SIMULAZIONE DI UN MOTORE CFR ALIMENTATO A SYNGAS

La relazione tratta l'uso del gas di sintesi da biomassa (cosiddetto Syngas) evidenziando sia i costi che i relativi benefici, in particolare quelli di carattere ecologico in riferimento alla produzione di energia e dei trasporti. Si attendono grandi benefici dal futuro uso del Syngas e pertanto sono molteplici le attività di sperimentazione in tal senso. Per questo motivo sono state condotte numerose simulazioni di un motore CFR alimentato a Syngas mediante codice di calcolo Ansys - Fluent. I relativi risultati sono stati confrontati con i dati sperimentali reperibili in letteratura ottenendo il risultato di validare l'uso di tale codice per successivi studi. Tale validazione permetterà importanti risparmi nella conduzione delle future attività di carattere sperimentale e l'accorciamento delle relative tempistiche (miglioramento del time to market) In particolare sono state simulate le seguenti situazioni 1)composizioni diverse del Syngas (100% idrogeno; 75% idrogeno e 25% monossido di carbonio; 50% idrogeno e 50% monossido di carbonio) 2)regime di non detonazione e regime di detonazione 3)velocità di rotazione motore 900, 1.500 e 3.000 rpm 4)tumble zero, 0,37 e 1.

UM CONFLITO DE CONHECIMENTO: INDIVÍDUO, INIMIZADE E FORÇA NO PENSAMENTO JURÍDICO-POLÍTICO DE HANS KELSEN E CARL SCHMITT

Carl Schmitt tem Hans Kelsen como um dos seus principais adversários teóricos, principalmente devido ao intuito de Kelsen em desvincular a política do campo da ciência jurídica, defendendo uma concepção unitária de Direito e Estado, identificando-os, ao contrário de Schmitt que concebe uma visão dualista entre Estado e Direito, o que possibilitaria a suspensão do último pelo Soberano para atender ao chamado “interesse público”, hipótese veementemente negada por Kelsen. Juntamente com Rudolf Smend e Hermann Heller, Schmitt e Kelsen compunham o chamado “quarteto weimariano”, em um período de “vácuo” entre as duas Guerras Mundiais. Não por acaso, o conceito de força exerce uma importância central tanto na obra do mestre da escola de Viena, como na do jurista da “exceção”, compondo, assim, o objeto deste artigo: analisar e comparar a questão da violência e a problemática da anomia como fundantes do Direito e do Estado no pensamento desses dois grandes personagens do século XX. Há uma diferença essencial entre Schmitt e Kelsen quanto à extensão do elemento força como fundante do ordenamento jurídico ou da ordem política, limite esse determinado pela idéia de anomia e pela interpretação sobre o caos, que, por sua vez, relaciona-se à possibilidade de um estado de exceção

Open is not enough

The solutions adopted by the high-energy physics community to foster reproducible research are examples of best practices that could be embraced more widely. This first experience suggests that reproducibility requires going beyond openness

Open is not enough

The solutions adopted by the high-energy physics community to foster reproducible research are examples of best practices that could be embraced more widely. This first experience suggests that reproducibility requires going beyond openness.Peer reviewe

What Do the First 597 Global Fungal Red List Assessments Tell Us about the Threat Status of Fungi?

Fungal species are not immune to the threats facing animals and plants and are thus also prone to extinction. Yet, until 2015, fungi were nearly absent on the IUCN Red List. Recent efforts to identify fungal species under threat have significantly increased the number of published fungal assessments. The 597 species of fungi published in the 2022-1 IUCN Red List update (21 July 2022) are the basis for the first global review of the extinction risk of fungi and the threats they face. Nearly 50% of the assessed species are threatened, with 10% NT and 9% DD. For regions with a larger number of assessments (i.e., Europe, North America, and South America), subanalyses are provided. Data for lichenized and nonlichenized fungi are also summarized separately. Habitat loss/degradation followed by climate change, invasive species, and pollution are the primary identified threats. Bias in the data is discussed along with knowledge gaps. Suggested actions to address these gaps are provided along with a discussion of the use of assessments to facilitate on-the-ground conservation efforts. A research agenda for conservation mycology to assist in the assessment process and implementation of effective species/habitat management is presented

What Do the First 597 Global Fungal Red List Assessments Tell Us about the Threat Status of Fungi?

