Citizen participation in managing water: Do Conversatorios generate collective action?

A central challenge for effective watershed management is improving the welfare of residents who live in upper catchments while providing adequate environmental goods and services to people and areas downstream. A CPWF project, Sustaining Collective Action Linking Economic and Ecological Scales in Upper Watersheds (SCALES), addressed this challenge in three sites.1 This document is an evaluation of a project activity that intended to enhance collective action in one site: the Coello watershed of Colombia. Collective action can influence how people use and manage natural resources. It is a process by which voluntary institutions (e.g., rules and regulations) are created and maintained, often with the aim of improving human and environmental welfare and, especially for water resources, it typically involves a broad range of stakeholders who control, use and benefit from water. Examples of stakeholders include government, private businesses, landowners, farmers, and city dwellers. The SCALES project researched and fostered collective action. The Conversatorio of Acción Ciudadana (CAC) served as the collective action mechanism to promote civil society participation in public policy decisions. Supported by the Colombian constitution, the legal power of CACs enable communities to discuss policies and reach agreements with government authorities. People in the Coello watershed confront water problems that affect their livelihoods. Contamination and deforestation are two major causes of water resource degradation, in terms of both water quality and flow regulation. Specifically, fertilizer contamination of water supplies and sedimentation of waterways negatively affect downstream communities. The watershed also faces competition for water supplies. Water is extracted from natural waterways for both rural irrigation and urban household consumption. A CAC is more than a large meeting to talk and make decisions. The CAC is a four-phase process that enhances the effectiveness of local participation: (1) awareness-raising, (2) capacity-building and preparation (3) CAC implementation, and (4) review and planning. The CAC mechanism has brought together diverse actors and fostered collective action across spatial and social scales. Many types of actors have participated, including local NGOs, upstream and downstream community representatives, politically important actors (at municipal, provincial and national levels) and scientific experts in research and development (R&D). The objective of this review is to evaluate the impact of the CAC process. Evaluation methods included analysis of SCALES project reports and documentation on impact pathways, interviews and social networks. The intended project outcomes, as identified by the project implementers themselves, served as the starting point for the analysis. These expectations were contrasted with identifiable project outcomes. A social network analysis reviewed contextual conditions, mechanisms of intervention, and processes that led to the project outcomes. The evaluation also analyzed interviews with project participants. Some interviews employed techniques of video data collection, where project participants 2011.04.22.CPWF WP-IAS-08.draftv3 CPWF Working Paper - Impact Assessment Series No. 06 vii interviewed key actors regarding their perceptions and opinions of project outcomes and likely impacts. Results of the project evaluation reveal that the CAC process effectively fosters collective action in watersheds communities. Capacity-building activities of the project contributed to communities participating in meetings with multiple organizations and making collective decisions. In addition, dialogue and networking activities increased organizational and political support for communities and local NGOs. This is an example of higher-level organizations (i.e., subnational, national and international) working with lower-level organizations and communities; in other words, cross-scale collaboration. Key outputs of the CAC process included 27 agreements with government authorities with financial commitments of over US$2 million. These agreements included projects for conservation, resource management, agricultural production systems and potable water systems. The project produced four outcomes: 1. Increased awareness of water issues amongst people in the watershed. Distinct problems and experiences from the upper, middle and lower areas of the watershed were shared. Better understanding of others’ perspectives provided incentives for communities to jointly resolve problems and establish agreements. 2. Strengthened links amongst community and environmental organizations. The CAC provided a forum for community-based organizations (CBOs) and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to communicate and build support for their agendas with both communities and government agencies. Such interactions enabled organizations to establish partnerships and obtain additional public-sector funds. 3. Enhanced local capacities and relationships with authorities. New knowledge helped clarify citizen rights, along with roles and responsibilities of organizations. The CAC generated dialogue and, in turn, commitments of government organizations to work on issues raised by communities. 4. New priorities and commitments for environmentfriendly land uses. The agenda of the CBOs, NGOs and public-sector agencies broadened beyond water to include land uses such as agriculture, power generation and forests. Specific development and conservation practices included organic farming, waste management, forest management and reforestation. Evaluation results show that the CAC process has the potential to become an international public good/method that can (a) facilitate community access to knowledge, technology and skills, and (b) enable them to participate in decision-making processes in managing water and other natural resources. Given the relatively short time frame between project and evaluation, impacts cannot be realistically assessed. Social change processes and associated impact require years to evolve and grow. Nevertheless, the project activities and outputs have laid important groundwork for longer-term economic, social and environmental impacts. Although the CAC process benefits from the support of Colombian constitution, similar effective collective action projects could be achieved in other locations despite not receiving such support. Civic organizations (CBOs or NGOs) can influence government decisions. As lobbying pressures and accountability for actions increase, government agencies themselves will have greater incentive to perform. The CAC process connects the people with authorities, thereby improving decisions and actions

