Plasmodynamic synthesis of product based on aluminum in the oxygen atmosphere of a reactor-chamber

In this paper, the possibility is shown to synthesize oxide aluminum using a high-speed electro discharge plasma jet. The synthesized products were characterized by X-Ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy

Habitual chocolate consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease among healthy men and women

Objective: To examine the association between chocolate intake and the risk of future cardiovascular events. Methods: We conducted a prospective study using data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort. Habitual chocolate intake was quantified using the baseline food frequency questionnaire (1993–1997) and cardiovascular end points were ascertained up to March 2008. A systematic review was performed to evaluate chocolate consumption and cardiovascular outcomes. Results: A total of 20 951 men and women were included in EPIC-Norfolk analysis (mean follow-up 11.3±2.8 years, median 11.9 years). The percentage of participants with coronary heart disease (CHD) in the highest and lowest quintile of chocolate consumption was 9.7% and 13.8%, and the respective rates for stroke were 3.1% and 5.4%. The multivariate-adjusted HR for CHD was 0.88 (95% CI 0.77 to 1.01) for those in the top quintile of chocolate consumption (16–99 g/day) versus non-consumers of chocolate intake. The corresponding HR for stroke and cardiovascular disease (cardiovascular disease defined by the sum of CHD and stroke) were 0.77 (95% CI 0.62 to 0.97) and 0.86 (95% CI 0.76 to 0.97). The propensity score matched estimates showed a similar trend. A total of nine studies with 157 809 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Higher compared to lower chocolate consumption was associated with significantly lower CHD risk (five studies; pooled RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.92), stroke (five studies; pooled RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.87), composite cardiovascular adverse outcome (two studies; pooled RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.05), and cardiovascular mortality (three studies; pooled RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.83). Conclusions: Cumulative evidence suggests that higher chocolate intake is associated with a lower risk of future cardiovascular events, although residual confounding cannot be excluded. There does not appear to be any evidence to say that chocolate should be avoided in those who are concerned about cardiovascular risk

Association between egg consumption and cardiovascular disease events, diabetes and all-cause mortality

Purpose The association between egg consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains controversial. We investigated the association between egg consumption and risk of CVD (primary outcome), T2D and mortality in the Caerphilly prospective cohort study (CAPS) and National Diet and Nutritional Survey (NDNS). Methods CAPS included 2512 men aged 45–59 years (1979–1983). Dietary intake, disease incidence and mortality were updated at 5-year intervals. NDNS included 754 adults aged 19–64 years from 2008 to 2012. Results Men free of CVD (n = 1781) were followed up for a mean of 22.8 years, egg consumption was not associated with new incidence of CVD (n = 715), mortality (n = 1028) or T2D (n = 120). When stroke (n = 248), MI (n = 477),heart failure (n = 201) were investigated separately, no associations between egg consumption and stroke and MI were identified, however, increased risk of stroke in subjects with T2D and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT, fasting plasma glucose ≥ 6.1 mmol/L), adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) were 1.0 (reference), 1.09 (0.41, 2.88), 0.96 (0.37, 2.50), 1.39 (0.54, 3.56) and 2.87 (1.13, 7.27) for egg intake (n) of 0 ≤ n ≤ 1, 1 < n ≤ 2, 2 < n ≤ 3, 3 < n < 5, and n ≥ 5 eggs/wk, respectively (P = 0.01). In addition, cross-sectional analyses revealed that higher egg consumption was significantly associated with elevated fasting glucose in those with T2D and/or IGT (CAPS: baseline P = 0.02 and 5-year P = 0.04; NDNS: P = 0.05). Conclusions Higher egg consumption was associated with higher blood glucose in subjects with T2D and/or IGT. The increased incidence of stroke with higher egg consumption among T2D and/or IGT sub-group warrants further investigation

Total and High-Molecular-Weight Adiponectin and Risk of Incident Diabetes in Older People

