Season, not long-term warming, affects the relationship between ecosystem function and microbial diversity

Across biomes, soil biodiversity promotes ecosystem functions. However, whether this relationship will be maintained under climate change is uncertain. Here, using two long-term warming experiments, we investigated how warming affects the relationship between ecosystem functions and microbial diversity across seasons, soil horizons, and warming duration. The soils in these warming experiments were heated +5 °C above ambient for 13 or 28 years. We measured seven different ecosystem functions representative of soil carbon cycling, soil nitrogen cycling, or nutrient pools. We also surveyed bacterial and fungal community diversity. We found that the relationship between ecosystem function and bacterial diversity and the relationship between ecosystem function and fungal diversity was unaffected by warming or warming duration. Ecosystem function, however, was significantly affected by season, with autumn samples having higher function than summer samples. Our findings further emphasize that season is a consistent driver of ecosystem function and that this is maintained even under simulated climate change

Microbial diversity drives carbon use efficiency in a model soil

© The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Domeignoz-Horta, L. A., Pold, G., Liu, X. A., Frey, S. D., Melillo, J. M., & DeAngelis, K. M. Microbial diversity drives carbon use efficiency in a model soil. Nature Communications, 11(1), (2020): 3684, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17502-z.Empirical evidence for the response of soil carbon cycling to the combined effects of warming, drought and diversity loss is scarce. Microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) plays a central role in regulating the flow of carbon through soil, yet how biotic and abiotic factors interact to drive it remains unclear. Here, we combine distinct community inocula (a biotic factor) with different temperature and moisture conditions (abiotic factors) to manipulate microbial diversity and community structure within a model soil. While community composition and diversity are the strongest predictors of CUE, abiotic factors modulated the relationship between diversity and CUE, with CUE being positively correlated with bacterial diversity only under high moisture. Altogether these results indicate that the diversity × ecosystem-function relationship can be impaired under non-favorable conditions in soils, and that to understand changes in soil C cycling we need to account for the multiple facets of global changes.Funding for this project was provided by the Department of Energy grant DE-SC0016590 to K.M.D. and S.D.F., and an American Association of University Women Dissertation fellowship to G.P. We would also like to thank Stuart Grandy and Kevin Geyer for the fruitful discussions and Mary Waters, Courtney Bly and Ana Horta for their help with samples processing

Substrate availability and not thermal acclimation controls microbial temperature sensitivity response to long‐term warming

Microbes are responsible for cycling carbon (C) through soils, and predicted changes in soil C stocks under climate change are highly sensitive to shifts in the mechanisms assumed to control the microbial physiological response to warming. Two mechanisms have been suggested to explain the long-term warming impact on microbial physiology: microbial thermal acclimation and changes in the quantity and quality of substrates available for microbial metabolism. Yet studies disentangling these two mechanisms are lacking. To resolve the drivers of changes in microbial physiology in response to long-term warming, we sampled soils from 13- and 28-year-old soil warming experiments in different seasons. We performed short-term laboratory incubations across a range of temperatures to measure the relationships between temperature sensitivity of physiology (growth, respiration, carbon use efficiency, and extracellular enzyme activity) and the chemical composition of soil organic matter. We observed apparent thermal acclimation of microbial respiration, but only in summer, when warming had exacerbated the seasonally-induced, already small dissolved organic matter pools. Irrespective of warming, greater quantity and quality of soil carbon increased the extracellular enzymatic pool and its temperature sensitivity. We propose that fresh litter input into the system seasonally cancels apparent thermal acclimation of C-cycling processes to decadal warming. Our findings reveal that long-term warming has indirectly affected microbial physiology via reduced C availability in this system, implying that earth system models including these negative feedbacks may be best suited to describe long-term warming effects on these soils

Microbial diversity drives carbon use efficiency in a model soil

Dataset corresponding to paper published in Nature Communications by Domeignoz-Horta et al., 202

Direct evidence for the role of microbial diversity in the formation of soil organic matter quality and recalcitrance

Dataset corresponding to paper published at ISME Communications by Domeignoz-Horta et al., 2021 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43705-021-00071-