¿Cómo analizar el sentido y significado en un texto?

El presente trabajo de investigación se lleva a cabo a partir de la realización de una secuencia didáctica, sobre el desarrollo de los procesos de análisis e interpretación del Libro de los cerdos, donde se observará la forma de interpretar el sentido y significado del texto, es decir, el desarrollo de los procesos semánticos y pragmáticos. Pasando de un estado literal para llegar a un estado argumentativo. Pourtois y Desmet. Afirman que para tener un entendimiento más allá de una primera comprensión uno debe leer una segunda vez para reemplazar el análisis superficial por uno más enriquecedor. Es de anotar que todo acto comunicativo puede ser examinado desde su contexto, es decir, en su macro y microestructura. Autores como Van Dijk, hacen un estudio profundo sobre la comunicación basada en el análisis del discurso desde la lingüística del texto

Gobernabilidad y Articulación de Productores de Pequeña Escala a Cadenas Productivas

El documento es el tercer borrador de un documento de trabajo donde se presentan el Marco Analítico y la Metodología para la realización de estudios de caso sobre “Gobernabilidad y Articulación de Productores de Pequeña Escala a Cadenas Productivas”, uno de los temas de aprendizaje de la primera fase de la Alianz

Evaluación probabilística del peligro por lahares en el flanco NE del Volcán Popocatépetl

This study shows the results of a probabilistic evaluation of laharic hazard to Santiago Xalitzintla, locality in Puebla, at the NE flank of the Popocatépetl volcano in México. The TITAN2F software was used for lahars modeling. The program forecasts were compared with data obtained in the field for the laharic event of 2001 in order to evaluate the reliability of its use on a digital elevation model. The results obtained with TITAN2F are comparable with information reported previously in other studies of this lahar; coming to the conclusion that modeling with TITAN2F is reliable. This investigation provides a useful tool for the knowledge of laharic hazards. Also, it shows the probability of the affected area by inundation as well as the probability distribution of dynamic-pressure levels, which is an important parameter for assessment risk in a lahar flow. To make a probabilistic analysis is required a number of statistically representative hypothetic scenarios, covering all possible cases. According to historical events recorded, two possible sources for a laharic flow were defined, and they correspond to the Huiloac and Alseseca gorges. Based on the geological information, the ranges of initial conditions that TITAN2F requires (velocity, concentration and volume) were defined for each one of the basins. A stratified sampling was carried out using the Latin Hypercube method (LHS). This method generates a representative sample of hundreds of combinations from the initial conditions, in order to modeling laharic events with TITAN2F. The probabilistic analysis was made through Bayesian inference, and programming routines in OCTAVE. The probabilistic distribution indicates that there is a nearly 80 % probability to be reached by lahars at community areas of Santiago Xalitzintla. However it is characterized by low dynamic-pressure levels. The final section of the Huiloac gorge was identified as a critical zone, where the probability that dynamic-pressures surpassing destructive levels is high

Primeros avances de sistematización del dispositivo metodológico de intervención dialógico y relacional para construir espacios de inclusión y diversidad con población joven

