Global invasion history of the agricultural pest butterfly revealed with genomics and citizen science.

The small cabbage white butterfly, , is a major agricultural pest of cruciferous crops and has been introduced to every continent except South America and Antarctica as a result of human activities. In an effort to reconstruct the near-global invasion history of , we developed a citizen science project, the "Pieris Project," and successfully amassed thousands of specimens from 32 countries worldwide. We then generated and analyzed nuclear (double-digest restriction site-associated DNA fragment procedure [ddRAD]) and mitochondrial DNA sequence data for these samples to reconstruct and compare different global invasion history scenarios. Our results bolster historical accounts of the global spread and timing of introductions. We provide molecular evidence supporting the hypothesis that the ongoing divergence of the European and Asian subspecies of (∼1,200 y B.P.) coincides with the diversification of brassicaceous crops and the development of human trade routes such as the Silk Route (Silk Road). The further spread of over the last ∼160 y was facilitated by human movement and trade, resulting in an almost linear series of at least 4 founding events, with each introduced population going through a severe bottleneck and serving as the source for the next introduction. Management efforts of this agricultural pest may need to consider the current existence of multiple genetically distinct populations. Finally, the international success of the Pieris Project demonstrates the power of the public to aid scientists in collections-based research addressing important questions in invasion biology, and in ecology and evolutionary biology more broadly

Genome-wide variation and transcriptional changes in diverse developmental processes underlie the rapid evolution of seasonal adaptation

Many organisms enter a dormant state in their life cycle to deal with predictable changes in environments over the course of a year. The timing of dormancy is therefore a key seasonal adaptation, and it evolves rapidly with changing environments. We tested the hypothesis that differences in the timing of seasonal activity are driven by differences in the rate of development during diapause in Rhagoletis pomonella, a fly specialized to feed on fruits of seasonally limited host plants. Transcriptomes from the central nervous system across a time series during diapause show consistent and progressive changes in transcripts participating in diverse developmental processes, despite a lack of gross morphological change. Moreover, population genomic analyses suggested that many genes of small effect enriched in developmental functional categories underlie variation in dormancy timing and overlap with gene sets associated with development rate in Drosophila melanogaster. Our transcriptional data also suggested that a recent evolutionary shift from a seasonally late to a seasonally early host plant drove more rapid development during diapause in the early fly population. Moreover, genetic variants that diverged during the evolutionary shift were also enriched in putative cis regulatory regions of genes differentially expressed during diapause development. Overall, our data suggest polygenic variation in the rate of developmental progression during diapause contributes to the evolution of seasonality in R. pomonella. We further discuss patterns that suggest hourglass-like developmental divergence early and late in diapause development and an important role for hub genes in the evolution of transcriptional divergence

Geographic and ecological eimensions of host plant-associated genetic differentiation and speciation in the Rhagoletis cingulata (Diptera: Tephritidae) sibling species group

Ascertaining the causes of adaptive radiation is central to understanding how new species arise and come to vary with their resources. The ecological theory posits adaptive radiation via divergent natural selection associated with novel resource use; an alternative suggests character displacement following speciation in allopatry and then secondary contact of reproductively isolated but ecologically similar species. Discriminating between hypotheses, therefore, requires the establishment of a key role for ecological diversification in initiating speciation versus a secondary role in facilitating co-existence. Here, we characterize patterns of genetic variation and postzygotic reproductive isolation for tephritid fruit flies in the Rhagoletis cingulata sibling species group to assess the significance of ecology, geography, and non-adaptive processes for their divergence. Our results support the ecological theory: no evidence for intrinsic postzygotic reproductive isolation was found between two populations of allopatric species, while nuclear-encoded microsatellites implied strong ecologically based reproductive isolation among sympatric species infesting different host plants. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA suggested, however, that cytoplasmic-related reproductive isolation may also exist between two geographically isolated populations within R cingulata. Thus, ecology associated with sympatric host shifts and cytoplasmic effects possiblyFil: Doellman, Meredith M.. University of Notre Dame-Indiana; Estados UnidosFil: Schuler, Hannes. University Of Bozen-bolzano; ItaliaFil: Saint Jean, Gilbert. University of Notre Dame-Indiana; Estados UnidosFil: Hood, Glenn R.. Wane State University; Estados UnidosFil: Egan, Scott P.. Rice University; Estados UnidosFil: Powell, Thomas H. Q.. University of Binghamton; Estados UnidosFil: Glover, Mary M.. University of Notre Dame-Indiana; Estados UnidosFil: Bruzzese, Daniel J.. University of Notre Dame-Indiana; Estados UnidosFil: Smith, James J.. Michigan State University; Estados UnidosFil: Yee, Wee L.. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service; ArgentinaFil: Goughnour, Robert B.. Washington State University; Estados UnidosFil: Rull Gabayet, Juan Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Aluja, Martín. Instituto de Ecología A.c.; MéxicoFil: Feder, Jeffrey L.. University of Notre Dame-Indiana; Estados Unido

Natural or experimental population for each individual in the study

Column 1 contains the individual ID for each sample in the study. Column 2 contains the site and host for each of the geographic populations or the treatment group for each experiment (Haw/Apple_E or Haw/Apple_L for early and late eclosing flies, respectively; GrantHaw/Apple32d or GrantHaw/Apple7d for prewinter selected or control samples, respectively)

VCF file for all individuals and SNPs included in the study.