Ecology of N2O reducing bacteria in arable soils

Le protoxyde d’azote (N2O) est un gaz à effet de serre (GES) important et la principale substance attaquant la couche d'ozone. Les sols agricoles sont la principale source anthropique de ce GES. La concentration de N2O dans l'atmosphère est en constante augmentation, mais nous manquons de connaissances sur les facteurs contrôlant sa production et sa consommation dans les sols. La réduction du N2O en N2 par des microorganismes porteurs du gène codant pour la N2O réductase (nosZ) est le seul processus biologique capable de réduire ce GES. Des études récentes ont mis en évidence un clade précédemment inconnu de réducteurs du N2O qui interfère de manière significative avec la quantité de N2O produite dans les sols. Cette thèse a cherché à mieux comprendre l'écologie des réducteurs du N2O dans les sols agricoles.Une combinaison d'expériences d'incubation en laboratoire mais aussi d’expériences en plein champs a été utilisée pour essayer de mieux comprendre la production de N2O dans le sol, en analysant l’influence conjointe des producteurs et réducteurs de N2O. Nous avons aussi évalué l’impact des pratiques agricoles et leurs potentiels à modifier ces communautés microbiennes. Suite aux essais réalisés en laboratoire, nous avons montré que l'ajout d'une souche non-dénitrifiante Dyadobacter fermentans,possédant la N2O réductase NosZII, permettait de réduire la production de N2O dans 1/3 des sols testés. Certains sols sont même devenus consommateurs de N2O suite à l'ajout de la souche nosZII. Cette expérience a démontré la contribution des bactéries nosZII non-dénitrifiantes dans la consommation de N2O dans le sol.D’autre part, nos analyses en contexte agricole ont montré que les pratiques agricoles testées ont peu d’influence sur les communautés microbiennes considérées, les exceptions étant le travail du sol (labour), et le système de culture (annuel ou pérenne). L’intensifiant du travail du sol induit une augmentation de la diversité de nosZII. Nous observons le même phénomène dans le système de culture annuel comparé au système de culture pérenne. D’autres résultats nous permettent aussi d’affirmer que le clade récemment identifié de réducteurs du N2O est plus sensible aux variables environnementales que le clade précédemment connu (nosZI). Les variations de propriétés du sol, notamment pH et C:N structurent les communautés microbiennes appartenant à ces 2 clades indiquant une spécialisation de niche pour chacun de ces deux clades de N2O-réducteurs.Pour mieux comprendre les relations entre les communautés microbiennes et les processus impliqués, nous avons évalué les activités potentielles de dénitrification et de nitrification, et les émissions de N2O in situ. La production potentielle de N2O et l'activité potentielle de dénitrification ont été utilisées pour calculer le ratio de production de N2O (N2O:N2). La diversité du clade nosZII est négativement corrélée au ratio N2O:N2, et explique à elle seule la plus grande part de variance observée du ratio N2O:N2. Les variations de production potentielle de N2O et d'activité potentielle de dénitrification sont elles expliquées principalement par les variations de propriétés du sol. Afin de mieux évaluer la contribution des différents facteurs édaphiques et microbiologiques aux variations d’émission in situ de N2O, 70000 mesures ont été subdivisées en différentes gammes d’émission de N2O, d‘émissions dites de base à des émissions élevées. Fait intéressant, les variations d’émissions in situ de N2O dites de base sont seulement liées à des variations du pH du sol, alors que les variations d’émissions dites élevées sont également fortement associées aux variations de diversité des communautés microbiennes. Parmi les variables microbiennes importantes, nous avons constaté que la diversité des nosZII est négativement liée aux émissions de N2O in situ dites élevées.En conclusion, nos résultats mettent en évidence l’importance du clade nosZII pour le cycle du N2O dans le sol (...).Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas (GHG) and the main ozone depleting substance. Agricultural soils are the main anthropogenic-induced source of this GHG. The concentration of N2O in the atmosphere is steadily increasing, but we still lack knowledge on the factors controlling its production and consumption in soils. The reduction of N2O to N2 by microorganisms harboring the N2O reductase gene (nosZ) is the only known biological process able to consume this GHG. Recent studies revealed a previously unknown clade of N2O-reducers which was shown to be important to the N2O sink capacity of soils. This thesis seeks to gain a greater understanding on the ecology of N2O-reducers in agricultural soils. A combination of laboratory incubation and field experiments were used to gain knowledge on the importance of N2O-producers and N2O-reducers to the soil N2O production. Additionally, the potential of agricultural practices to modify those microbial communities were assessed.We showed experimentally, in laboratory incubations, that the addition of a non-denitrifying strain Dyadobacter fermentans, which possesses the previously unaccounted N2O reductase NosZII, reduced N2O production in 1/3 of the tested soils. Remarkably, after addition of the nosZII strain, some soils became a N2O sink, as negative rates were recorded. This experiment provided unambiguous evidence that the overlooked non-denitrifying nosZII bacteria can contribute to N2O consumption in soil.Our evaluation of agricultural field experiments showed limited impact of agricultural practices on the microbial communities except for tillage management, and differences observed between an annual and a perennial cropping system. Increasing tillage management enhanced nosZII diversity. Higher diversity of the nosZII clade was also observed in the annual cropping system than in the perennial cropping system. Overall, the recently identified clade of N2O-reducers was more sensitive to environmental variables than the previously known clade (nosZI). The community structure of these two groups was explained by common and uncommon soil properties suggesting niche specialization between the two N2O-reducers.In an attempt to understand the relationship between the microbial communities and process rates, we assessed the potential denitrification and nitrification rates, and in situ N2O emissions. Potential N2O production and potential denitrification activity were used to calculate the denitrification end-product ratio. The diversity of nosZII was negatively related to the N2O:N2 ratio and explained the highest fraction of its variation (26%), while the potential N2O production and potential denitrification activity were mainly explained by the soil properties. To better evaluate the contribution of different factors to the in situ emissions, more than 70000 N2O measurements were subdivided into different ranges, from low to high rates. Interestingly, the low range of in situ N2O emissions was only related to soil pH, while the high ranges were also strongly related to the microbial communities. This result suggests that the “base-line” N2O emissions might be more regulated by soil edaphic conditions than by microorganisms, the lasts being more important for the high emissions ranges. Among the significant microbial variables, we found that the diversity of nosZII was negatively related to the high ranges of in situ N2O emissions.In conclusion, our results highlight the relevance of the second clade of N2O-reducers to the fate of N2O in soil. Our results also suggest niche differentiation between the two N2O-reducing clades with nosZII being more responsive to environmental variables. Agricultural practices showed limited impact on the two guilds. Further research is needed to test the niche specialization between the two groups, to disentangle their controlling factors, and to evaluate their potential for N2O mitigation