Este primer avance de sistematización es el resultado del trabajo desarrollado en el primer y segundo semestre del 2013, del convenio de la práctica Subjetividades contemporáneas en contextos de exclusión, inclusión y diversidad, de la carrera de Psicología de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, y el colegio Fe y Alegría, localizado en el barrio Garcés Navas. En este marco, se realizó una investigación a pequeña escala que consistió en recoger las voces de los y las jóvenes estudiantes del colegio, las voces de los maestros, directivas y padres de familia, con el fin de conocer sobre las preocupaciones e imaginarios que se tienen frente a la sexualidad, la salud sexual y reproductiva y la educación sexual, para así poder llegar a diseñar una propuesta de trabajo desde la psicología social y comunitaria que permita construir procesos de inclusión en el reconocimiento de la diversidad de las subjetividades de los y las jóvenes. Es importante resaltar que a través del análisis discursivo de los miembros de la institución, pretendimos privilegiar sus experiencias en el marco de la relación intergeneracional y sus visiones acerca de la diversidad, las subjetividades, y lo que significó la experiencia para cada uno de ellos y ellas respecto a las estrategias metodológicas implementadas, si desde el dispositivo metodológico fue posible para ellos y ellas reconocer y ser parte de espacios de inclusión y diversidad.This first step of systematization is the result of work done in the first and second half of 2013, from the agreement of the practice Subjetividades Contemporáneas en contextos de exclusion, inclusión y diversidad from career of Psychology at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, and school Fe y Alegría, located in the neighborhood Garcés Navas. In this context, a small-scale research was done to collect the voices of school students, teachers, parents and directives, in order to meet the concerns they have towards sexuality, sexual and reproductive health and sex education, in order to design a strategy from social and community psychology that can build future processes of inclusion in the recognition of the diversity of young subjectivities. Importantly to emphasize that through the discursive analysis of all the members in the institution, we intent to favor their experiences in the field of intergenerational relationships and their views about diversity, subjectivities, and what the experience meant for each of them regarding methodological strategies implemented, and if from the methodological mechanism was possible for them to be part of spaces of inclusion and diversity to enable them to speak and participate from this crossed concerning because of the culture that configure the subjectivities of these young people.Psicólogo (a)Pregrad

Ações coletivas em Catatumbo como forma de reconfiguração ocupacional do setor agrícola

El conflicto armado en Colombia ha generado consecuencias económicas y sociales que inciden en la comprensión del desarrollo local y regional, y que además traen consigo problemáticas de dominio de la tierra en territorios que cuentan con ventajas geoestratégicas como es el caso del Catatumbo. Esta región ha sufrido el asentamiento de grupos armados que generan rupturas culturales, y que además limitan los proyectos y expectativas ocupacionales de sus pobladores, lo cual se traduce en un Índice de Vulnerabilidad Territorial que devela altos índices de desempleo, vulneración de derechos humanos y coartación de procesos de participación social. Es por esta razón que el presente capítulo analiza las formas de resistencia colectiva y la relación de estas con las trasformaciones de las prácticas productivas y ocupacionales de los campesinos en la región del Catatumbo. Para ello, es importante analizar lo que se entiende por acción colectiva, comprender las formas de ocupación y las expectativas ocupacionales de un grupo de campesinos, bajo un marco metodológico de investigación-acción con tres técnicas de recoleccion de la informacion: entrevistas; observacion y talleres. Los resultados permitieron identificar en la asociatividad, las solidaridades cotidianas y en las alianzas estratégicas formas de resistencia en el territorio; acciones colectivas que han determinado los roles, la historia personal y las proyecciones ocupacionales de sus habitantes a partir de las comprensiones individuales como colectivas, que, finalmente reconfiguran el territorio y la ocupación en busca de alternativas para el desarrollo territorial.The armed conflict in Colombia has generated economic and social consequences that affect the understanding of local and regional development, bringing with them problems of land control in territories that have geostrategic advantages; such is the case of Catatumbo. Armed groups have entrenched themselves within this region, generating cultural rupture and limiting the occupational projects and hopes of its residents. This has resulted in a Territorial Vulnerability Index that reveals high rates of unemployment, violations of human rights and restrictions on processes of social participation. For this reason, this chapter analyzes the forms of collective resistance and their relationship with the changes in the productive and occupational practices of campesinos1 in the Catatumbo region. For this, it is important to analyze what is understood by collective action, occupational forms and the occupational expectations of a group of farmers, under a methodological framework of action research with three techniques of information collection: interviews, observation and workshops. The results made it possible to identify associativity, daily solidarity and strategic alliances as forms of resistance in the territory; collective actions that have determined the roles, personal history and occupational projections of its inhabitants based on individual and collective understandings, helping to reconfigure the territory and their occupations in search of alternatives for territorial development.O conflito armado na Colômbia gerou consequências econômicas e sociais que afetam a compreensão dodesenvolvimento local e regional e também trazem consigo problemas de controle da terra em territórios comvantagens geoestratégica como é o caso de Catatumbo. Essa região sofreu o assentamento de grupos armados que geram rupturas culturais e que também limitam os projetos e expectativas ocupacionais de seus habitantes, o que se traduz em um Índice de Vulnerabilidade territorial que revela altos índices de desemprego, violação de direitos humanos e restrição de processos de participação social. É por esse motivo que este capítulo analisa as formas de resistência coletiva e sua relação com as mudanças nas práticas produtivas e ocupacionais dos camponeses na região de Catatumbo. Para isso, é importante analisar o que se entende por ação coletiva, entender as formas de ocupação e as expectativas ocupacionais de um grupo de camponeses, sob um quadro metodológico de pesquisa-ação com três técnicas de coleta de informações: entrevistas; observação e oficinas. Os resultados permitiram identificar formas de resistência no território em associatividade, solidariedade cotidiana e alianças estratégicas; Ações coletivas que determinam os papéis, a história pessoal e as projeções ocupacionais de seus habitantes com base em entendimentos individuais e coletivos, que finalmente reconfiguram o território e a ocupação em busca de alternativas para o desenvolvimento territorial

