Regulation Of The Interurban Coach Services In Brazil

Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies. Faculty of Economics and Business. The University of Sydne

Evaluation of the Antioxidant Potential of Additives for Biodiesel produced from different processes / Avaliação do potencial Antioxidante de Aditivos para o Biodiesel produzido a partir de diferentes processos

Soybean oil, used widely by its availability and accessibility as the principal feedstock for biodiesel production in Brazil, presents high susceptibility to oxidation, since it has high levels of unsaturated fatty acids.1 Use of a synthetic antioxidant, actually feasible and effective, could delay the onset of oxidation or reduce its rate for esters derived from oils and fats, one of the major causes of not specified biodiesel in the Brazilian legislation. In order to collaborate with industry on the storage of biodiesel in Brazil, this study tested several additives (0 to 4000ppm) still underused or unused on the market for this purpose and compared them with an additive widely used in the food industry, the butylhydroxytoluene – BHT.2-3 The research was divided in three steps. First step was established to verify the activities of pure additives and mixed with soybean biodiesel.4 For that, it was also, three main transesterification routes used in the Brazilian biodiesel production scenario were also tested, varying the type of catalysts and washing, monitoring stability in long term storage, antioxidant kinetic study and evaluation of specification of the additivated biodiesel. Step 2 mixtures of better performance additives from the first stage were submitted to biodiesel produced by the best process and evaluated in long-term storage tests, in the third stage blends of different types of biodiesel (soy with palm or tallow) were tested in proportions different. Results from step 1 showed that process Company 1 is the less harmful to the activity of the tested additives, mainly during de first month of storage. Most of cases had Kerobit 3627, followed by Kerobit TP26, BHT and Keromet MD100. In tests comparing acid washing steps and types of raw material, the influence of these parameters on esters stability is clear. Less pure raw material (degummed oil) and less aggressive washing (Company 1 process) gave better results. In step 2, it was possible to obtain a blend of additives between Kerobit 3627 and Keromet MD100 (1: 1) capable of conserving the ester for more than 5 years when stored at 25 °C. Soybean biodiesel blends with palm or tallow, richer in saturated esters, seemed to be an interesting alternative, with a inferior effect in the stability comparing it to the additives. At low temperatures, content of saturated ester is a determinant factor in the oxidation stability. On the other hand, time of storage almost not influenced oxidation. When at highest temperatures of storage, the benefit effect of saturated esters amount is minimum, but the time of storage is crucial to guarantee the integrity of the mixture

Mechanical Analysis of Subgrades of Road Pavements in Life Cycle Assessment

When evaluating the sustainability of a construction project, it is important to verify the influence of climate uncertainty and the depletion of natural resources that permeate the strategies to make infrastructure possible, especially those associated with the transportation sector, which have great potential to generate environmental impacts. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effect that subgrade material variation, which constitutes highway pavements with flexible surfacing, can generate in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of these infrastructures. For this purpose, pavements that had the same materials and thicknesses for the execution of the base (gravel soil-NG') and the subbase (clay soil LG'), but with subgrades composed of different types of tropical soils, classified as lateritic and non-lateritic, were proposed. The combination of these elements enabled the elaboration of pavements with different service lives and atmospheric emissions. The scope of the study included the phases of extraction and production of the inputs necessary to build the roadway envisioned in each scenario, as well as the construction phase itself, considering the operation of construction equipment. The LCA focused on the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the quantity of primary energy employed in the phases considered. It was concluded that the materials used in this study have similar mechanical behavior, and therefore the results of the design of the thicknesses of the asphalt overlay were close and consequently result in similar energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-07-012 Full Text: PD

Cartographies of the Body in Pandemic Times Cartografias do corpo em tempos pandêmicos