Erosion of community complexity increases temperature-dependency of microbial respiration, but not growth, in short-term incubations

Data and code used to analyze the results of Nadja Rohner's master thesis at the University of Zurich. Her results are published at the Journal Element

Ecology of N2O reducing bacteria in arable soils

Le protoxyde d’azote (N2O) est un gaz à effet de serre (GES) important et la principale substance attaquant la couche d'ozone. Les sols agricoles sont la principale source anthropique de ce GES. La concentration de N2O dans l'atmosphère est en constante augmentation, mais nous manquons de connaissances sur les facteurs contrôlant sa production et sa consommation dans les sols. La réduction du N2O en N2 par des microorganismes porteurs du gène codant pour la N2O réductase (nosZ) est le seul processus biologique capable de réduire ce GES. Des études récentes ont mis en évidence un clade précédemment inconnu de réducteurs du N2O qui interfère de manière significative avec la quantité de N2O produite dans les sols. Cette thèse a cherché à mieux comprendre l'écologie des réducteurs du N2O dans les sols agricoles.Une combinaison d'expériences d'incubation en laboratoire mais aussi d’expériences en plein champs a été utilisée pour essayer de mieux comprendre la production de N2O dans le sol, en analysant l’influence conjointe des producteurs et réducteurs de N2O. Nous avons aussi évalué l’impact des pratiques agricoles et leurs potentiels à modifier ces communautés microbiennes. Suite aux essais réalisés en laboratoire, nous avons montré que l'ajout d'une souche non-dénitrifiante Dyadobacter fermentans,possédant la N2O réductase NosZII, permettait de réduire la production de N2O dans 1/3 des sols testés. Certains sols sont même devenus consommateurs de N2O suite à l'ajout de la souche nosZII. Cette expérience a démontré la contribution des bactéries nosZII non-dénitrifiantes dans la consommation de N2O dans le sol.D’autre part, nos analyses en contexte agricole ont montré que les pratiques agricoles testées ont peu d’influence sur les communautés microbiennes considérées, les exceptions étant le travail du sol (labour), et le système de culture (annuel ou pérenne). L’intensifiant du travail du sol induit une augmentation de la diversité de nosZII. Nous observons le même phénomène dans le système de culture annuel comparé au système de culture pérenne. D’autres résultats nous permettent aussi d’affirmer que le clade récemment identifié de réducteurs du N2O est plus sensible aux variables environnementales que le clade précédemment connu (nosZI). Les variations de propriétés du sol, notamment pH et C:N structurent les communautés microbiennes appartenant à ces 2 clades indiquant une spécialisation de niche pour chacun de ces deux clades de N2O-réducteurs.Pour mieux comprendre les relations entre les communautés microbiennes et les processus impliqués, nous avons évalué les activités potentielles de dénitrification et de nitrification, et les émissions de N2O in situ. La production potentielle de N2O et l'activité potentielle de dénitrification ont été utilisées pour calculer le ratio de production de N2O (N2O:N2). La diversité du clade nosZII est négativement corrélée au ratio N2O:N2, et explique à elle seule la plus grande part de variance observée du ratio N2O:N2. Les variations de production potentielle de N2O et d'activité potentielle de dénitrification sont elles expliquées principalement par les variations de propriétés du sol. Afin de mieux évaluer la contribution des différents facteurs édaphiques et microbiologiques aux variations d’émission in situ de N2O, 70000 mesures ont été subdivisées en différentes gammes d’émission de N2O, d‘émissions dites de base à des émissions élevées. Fait intéressant, les variations d’émissions in situ de N2O dites de base sont seulement liées à des variations du pH du sol, alors que les variations d’émissions dites élevées sont également fortement associées aux variations de diversité des communautés microbiennes. Parmi les variables microbiennes importantes, nous avons constaté que la diversité des nosZII est négativement liée aux émissions de N2O in situ dites élevées.En conclusion, nos résultats mettent en évidence l’importance du clade nosZII pour le cycle du N2O dans le sol (...).Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas (GHG) and the main ozone depleting substance. Agricultural soils are the main anthropogenic-induced source of this GHG. The concentration of N2O in the atmosphere is steadily increasing, but we still lack knowledge on the factors controlling its production and consumption in soils. The reduction of N2O to N2 by microorganisms harboring the N2O reductase gene (nosZ) is the only known biological process able to consume this GHG. Recent studies revealed a previously unknown clade of N2O-reducers which was shown to be important to the N2O sink capacity of soils. This thesis seeks to gain a greater understanding on the ecology of N2O-reducers in agricultural soils. A combination of laboratory incubation and field experiments were used to gain knowledge on the importance of N2O-producers and N2O-reducers to the soil N2O production. Additionally, the potential of agricultural practices to modify those microbial communities were assessed.We showed experimentally, in laboratory incubations, that the addition of a non-denitrifying strain Dyadobacter fermentans, which possesses the previously unaccounted N2O reductase NosZII, reduced N2O production in 1/3 of the tested soils. Remarkably, after addition of the nosZII strain, some soils became a N2O sink, as negative rates were recorded. This experiment provided unambiguous evidence that the overlooked non-denitrifying nosZII bacteria can contribute to N2O consumption in soil.Our evaluation of agricultural field experiments showed limited impact of agricultural practices on the microbial communities except for tillage management, and differences observed between an annual and a perennial cropping system. Increasing tillage management enhanced nosZII diversity. Higher diversity of the nosZII clade was also observed in the annual cropping system than in the perennial cropping system. Overall, the recently identified clade of N2O-reducers was more sensitive to environmental variables than the previously known clade (nosZI). The community structure of these two groups was explained by common and uncommon soil properties suggesting niche specialization between the two N2O-reducers.In an attempt to understand the relationship between the microbial communities and process rates, we assessed the potential denitrification and nitrification rates, and in situ N2O emissions. Potential N2O production and potential denitrification activity were used to calculate the denitrification end-product ratio. The diversity of nosZII was negatively related to the N2O:N2 ratio and explained the highest fraction of its variation (26%), while the potential N2O production and potential denitrification activity were mainly explained by the soil properties. To better evaluate the contribution of different factors to the in situ emissions, more than 70000 N2O measurements were subdivided into different ranges, from low to high rates. Interestingly, the low range of in situ N2O emissions was only related to soil pH, while the high ranges were also strongly related to the microbial communities. This result suggests that the “base-line” N2O emissions might be more regulated by soil edaphic conditions than by microorganisms, the lasts being more important for the high emissions ranges. Among the significant microbial variables, we found that the diversity of nosZII was negatively related to the high ranges of in situ N2O emissions.In conclusion, our results highlight the relevance of the second clade of N2O-reducers to the fate of N2O in soil. Our results also suggest niche differentiation between the two N2O-reducing clades with nosZII being more responsive to environmental variables. Agricultural practices showed limited impact on the two guilds. Further research is needed to test the niche specialization between the two groups, to disentangle their controlling factors, and to evaluate their potential for N2O mitigation

Ecologie des bactéries N2O réductrices dans les sols agricoles

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas (GHG) and the main ozone depleting substance. Agricultural soils are the main anthropogenic-induced source of this GHG. The concentration of N2O in the atmosphere is steadily increasing, but we still lack knowledge on the factors controlling its production and consumption in soils. The reduction of N2O to N2 by microorganisms harboring the N2O reductase gene (nosZ) is the only known biological process able to consume this GHG. Recent studies revealed a previously unknown clade of N2O-reducers which was shown to be important to the N2O sink capacity of soils. This thesis seeks to gain a greater understanding on the ecology of N2O-reducers in agricultural soils. A combination of laboratory incubation and field experiments were used to gain knowledge on the importance of N2O-producers and N2O-reducers to the soil N2O production. Additionally, the potential of agricultural practices to modify those microbial communities were assessed.We showed experimentally, in laboratory incubations, that the addition of a non-denitrifying strain Dyadobacter fermentans, which possesses the previously unaccounted N2O reductase NosZII, reduced N2O production in 1/3 of the tested soils. Remarkably, after addition of the nosZII strain, some soils became a N2O sink, as negative rates were recorded. This experiment provided unambiguous evidence that the overlooked non-denitrifying nosZII bacteria can contribute to N2O consumption in soil.Our evaluation of agricultural field experiments showed limited impact of agricultural practices on the microbial communities except for tillage management, and differences observed between an annual and a perennial cropping system. Increasing tillage management enhanced nosZII diversity. Higher diversity of the nosZII clade was also observed in the annual cropping system than in the perennial cropping system. Overall, the recently identified clade of N2O-reducers was more sensitive to environmental variables than the previously known clade (nosZI). The community structure of these two groups was explained by common and uncommon soil properties suggesting niche specialization between the two N2O-reducers.In an attempt to understand the relationship between the microbial communities and process rates, we assessed the potential denitrification and nitrification rates, and in situ N2O emissions. Potential N2O production and potential denitrification activity were used to calculate the denitrification end-product ratio. The diversity of nosZII was negatively related to the N2O:N2 ratio and explained the highest fraction of its variation (26%), while the potential N2O production and potential denitrification activity were mainly explained by the soil properties. To better evaluate the contribution of different factors to the in situ emissions, more than 70000 N2O measurements were subdivided into different ranges, from low to high rates. Interestingly, the low range of in situ N2O emissions was only related to soil pH, while the high ranges were also strongly related to the microbial communities. This result suggests that the “base-line” N2O emissions might be more regulated by soil edaphic conditions than by microorganisms, the lasts being more important for the high emissions ranges. Among the significant microbial variables, we found that the diversity of nosZII was negatively related to the high ranges of in situ N2O emissions.In conclusion, our results highlight the relevance of the second clade of N2O-reducers to the fate of N2O in soil. Our results also suggest niche differentiation between the two N2O-reducing clades with nosZII being more responsive to environmental variables. Agricultural practices showed limited impact on the two guilds. Further research is needed to test the niche specialization between the two groups, to disentangle their controlling factors, and to evaluate their potential for N2O mitigation.Le protoxyde d’azote (N2O) est un gaz à effet de serre (GES) important et la principale substance attaquant la couche d'ozone. Les sols agricoles sont la principale source anthropique de ce GES. La concentration de N2O dans l'atmosphère est en constante augmentation, mais nous manquons de connaissances sur les facteurs contrôlant sa production et sa consommation dans les sols. La réduction du N2O en N2 par des microorganismes porteurs du gène codant pour la N2O réductase (nosZ) est le seul processus biologique capable de réduire ce GES. Des études récentes ont mis en évidence un clade précédemment inconnu de réducteurs du N2O qui interfère de manière significative avec la quantité de N2O produite dans les sols. Cette thèse a cherché à mieux comprendre l'écologie des réducteurs du N2O dans les sols agricoles.Une combinaison d'expériences d'incubation en laboratoire mais aussi d’expériences en plein champs a été utilisée pour essayer de mieux comprendre la production de N2O dans le sol, en analysant l’influence conjointe des producteurs et réducteurs de N2O. Nous avons aussi évalué l’impact des pratiques agricoles et leurs potentiels à modifier ces communautés microbiennes. Suite aux essais réalisés en laboratoire, nous avons montré que l'ajout d'une souche non-dénitrifiante Dyadobacter fermentans,possédant la N2O réductase NosZII, permettait de réduire la production de N2O dans 1/3 des sols testés. Certains sols sont même devenus consommateurs de N2O suite à l'ajout de la souche nosZII. Cette expérience a démontré la contribution des bactéries nosZII non-dénitrifiantes dans la consommation de N2O dans le sol.D’autre part, nos analyses en contexte agricole ont montré que les pratiques agricoles testées ont peu d’influence sur les communautés microbiennes considérées, les exceptions étant le travail du sol (labour), et le système de culture (annuel ou pérenne). L’intensifiant du travail du sol induit une augmentation de la diversité de nosZII. Nous observons le même phénomène dans le système de culture annuel comparé au système de culture pérenne. D’autres résultats nous permettent aussi d’affirmer que le clade récemment identifié de réducteurs du N2O est plus sensible aux variables environnementales que le clade précédemment connu (nosZI). Les variations de propriétés du sol, notamment pH et C:N structurent les communautés microbiennes appartenant à ces 2 clades indiquant une spécialisation de niche pour chacun de ces deux clades de N2O-réducteurs.Pour mieux comprendre les relations entre les communautés microbiennes et les processus impliqués, nous avons évalué les activités potentielles de dénitrification et de nitrification, et les émissions de N2O in situ. La production potentielle de N2O et l'activité potentielle de dénitrification ont été utilisées pour calculer le ratio de production de N2O (N2O:N2). La diversité du clade nosZII est négativement corrélée au ratio N2O:N2, et explique à elle seule la plus grande part de variance observée du ratio N2O:N2. Les variations de production potentielle de N2O et d'activité potentielle de dénitrification sont elles expliquées principalement par les variations de propriétés du sol. Afin de mieux évaluer la contribution des différents facteurs édaphiques et microbiologiques aux variations d’émission in situ de N2O, 70000 mesures ont été subdivisées en différentes gammes d’émission de N2O, d‘émissions dites de base à des émissions élevées. Fait intéressant, les variations d’émissions in situ de N2O dites de base sont seulement liées à des variations du pH du sol, alors que les variations d’émissions dites élevées sont également fortement associées aux variations de diversité des communautés microbiennes. Parmi les variables microbiennes importantes, nous avons constaté que la diversité des nosZII est négativement liée aux émissions de N2O in situ dites élevées.En conclusion, nos résultats mettent en évidence l’importance du clade nosZII pour le cycle du N2O dans le sol (...)

Plant biodiversity promotes sustainable agriculture directly and via belowground effects

While the positive relationship between plant biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) is well established, the extent to which this is mediated via belowground microbial processes is poorly understood. Growing evidence suggests that plant community structure influences soil microbial diversity, which in turn promotes functions desired for sustainable agriculture. Here, we outline the ‘plant-directed’ and soil microbe-mediated mechanisms expected to promote positive BEF. We identify how this knowledge can be utilized in plant diversification schemes to maximize ecosystem functioning in agroecosystems, which are typically species poor and sensitive to biotic and abiotic stressors. In the face of resource overexploitation and global change, bridging the gaps between biodiversity science and agricultural practices is crucial to meet food security in the Anthropocene