El fenómeno de la exclusión social en changó el gran putas

La novela ¿chango el gran putas¿1 de Manuel Zapata Olivella, ofrece la posibilidad de estudiar el tema étnico y las vicisitudes de un grupo social, el pueblo afrodescendiente, no solo por la vastedad de su discurso, su estética y estructura, sino también porque es una realidad social que el escritor ha manifestado por medio de la palabra escrita. Además, es la obra que permite el intercambio de múltiples miradas que hacen enriquecedora la literatura latinoamericana y colombiana. Es así como surge la relevancia de este trabajo, porque nos aporta la premisa de pensar en la exclusión desde la literatura misma, percibiendo sus valores, sentidos, analizando miradas y explorando causas que llevan al escritor a apoderarse de su espacio. Lo que queremos reflejar es la manifestación cultural y literaria que se desprende de una realidad que nos altera los sentidos y nos llena la memoria de lo que se vive en la cotidianidad y que a su vez, va construyendo nuestra propia identidad

La resiliencia como factor protector en los estudiantes de la Escuela Empresarial de Educación consumidores de sustancias psicoactivas

El siguiente trabajo busca, analizar con los estudiantes de la Escuela Empresarial de Educación que consumen sustancias psicoactivas, la resiliencia como factor protector y su relación con la construcción de un proyecto de vida

Recuperação do recém-nascido de baixo peso: relevância das UTINs de portas abertas