Como Fox e Alldred (2020) consideram, o dualismo Cultura / Natureza forneceu aos filósofos, cientistas e cientistas sociais pós-iluministas uma maneira elegante de estabelecer limites para as respectivas preocupações das ciências sociais e naturais (ver também Barad, 2007; Braidotti, 2013; Fullagar et al., 2019). Este dualismo tem permitido a criação de distinções entre corpos e modos de estar no mundo “modernos” (leia-se “civilizados”) e “tradicionais” (leia-se “primitivos”). No entanto, quando questões pertencentes à incorporação do social são exploradas criticamente, a influência sobre o bem-estar do entorno construído, as transições climáticas e a pandemia de Covid-19 em curso começam a problematizar tais formas, como é argumentado nas últimas três décadas por autores com perspectivas feministas, pós-humanas, novo-materialistas e político-ecológicas, entre outras. Dando continuidade a um diálogo permanente iniciado em 2018 entre acadêmicos e ativistas da América Latina e Europa, organizamos o seminário online “Religando o nexo natureza-cultura-corpo: práticas e epistemologias”. O evento virtual desenvolvido em duas partes explorou como os territórios inter-relacionados de saúde, atividade física e educação podem ser repensados a partir de perspectivas que desestabilizam as fronteiras ontológicas estabelecidas entre natureza, cultura e corpo, e suas possíveis articulações. Este artigo é a transcrição da segunda sessão, denominada “Cartografias do corpo em tempos de pandemia”, e apresenta os diálogos entre Alice del Gobbo, Carla Panico, Gianluca De Fazio, Alexandre Fernandez Vaz e Eduardo Galak, pesquisadores da Itália, Portugal, Brasil e Argentina.As Fox and Alldred (2020) note, culture/nature dualism has supplied post-Enlightenment philosophers, scientists and social scientists with a neat way to set limits on the respective concerns of the social and natural sciences (see also Barad, 2007; Braidotti, 2013; Fullagar et al., 2019). This dualism has also enabled the creation of distinctions between “modern” (read “civilised”) and “traditional” (read “primitive”) bodies and ways of being-in-the-world (Denowski and Viveiros de Castro, 2014). Yet, when critically exploring issues of embodiment, the influence of the built environment on well-being, climate transitions and/or the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic such distinctions start to become problematic, as eloquently argued in the last three decades by feminist, post-human, new-materialist and political ecological –among others– debates and propositions. Giving continuity to an ongoing dialogue started in 2018 between scholars and activists from Latin America and Europe (see Donato, Tonelli, Galak, 2019) this seminar explored how the interrelated domains of health, physical activity, and education can look like from perspectives that de-stabilise established ontological boundaries between nature, culture, the body, and their relationship. It did so through a dialogue between Alessandro Bortolotti, Simone Fullagar, Bruno Mora, Niamh Ni Shuilleabhain, four scholars from Australia, Italy, United Kingdom and Uruguay. The online event took place as the first of a two-parts online seminar series on Re-assembling the nature-culture-body nexus: practices and epistemologies

Managing patients with dengue fever during an epidemic: the importance of a hydration tent and of a multidisciplinary approach

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Dengue fever is one of the most common tropical diseases worldwide. Early detection of the disease, followed by intravenous fluid therapy in patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or with warning signs of dengue has a major impact on the prognosis. The purpose of this study is to describe the care provided in a hydration tent, including early detection, treatment, and serial follow-up of patients with dengue fever.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>The analysis included all patients treated in the hydration tent from April 8 to May 9, 2008. The tent was set up inside the premises of the 2^ndMilitary Firemen Group, located in Meier, a neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The case form data were stored in a computerized database for subsequent assessment. Patients were referred to the tent from primary care units and from secondary city and state hospitals. The routine procedure consisted of an initial screening including vital signs (temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate), tourniquet test and blood sampling for complete blood count. Over a 31-day period, 3,393 case recordings were seen at the hydration tent. The mean was 109 patients per day. A total of 2,102 initial visits and 1,291 return visits were conducted. Of the patients who returned to the hydration tent for reevaluation, 850 returned once, 230 returned twice, 114 returned three times, and 97 returned four times or more. Overall, 93 (5.3%) patients with DHF seen at the tent were transferred to a tertiary hospital. There were no deaths among these patients.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>As the epidemics were already widespread and there were no technical conditions for routine serology, all cases of suspected dengue fever were treated as such. Implementing hydration tents decrease the number of dengue fever hospitalizations.</p

Controle de formigas cortadeiras com Penicillium spp. proveniente de laranjas em decomposição: Aplicação em diferentes frequências avaliadas por agricultores