Fungal species are not immune to the threats facing animals and plants and are thus also prone to extinction. Yet, until 2015, fungi were nearly absent on the IUCN Red List. Recent efforts to identify fungal species under threat have significantly increased the number of published fungal assessments. The 597 species of fungi published in the 2022-1 IUCN Red List update (21 July 2022) are the basis for the first global review of the extinction risk of fungi and the threats they face. Nearly 50% of the assessed species are threatened, with 10% NT and 9% DD. For regions with a larger number of assessments (i.e., Europe, North America, and South America), subanalyses are provided. Data for lichenized and nonlichenized fungi are also summarized separately. Habitat loss/degradation followed by climate change, invasive species, and pollution are the primary identified threats. Bias in the data is discussed along with knowledge gaps. Suggested actions to address these gaps are provided along with a discussion of the use of assessments to facilitate on-the-ground conservation efforts. A research agenda for conservation mycology to assist in the assessment process and implementation of effective species/habitat management is presented

A role for insulator elements in the regulation of gene expression response to hypoxia

Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) up-regulates the transcription of a few hundred genes required for the adaptation to hypoxia. This restricted set of targets is in sharp contrast with the widespread distribution of the HIF binding motif throughout the genome. Here, we investigated the transcriptional response of GYS1 and RUVBL2 genes to hypoxia to understand the mechanisms that restrict HIF activity toward specific genes. GYS1 and RUVBL2 genes are encoded by opposite DNA strands and separated by a short intergenic region (~1 kb) that contains a functional hypoxia response element equidistant to both genes. However, hypoxia induced the expression of GYS1 gene only. Analysis of the transcriptional response of chimeric constructs derived from the intergenic region revealed an inhibitory sequence whose deletion allowed RUVBL2 induction by HIF. Enhancer blocking assays, performed in cell culture and transgenic zebrafish, confirmed the existence of an insulator element within this inhibitory region that could explain the differential regulation of GYS1 and RUVBL2 by hypoxia. Hence, in this model, the selective response to HIF is achieved with the aid of insulator elements. This is the first report suggesting a role for insulators in the regulation of differential gene expression in response to environmental signals

Optimizing the “Time to pregnancy” in women with multiple sclerosis: the OPTIMUS Delphi survey

BackgroundThe debate on how to manage women affected by multiple sclerosis (MS) during reproductive age is still open, as is the issue of fertility in such patients. Main issue regard the identification of the optimal window for pregnancy and how to deal with medical therapy before and during conception. The aim of this Delphi consensus was to collect the opinions of a multidisciplinary group, involving reproductive medicine specialists and neurologists with experience in the management of multiple sclerosis women with reproductive desire.MethodsFour experts plus scientific coordinators developed a questionnaire distributed online to 10 neurologists and later discussed the responses and amended a list of statements. The statements were then distributed via an online survey to 23 neurologists (comprising the first 10), who voted on their level of agreement/disagreement with each statement. Consensus was achieved if agreement or disagreement with a statement exceeded 66%.ResultsTwenty-one statements reached consensus after two rounds of voting, leading to the following main recommendations: (1) Fertility evaluation should be suggested to wMS, in case of the need to shorten time to pregnancy and before treatment switch in women on DMTs contraindicated in pregnancy, particularly in case of highly active disease and age > 35 years. (2) ART should not be discouraged in wMS, but the use of DMTs until pregnancy confirmation should be suggested; ART may be considered in order to reduce time to pregnancy in MS women with a reduced ovarian reserve and/or age > 35 years, but in case of an expected poor ART prognosis and the need for more than one ART cycle, a switch to a high-efficacy DMD before ART should be offered. (3) Oocyte cryopreservation may be considered in women with reduced ovarian reserve, with unpredictable time to complete diagnostic workup and achieve disease control; a risk/cost–benefit analysis must be performed in women >35 years, considering the diminished ovarian reserve.ConclusionThis consensus will help MS neurologists to support family planning in wMS, respecting MS therapeutic needs while also taking into account the safety and impact of advancing age on fertility