Introduction: Low birth weight is a cause of neonatal and child morbidity and mortality; therefore,identifying strategies to improve health care deliver y remains a priority worldwide. Objective: To conducta synthesis of the available evidence in academic publications to identify recommendations regarding therelevance of implementing an open visitation policy in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) to supportthe implementation of Kangaroo-Mother Care Method and, thus, contribute to weight gain in low birthweight infants. Method: A narrative review of the literature was conducted searching in Elsevier, Pubmed,Virtual Health Library, Embase, and ScienceDirect databases using the descriptors intensive care units,neonatal; Kangaroo-Mother Care Method; infant, low birth weight; and visitors to patients. The inclusioncriteria were based on consulted scientific products published between 2010 and 2020. Studies that metthe search strategy adopted were included. Results: Twenty-seven articles that contributed to the reviewwere chosen. Data were categorized into four bodies of academic production: Benefits of the Kangaroo-Mother Care Method in NICUs with open visitation, barriers to implementation of Kangaroo-Mother CareMethod in NICUs, family-centered care in NICUs with open visitation, and staff training in NICUs with openvisitation. Conclusions: Multiple studies have documented the benefits of NICUs with open-visitation forfamilies and newborns; however, this approach involves multiple challenges for neonatal services delivery,such as designing and implementing models of care and strengthening the health care team.  Introducción: el bajo peso al nacer es una causa relacionada con la morbimortalidad neonatal e infantil;por ello, la identificación de estrategias que permitan mejorar la prestación de servicios de salud continúasiendo una prioridad en el mundo. Objetivo: realizar una síntesis de la evidencia disponible en la producciónacadémica para establecer recomendaciones en cuanto a la relevancia de implementar la política depuertas abiertas en las unidades de cuidado intensivo neonatal (UCIN) para favorecer el uso del métodocanguro y con ello contribuir a la ganancia de peso en los neonatos con bajo peso al nacer. Método:se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura mediante búsquedas en las bases de datos Elsevier,Pubmed, Biblioteca Virtual de la Salud, Embase y ScienceDirect, utilizando los descriptores intensive careunits, neonatal; Kangaroo-Mother Care Method; infant, low birth weight; visitors to patients. Los criteriosde inclusión se basaron en la consulta de productos científicos entre el 2010 y el 2020. Se incluyeronestudios que cumplieran la estrategia de búsqueda planteada. Resultados: se seleccionaron 27 artículos,que aportaron a la construcción de esta revisión. Los datos fueron categorizados en cuatro cuerpos deproducción académica: Beneficios del Método Madre Canguro en las UCIN de puertas abiertas, Barrerasen la implementación del Método Madre Canguro en las UCIN, Cuidado centrado en la familia en las UCINde puertas abiertas y Formación del personal en las UCIN de puertas abiertas. Conclusiones: múltiplesestudios han documentado los beneficios de las UCIN de puertas abiertas para la familia y el neonato,sin embargo, esta apuesta conlleva múltiples desafíos para la prestación de servicios neonatales, como eldiseño y la implementación de modelos de atención y el fortalecimiento del equipo de atención. Introdução: o baixo peso ao nascer é uma causa relacionada à morbimor talidade neonatal e infantil;por isso, a identificação de estratégias para melhorar a prestação de serviços de saúde continua sendouma prioridade no mundo. Objetivo: realizar uma síntese das evidências disponíveis na produçãoacadêmica para estabelecer recomendações quanto à relevância da implantação da política de por tasaber tas nas unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN) para favorecer a implantação do métodocanguru e assim contribuir para o ganho de peso em recém-nascidos com baixo peso. Método: foirealizada uma revisão nar rativa da literatura por meio de busca nas bases de dados Elsevier, Pubmed,Biblioteca Vir tual em Saúde, Embase e ScienceDirect, utilizando os descritores intensive care units,neonatal; Kangaroo-Mother Care Method; infant, low bir th weight; visitors to patients. Os critérios deinclusão foram baseados na consulta de produtos científicos entre 2010 e 2020. Incluíram-se os estudosque atenderam à estratégia de busca proposta. Resultados: foram selecionados 27 ar tigos, os quaiscontribuíram para a construção desta revisão. Os dados foram categorizados em quatro corpos deprodução acadêmica: Benef ícios do Método Mãe-Canguru em UTINs de por tas aber tas, Bar reiras naimplementação do Método Mãe-Canguru em UTINs, Cuidado centrado na família em UTINs de por tasaber tas e Treinamento da equipe em UTINs de por tas aber tas. Conclusões: múltiplos estudos têmdocumentado os benef ícios das UTINs de por tas aber tas para a família e o recém-nascido, porém, essaaposta traz múltiplos desafios para a prestação de serviços neonatais, como o desenho e implantaçãode modelos de atenção e o for talecimento da equipe de assistência. &nbsp

Being a cross-border worker: The Experience of Antonio González

Este testimonio se basa en la entrevista realizada a Antonio González, en noviembre de 2009, en el Centro de los Trabajadores Agrícolas Fronterizos (CTAF) de la ciudad de El Paso, Texas. La entrevista se enmarcó en una investigación sobre la forma como se llevaba a cabo la contratación de trabajadores en el Programa Bracero (1942-1964). Las remembranzas de don Antonio ofrecen la singularidad de referir las experiencias que vivió al haber firmado varios contratos de trabajo en el marco del programa y continuar, luego de su conclusión, en un proceso de migración circular por varias décadas, hasta acceder a la residencia y a la ciudadanía que promovió la Ley Simpson-Rodino. Su experiencia, al igual que la de otros trabajadores temporales, muestra la complejidad del proceso migratorio frente a los marcos legales que procuran regularlo