OBJECTIVE To delineate the associations of total adiponectin, high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin, and the HMW-to-total adiponectin ratio with diabetes in older adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Total and HMW adiponectin were measured in a population-based study of older adults. The relations of total adiponectin, HMW adiponectin, and their ratio with incident diabetes (n = 309) were assessed in 3,802 individuals. RESULTS Total and HMW adiponectin were highly correlated (r = 0.94). Analysis using cubic splines revealed that the associations between total and HMW adiponectin and new-onset diabetes were not linear. Specifically, after adjustment for confounders, there were similar inverse relationships for total (hazard ratio per SD 0.49 [95% CI 0.39–0.63]) and HMW adiponectin (0.42 [0.32–0.56]) with diabetes up to values of 20 and 10 mg/L, respectively, above which the associations plateaued. These associations persisted after adjustment for potential mediators (blood pressure, lipids, C-reactive protein, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]). There was, however, evidence of interaction by HOMA-IR in the lower range of adiponectin, with stronger inverse associations among insulin-sensitive than insulin-resistant participants. HMW-to-total adiponectin ratio showed a linear adjusted association with outcome, but this was abolished by inclusion of mediating variables. CONCLUSIONS In this older cohort, increasing concentrations of total and HMW adiponectin were associated with comparably lower risks of diabetes, but these associations leveled off with further increases above concentrations of 20 and 10 mg/L, respectively. The more pronounced risk decreases at the lower range among participants without insulin resistance support a role for adiponectin that is independent of baseline hyperinsulinemia, but this will require further investigation

Plasma Phospholipid Saturated Fatty Acids and Incident Atrial Fibrillation: The Cardiovascular Health Study

Background: Prior studies suggest that circulating fatty acids may influence the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), but little is known about the associations of circulating saturated fatty acids with risk of AF. Methods and Results: The study population included 2899 participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study, a community‐based longitudinal cohort of adults aged 65 years or older in the United States who were free of prevalent coronary heart disease and AF in 1992. Cox regression was used to assess the association of all the long‐chain saturated fatty acids—palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), and lignoceric acid (24:0)—with incident AF. During a median of 11.2 years of follow‐up, 707 cases of incident AF occurred. After adjustment for other AF risk factors, higher levels of circulating 16:0 were associated with a higher risk of AF (hazard ratio comparing highest and lowest quartiles: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.18, 1.86). In contrast, higher levels of circulating 18:0, 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 were each associated with a lower risk of AF. The hazard ratios (95% CI) for AF in the top and bottom quartiles were 0.76 (95% CI: 0.61, 0.95) for 18:0; 0.78 (95% CI: 0.63, 0.97) for 20:0; 0.62 (95% CI: 0.50, 0.78) for 22:0; and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.55, 0.85) for 24:0. Conclusions: Results from this prospective cohort study of older adults demonstrate divergent associations of circulating 16:0 versus longer‐chain saturated fatty acids with incident AF, highlighting the need to investigate both determinants of these levels and potential pathways of the observed differential risk

Interactions of dietary whole-grain intake with fasting glucose- and insulin-related genetic loci in individuals of European descent: a meta-analysis of 14 cohort studies.

OBJECTIVE: Whole-grain foods are touted for multiple health benefits, including enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing type 2 diabetes risk. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with fasting glucose and insulin concentrations in individuals free of diabetes. We tested the hypothesis that whole-grain food intake and genetic variation interact to influence concentrations of fasting glucose and insulin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Via meta-analysis of data from 14 cohorts comprising ∼ 48,000 participants of European descent, we studied interactions of whole-grain intake with loci previously associated in GWAS with fasting glucose (16 loci) and/or insulin (2 loci) concentrations. For tests of interaction, we considered a P value <0.0028 (0.05 of 18 tests) as statistically significant. RESULTS: Greater whole-grain food intake was associated with lower fasting glucose and insulin concentrations independent of demographics, other dietary and lifestyle factors, and BMI (β [95% CI] per 1-serving-greater whole-grain intake: -0.009 mmol/l glucose [-0.013 to -0.005], P < 0.0001 and -0.011 pmol/l [ln] insulin [-0.015 to -0.007], P = 0.0003). No interactions met our multiple testing-adjusted statistical significance threshold. The strongest SNP interaction with whole-grain intake was rs780094 (GCKR) for fasting insulin (P = 0.006), where greater whole-grain intake was associated with a smaller reduction in fasting insulin concentrations in those with the insulin-raising allele. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the favorable association of whole-grain intake with fasting glucose and insulin and suggest a potential interaction between variation in GCKR and whole-grain intake in influencing fasting insulin concentrations

Production et utilisation du biochar pour l'amendement des sols rouges lessivés tropicaux