As formigas cortadeiras são consideradas importantes pragas da agricultura brasileira, pois utilizam material vegetal como substrato para o cultivo do seu fungo simbionte. Dessa forma, fazem-se necessários métodos de controle para a contenção desses danos. O assentamento Roseli Nunes, situado em Brasil, Piraí, Rio de Janeiro, tem como um dos seus principais problemas fitossanitários o ataque por formigas cortadeiras dos gêneros Acromyrmex e Atta. Esta situação foi constatada a partir da atuação do Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ) campus Pinheiral, o qual vem auxiliando o assentamento por meio de um projeto que visa estabelecer um plano de desenvolvimento. O presente estudo consistiu em testar a eficiência de fungos do gênero Penicillium obtidos de frutos em decomposição de variedades de laranjas, com diferentes frequências de aplicação, no controle de formigas cortadeiras, o qual foi avaliado empiricamente por 3 grupos de agricultores situados em diferentes áreas, isoladas a no mínimo 1 km uma da outra, dentro do assentamento.  Os agricultores receberam capacitação para aplicar a calda fúngica e avaliar a sua eficiência, por meio da observação da atividade das formigas cortadeiras e dos danos causados às suas culturas por estas. Este método de controle biológico mostrou-se capaz de controlar a atividade de formigas cortadeiras quando aplicado mais de 20 vezes em um período de 50 dias. Contudo, a eficiência deste ainda não foi suficientemente estudada, e precisa de mais avaliações para ter a eficiência de sua utilização maximizada

Micobiota produtora de fitase isolada de solo e serapilheira do Bioma Cerrado

The majority of Brazilian arable soils shows P deficiency, due to the fact that most of this element in the soil is unavailable for the plant absorption, for this and other reasons, the ability of filamentous fungi to solubilize P from various sources, insoluble, organic and inorganic, has been considered a desirable feature for several uses. The aim of this study was to characterize the production of phytase mycobiota in soil located in Cerrado in two seasons, under dry and rainy seasons, and also characterize abiotic factors in this biome in order to verify the existence of correlations between the quantitative and qualitative aspects of their mycobiotas in these conditions. The samples were collected from eight forest fragments twice, two soil depths (0-5 and 5-10 cm) and litter layer to quantify mycobiota and the evaluation of phytase production. In the collection carried out in the rainy season, the total number of phytase producing fungi was lower, but the number of Aspergillus section Nigri producers of phytase was greater. In the dry season the number of phytase producing fungi belonging to the genus Penicillium was higher. The year season´s factor alters quantitatively and qualitatively the phytase producer mycobiota. It was concluded that the soils are potentially exploitable in relation to obtaining phosphorus solubilizing fungi, and the dry season is more propitiate to the achievement of these fungi.Grande parte dos solos agricultáveis brasileiros apresenta deficiência de P, em função da maior parte deste elemento estar indisponível para a absorção pelas plantas. Neste contexto, a habilidade dos fungos filamentosos em solubilizar o P de várias fontes, sejam estas, insolúveis, orgânicas e/ou inorgânicas, tem sido considerada uma característica de destacada importância. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a micobiota produtora de fitase no Bioma Cerrado, bem como, apresentar uma caracterização dos fatores abióticos do presente bioma e as possíveis correlações com a micobiota encontrada. As amostras foram coletadas de oito fragmentos florestais, em duas épocas, duas profundidades do solo (0-5 e 5-10 cm) e na camada de serapilheira para a quantificação da micobiota e avaliação da produção de fitase. As coletas foram realizadas em duas épocas, sendo uma na época chuvosa e outra na época seca. Na coleta da época chuvosa, o número total de fungos produtores de fitase foi menor, mas o número de Aspergillus seção Nigri produtores de fitase foi maior. Na época seca, o número de fungos produtores de fitase pertencentes ao gênero Penicillium foi maior. O fator época do ano alterou qualitativamente e quantitativamente a micobiota produtora de fitase. Concluiu-se que os solos do Bioma Cerrado são potencialmente exploráveis para a obtenção de fungos solubilizadores de P, sendo a época seca do ano a mais propícia para este fim