This is a VCF file generated using the GATK Unified Genotyper, then filtered as describe in the paper. The PL field provides the phred-scaled and normalized genotype probabilities produced using the GATK model

The Build-Up of Population Genetic Divergence along the Speciation Continuum during a Recent Adaptive Radiation of <i>Rhagoletis</i> Flies

New species form through the evolution of genetic barriers to gene flow between previously interbreeding populations. The understanding of how speciation proceeds is hampered by our inability to follow cases of incipient speciation through time. Comparative approaches examining different diverging taxa may offer limited inferences, unless they fulfill criteria that make the comparisons relevant. Here, we test for those criteria in a recent adaptive radiation of the Rhagoletis pomonella species group (RPSG) hypothesized to have diverged in sympatry via adaptation to different host fruits. We use a large-scale population genetic survey of 1568 flies across 33 populations to: (1) detect on-going hybridization, (2) determine whether the RPSG is derived from the same proximate ancestor, and (3) examine patterns of clustering and differentiation among sympatric populations. We find that divergence of each in-group RPSG taxon is occurring under current gene flow, that the derived members are nested within the large pool of genetic variation present in hawthorn-infesting populations of R. pomonella, and that sympatric population pairs differ markedly in their degree of genotypic clustering and differentiation across loci. We conclude that the RPSG provides a particularly robust opportunity to make direct comparisons to test hypotheses about how ecological speciation proceeds despite on-going gene flow

Äkillisen suolistotulehduksen hoito - Ohje potilaalle

Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli tuottaa tietoutta akuuttia gastroenteriittiä sairastavalle potilaalle äkillisestä suolistotulehduksesta sekä sen omahoidosta. Lisäksi tarkoituksena oli tehdä potilasohje Kangasalan terveyskeskuksen hoitohenkilökunnan käyttöön suullisen ohjauksen tueksi. Opinnäytetyön menetelmänä käytettiin tuotokseen painottuvaa opinnäytetyötä, johon sisältyi teoriaosuus sekä tuotos. Gastroenteriitti, eli äkillinen suolistotulehdus on bakteerin tai viruksen aiheuttama tartuntatauti, joka aiheuttaa vuosittain lukuisia suolistoinfektio epidemioita ympäri maata. Sen yleisimpiä aiheuttajia ovat norovirus, rotavirus, salmonella, kampylobakteeri, shigella, yersinia ja EHEC. Äkillistä suolistotulehdusta sairastava potilas hakeutuu usein terveydenhuoltoon rajujen oireidensa, kuten ripulin, kuumeen, vatsakipujen, pahoinvoinnin, oksentelun, päänsäryn tai yleistilan nopean heikkenemisen johdosta. Gastroenteriitin hoito perustuu neljään pääkohtaan: nestetasapainosta huolehtimiseen, oireidenmukaiseen hoitoon, hygienian tärkeyden korostamiseen sekä potilaan kokonaiskuvan hahmottamiseen. Hoidon pääkohdat tulee ohjata potilaalle potilaan hoitopaikasta riippumatta. Potilasohjauksen tavoitteena on auttaa potilasta oppimaan ja ymmärtämään suolistotulehduksen hoitoperiaatteet, jotta hoito onnistuu myös kotona itsenäisesti. Potilasohjauksesta huolimatta, on yleistä, että potilaat ottavat yhteyttä tai hakeutuvat vastaanotolle uudelleen, sillä he eivät muista ohjauksessa läpikäytyjä asioita. Tämän vuoksi ohjauksen tueksi tulisi saada kirjallinen potilasohje, joka myös tehostaisi vastaanottotoimintaa. Äkillistä suolistotulehdusta sairastavan potilaan hoidosta on saatavilla tietoa erittäin niukasti. Tämän opinnäytetyön teoriaosuus mahdollistaa perehtymisen gastroenteriittipotilaan hoitoon ja sen toteuttamiseen. Äkillisen suolistotulehduksen yleisyyden vuoksi perehtyminen sen hoitoon on erittäin suositeltavaa niin lähihoitajille, kuin sairaanhoitajillekin. Toivomme, että tämä opinnäytetyö herättäisi kiinnostusta niin hoitotyön opiskelijoiden, kuin jo alalla työskentelevien ammattilaisten keskuudessa siinä määrin, että se innostaisi jatkotutkimusten tekemiseen aiheesta. Esimerkki jatkotutkimuksen aiheesta voisi olla, kuinka hyvin tuotoksenamme syntynyt potilasohje on toiminut, ja millaisen hyödyn äkillistä suolistotulehdusta sairastavat potilaat ovat siitä saaneet. Lisäksi opinnäytetyöstä tiivistettyä materiaali voisi käyttää hoitotyötä opiskelevien luentomateriaalina.The purpose of this study was to produce information for patients affected by acute gastroenteritis. In addition to this general information there was also a patient information leaflet compiled for Kangasala Health Centre. The approach used in this thesis was functional. Functional bachelor thesis is composed of theory part and patient guideline part. Theory part is found in this document and it includes medical-, nursing- and guidance sections. The outcome of this thesis is a patient information leaflet which summarizes the theory part in a reader-friendly way. Gastroenteritis, also known as infectious diarrhoea is contagious disease caused by bacteria or virus infection. Gastroenteritis causes numerous national epidemics annually. Most common pathogens for this disease are norovirus, rotavirus, salmonella, campylobacter, shigella, yersinia and EHEC. Patient infected by gastroenteritis usually seeks for medical healthcare because of severe symptoms of disease. Treatment of Gastroenteritis is based on four main topics: hydration, symptom centered care, hygienics and formation of overall picture. These topics should be guided to patient regardless of the healthcare centre. The main objective of the patient guidance is to help patient to understand the main principles of gastroenteritis treatment to be able to deal with the disease independently at home. Regardless of the patient guidance it is common that patient contacts healthcare professionals to revise topics of the guidance. Because of this it is very important to have written guide for patients. Key words: Acute gastroenteritis, patient guide, patient guidance The theory section of this thesis makes it possible to become familiar with nursing principles of gastroenteritis patient. Reading and studying topics found in this thesis is recommended to all healthcare students because of the high prevalence of gastroenteritis. We hope that this thesis would arouse interest among nursing students and healthcare professionals. A suggestion for further research would be to examine the benefits resulted by our patient instruction leaflet