Depuis quelques années, la curiosité de la communauté scientifique s’oriente de plus en plus vers la production et l’usage du biochar en agriculture comme amendement. En plus d’être un moyen efficace de valorisation des déchets agricoles et forestiers, il pourrait contribuer à la restauration de la fertilité des oxisols tropicaux et donc au maintien de la productivité des écosystèmes agricoles tropicaux. En retour, cette restauration pourrait contribuer à réduire la pression sur la forêt tropicale, c’est-à-dire la déforestation pour la production agricole. La présente étude a été conduite en plein champ dans la région de l’Ouest Cameroun en Afrique centrale. Elle avait pour objectif de produire, caractériser et tester l'effet de deux biochars, d'origine agricole et forestier, sur les propriétés physico-chimiques d’un oxisol et sur la production et l’équilibre nutritionnel du maïs. Dans un premier temps, il a fallu construire localement un four pyrolytique amélioré par rapport à ce qui se fait actuellement, recyclant les gaz de combustion. Les deux biochars fabriqués à base de résidus locaux (écorce d’eucalyptus et rafles de maïs), avec ce nouveau pyrolyseur amélioré de type « retort » à 300°C, ont été caractérisés (méthodes ASTM, IBI, EBC) et respectaient les normes internationales de biochar. L’expérience au champ avec trois répétitions couvrait 30 parcelles irriguées de 4 m x 4 m chacune, disposées suivant un plan expérimental en split plot. Deux modes de travail du sol, le labour à plat et les sillons-billons, en parcelle principale et en sous parcelle une combinaison aléatoire des cinq traitements contenant l’un ou l’autre des biochars (T2-T3) ou sans biochar (T1), appliqués au début de la première campagne de production uniquement. Le traitement de base dans toutes les parcelles était la dose d’engrais minéral recommandée pour la culture du maïs dans la région à savoir 200 kg NPK ha⁻¹ +100 kg N ha⁻¹. Le biochar était appliqué à la dose de 15 t ha⁻¹. Les propriétés physico-chimiques du sol et des feuilles de maïs ainsi que son rendement sous ces parcelles ont été mesurées, six et douze mois après l’application du biochar. Les résultats ont été analysés par la procédure GLIMIX de SAS suivis du test de comparaison multiple Tukey HSD lorsque nécessaire. Les résultats suggèrent les conclusions suivantes : les biochars d’écorce d’eucalyptus et de rafles de maïs remplissent bien l’essentiel des critères de définition proposés par le IBI et le EBC pour les biochars. Selon IBI, ce sont des biochars de classe 3 (10 ≤ Corg ≤ 30). Le nouveau pyrolyseur pourra servir à produire un biochar de qualité à partir des résidus communs au Cameroun en réduisant les émissions de gaz. L’application du biochar dans nos conditions a eu peu d’effets sur les propriétés physico-chimiques du sol ; cependant, l’augmentation significative du pH (0,3 et 0,5 unités) et du carbone organique du sol (0,4 %) rendent cette technologie acceptable pour le programme global « 4 pour 1000 » initié par la France après la Cop 21. L’analyse nutritionnelle foliaire a révélé une augmentation significative de la teneur en Mg et Ca des plants de maïs dans les parcelles amendées au biochar que non ; le rendement à l’ha du maïs a augmenté de 54 % durant la première période de production et de 51 % durant la seconde dans les parcelles ammendées au biochar par rapport à celles non amendées. Cette augmentation de rendement se traduit autrement en une déforestation due à l’agriculture évitée de 25 %. Tous ces résultats indiquent que le biochar pourrait être un outil précieux pour faire face aux enjeux liés à la déforestation et aux changements climatiques dans les régions tropicales humides, ce par une production agricole durable.In recent years, the interest of the scientific community has shifted increasingly towards the production and use of biochar in agriculture as an amendment. In addition to being an efficient means of recovering agricultural and forestry waste, it could contribute to restoring the fertility of tropical oxisols and thus maintaining the productivity of tropical agricultural ecosystems. As a result, this restoration could help in decreasing the pressure on rainforests, that is, deforestation for agricultural production. This field study was carried out in the West region of Cameroon in Central Africa. Its aim was to produce, characterize and test the effect of two biochars from agricultural and forestry origin on the physico-chemical properties of an oxisol and on maize production and maize nutritional equilibrium. Firstly, we constructed locally a retort kiln that improves on the currently-used technology (gas recycling, smoke and pollution reduction, higher biochar yield). The two biochars made from local residues (eucalyptus bark and corn cobs) using this improved kiln at 300 ° C, were characterized using ASTM, IBI and EBC methods. The field experiment included 30 irrigated plots of 4 m × 4 m each, in a split plot design. Two soil tillage modes: flat plowing and furrow-ridges, with three replicates were compared with four biochar treatments, incorporated to soil at the beginning of the first production period. The basic treatment in all plots was the recommended mineral fertilizer rate for maize production in the area: 200 kg NPK +100 kg N. Biochar was applied at 15 t ha⁻¹. Maize yield, soil physico-chemical properties and leaf nutritional equilibrium were assessed, six and twelve months after application of the biochar. The results were analyzed using SAS GLIMIX procedure followed by the Tukey HSD multiple comparison test when necessary. Results suggest the following conclusions: Eucalyptus bark and corncob biochars fulfill most of the criteria definition proposed by IBI and EBC for biochars. According to IBI, these are class 3 biochars (10 ≤ Corg ≤ 30). The new pyrolyser can thus be used to produce good quality biochar from common residues in Cameroon with reduced gas emissions. The application of biochar under our conditions has had little effect on the physicochemical properties of the soil; however, the significant increase in pH (0.3 and 0.5 units) and soil organic carbon (0.4 %) makes this technology acceptable for the global program "4 per 1000" initiated by France after Cop 21. Foliar nutritional analysis revealed a significant increase in the Mg and Ca content of maize plants in biochar amended plots; the yield per hectare of maize increased by 54 % during the first production period and by 51 % during the second in the biochar amended plots compared to the control. This increase in yield is otherwise translated into 25 % avoided deforestation due to agriculture. All these results indicate that biochar could be a valuable tool to face the challenges of deforestation and climate change in the humid tropical zones, through sustainable agricultural production