Cerebral aneurysms diagnosis by three-dimensional CT angiography

Three-dimensional computerized tomography angiography is a fast diagnosis method and low invasive that passed to be used recently in the cases of intracranial aneurysms. This method presents a 100% specificity and can reach 95% of sensibility in the evaluation of the aneurysms in the circle of Willis, substituting the digital angiography but not in all of the cases. We report our experience in evaluation of the three-dimensional angiotomography exams in a period of 2 years between June of 1997 and June of 1999, were accomplished for detection of intracranial aneurysms in 136 patients, being 118 just with three-dimensional angiotomography and in 18 cases they were accomplished besides three-dimensional angiotomography also the conventional digital angiography. The exam of three-dimensional angiotomography possesses low risk being used better in the detection of the aneurysms when possess higher diameter than 3mm, with some limitations as in the very small aneurysms when smaller than 3mm, carotid intern cavarnous aneurysms, posterior circulation aneurysms as well as the non accomplishment of the dynamic exam.A angiotomografia é método diagnóstico rápido e minimamente invasivo que passou a ser utilizado recentemente nos casos de aneurisma intracraniano, possuindo 100% de especificidade e podendo atingir 95% de sensibilidade, na avaliação dos aneurismas do círculo de Willis, substituindo a angiografia digital, mas não em todos os casos. Apresentamos nossa experiência na avaliação do exame de angiotomografia tridimensional em período de 2 anos, comprendido entre junho de 1997 e junho 1999, em que foram realizados exames de angiotomografia tridimensional para detecção de aneurismas intracranianos em 136 pacientes Em 118 pacientes foi realizada apenas angiotomografia e em 18 casos foi realizada além da angiotomografia tridimensional, também a angiografia digital convencional. O exame de angiotomografia tridimensional possui baixo risco, sendo melhor utilizada na detecção dos aneurismas com diâmetro maior que 3mm. Possui algumas limitações, como os aneurismas muito pequenos <3mm aneurismas da carótida cavernosa e da circulação posterior, como também a não realização do exame dinâmico.Santa Casa de Ribeirão PretoUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de MedicinaHospital AC CamargoUNIFESP, EPMSciEL

Do monitoramento autônomo à pesquisa colaborativa virtual: parceria com o movimento indígena do Nordeste durante a pandemia da covid-19 como apoio ao controle social

Nos primeiros meses da pandemia de covid-19, em 2020, os movimentos e organizações indígenas da região Nordeste do Brasil estabeleceram uma extensa rede de apoio e parcerias com grupos de pesquisadores e entidades da sociedade civil para a organização de campanhas de solidariedade aos povos indígenas. A produção de informações gerais e dados empíricos sobre como a doença atingiu os territórios e populações indígenas constituiu uma das principais estratégias de ação. Essa mobilização foi a base para a constituição de redes colaborativas que investigaram como ocorreu o enfrentamento dos povos diante da pandemia, por meio de um viés antropológico e aplicando métodos que poderíamos definir como uma pesquisa colaborativa virtual. Este artigo, portanto, discute o potencial desse tipo de parceria para a reflexão sobre o Subsistema de Atenção à Saúde Indígena, argumentando que esse modelo pode constituir uma forma de apoio ao controle social exercido por parte das comunidades.In the first months of the covid-19 pandemic, in 2020, indigenous movements and organizations in the Northeast region of Brazil established an extensive network of support and partnerships with groups of researchers and civil society entities to organize campaigns of solidarity with the indigenous peoples. The production of general information and empirical data on how the disease reached indigenous territories and populations constituted one of the main strategies for action. This mobilization was the basis for establishing collaborative networks that investigated how the indigenous peoples faced the pandemic, from an anthropological bias and applying methods that we could define as virtual collaborative research. The article, thus, discusses the potential of this type of partnership for reflection on the Indigenous Health Care Subsystem, arguing that this model can constitute a kind of support for social control exercised by the communities

INFECÇÃO URINARIA NA GRAVIDEZ: REVISAO DE LITERATURA

As infecções no trato urinário (ITU) representam a forma mais comum de infecções bacterianas em gestantes