Long-term declines in an intertidal foundation species parallel shifts in community composition.

The earth is in the midst of a biodiversity crisis, and projections indicate continuing and accelerating rates of global changes. Future alterations in communities and ecosystems may be precipitated by changes in the abundance of strongly interacting species, whose disappearance can lead to profound changes in abundance of other species, including an increase in extinction rate for some. Nearshore coastal communities are often dependent on the habitat and food resources provided by foundational plant (e.g., kelp) and animal (e.g., shellfish) species. We quantified changes in the abundance of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), a foundation species known to influence diversity and productivity of intertidal habitats, over the past 40 years in the Gulf of Maine, USA, one of the fastest warming regions in the global ocean. Using consistent survey methods, we compared contemporary population sizes to historical data from sites spanning &gt;400 km. The results of these comparisons showed that blue mussels have declined in the Gulf of Maine by &gt;60% (range: 29-100%) at the site level since the earliest benchmarks in the 1970s. At the same time as mussels declined, community composition shifted: at the four sites with historical community data, the sessile community became increasingly algal dominated. Contemporary (2013-2014) surveys across 20 sites showed that sessile species richness was positively correlated to mussel abundance in mid to high intertidal zones. These results suggest that declines in a critical foundation species may have already impacted the intertidal community. To inform future conservation efforts, we provide a database of historical and contemporary baselines of mussel population abundance and dynamics in the Gulf of Maine. Our results underscore the importance of anticipating not only changes in diversity but also changes in the abundance and identity of component species, as strong interactors like foundation species have the potential to drive cascading community shifts

Long-term declines in an intertidal foundation species parallel shifts in community composition.

The earth is in the midst of a biodiversity crisis, and projections indicate continuing and accelerating rates of global changes. Future alterations in communities and ecosystems may be precipitated by changes in the abundance of strongly interacting species, whose disappearance can lead to profound changes in abundance of other species, including an increase in extinction rate for some. Nearshore coastal communities are often dependent on the habitat and food resources provided by foundational plant (e.g., kelp) and animal (e.g., shellfish) species. We quantified changes in the abundance of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), a foundation species known to influence diversity and productivity of intertidal habitats, over the past 40 years in the Gulf of Maine, USA, one of the fastest warming regions in the global ocean. Using consistent survey methods, we compared contemporary population sizes to historical data from sites spanning &gt;400 km. The results of these comparisons showed that blue mussels have declined in the Gulf of Maine by &gt;60% (range: 29-100%) at the site level since the earliest benchmarks in the 1970s. At the same time as mussels declined, community composition shifted: at the four sites with historical community data, the sessile community became increasingly algal dominated. Contemporary (2013-2014) surveys across 20 sites showed that sessile species richness was positively correlated to mussel abundance in mid to high intertidal zones. These results suggest that declines in a critical foundation species may have already impacted the intertidal community. To inform future conservation efforts, we provide a database of historical and contemporary baselines of mussel population abundance and dynamics in the Gulf of Maine. Our results underscore the importance of anticipating not only changes in diversity but also changes in the abundance and identity of component species, as strong interactors like foundation species have the potential to drive cascading community shifts