Biallelic mutations in huntington disease: A new case with just one affected parent, review of the literature and terminology

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/111167/1/ajmga37009.pd

Genetic loci associated with plasma phospholipid N-3 fatty acids: A Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide association studies from the charge consortium

Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can derive from diet or from α-linolenic acid (ALA) by elongation and desaturation. We investigated the association of common genetic variation with plasma phospholipid levels of the four major n-3 PUFAs by performing genome-wide association studies in five population-based cohorts comprising 8,866 subjects of European ancestry. Minor alleles of SNPs in FADS1 and FADS2 (desaturases) were associated with higher levels of ALA (p = 3×10-64) and lower levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, p = 5×10-58) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, p = 4×10-154). Minor alleles of SNPs in ELOVL2 (elongase) were associated with higher EPA (p = 2×10-12) and DPA (p = 1×10-43) and lower docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, p = 1×10-15). In addition to genes in the n-3 pathway, we identified a novel association of DPA with several SNPs in GCKR (glucokinase regulator, p = 1×10-8). We observed a weaker association between ALA and EPA among carriers of the minor allele of a representative SNP in FADS2 (rs1535), suggesting a lower rate of ALA-to-EPA conversion in these subjects. In samples of African, Chinese, and Hispanic ancestry, associations of n-3 PUFAs were similar with a representative SNP in FADS1 but less consistent with a representative SNP in ELOVL2. Our findings show that common variation in n-3 metabolic pathway genes and in GCKR influences plasma phospholipid levels of n-3 PUFAs in populations of European ancestry and, for FADS1, in other ancestries

Simple methodology for the quantitative analysis of fatty acids in human red blood cells

In the last years, there has been an increasing interest in evaluating possible relations between fatty acid (FA) patterns and the risk for chronic diseases. Due to the long life span (120 days) of red blood cells (RBCs), their FA profile reflects a longer term dietary intake and was recently suggested to be used as an appropriate biomarker to investigate correlations between FA metabolism and diseases. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop and validate a simple and fast methodology for the quantification of a broad range of FAs in RBCs using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector, as a more common and affordable equipment suitable for biomedical and nutritional studies including a large number of samples. For this purpose, different sample preparation protocols were tested and compared, including a classic two-step method (Folch method) with modifications and different one-step methods, in which lipid extraction and derivatization were performed simultaneously. For the one-step methods, different methylation periods and the inclusion of a saponification reaction were evaluated. Differences in absolute FA concentrations were observed among the tested methods, in particular for some metabolically relevant FAs such as trans elaidic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. The one-step method with saponification and 60 min of methylation time was selected since it allowed the identification of a higher number of FAs, and was further submitted to in-house validation. The proposed methodology provides a simple, fast and accurate tool to quantitatively analyse FAs in human RBCs, useful for clinical and nutritional studies.This work received financial support from the European Union (FEDER funds through COMPETE) and National Funds (FCT, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia) through project PTDC/SAU-ENB/116929/2010 and EXPL/EMS-SIS/2215/2013. ROR acknowledges PhD scholarship SFRH/BD/97658/2013 attributed by FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio