared, as well as a trichothecene deficient transformant derived from the NIV-producing isolate. This work confirmed the repellent nature of infected hosts with DON accumulation. NIV accumulation produced volatiles that were attractive to aphids. Attraction did not occur when NIV was absent and was, therefore, a direct consequence of NIV production